房地产类建设项目雨洪集蓄利用技术

随着城市化进程的加快,房地产类建设项目越来越多,大量硬化地面的出现降低了原始地面的雨水下渗能力,进而导致城市洪涝灾害频发和地下水短缺等问题。介绍了几种常见、易行的雨水集蓄利用措施,可以对房地产类建设项目的降雨径流进行综合节约利用,从而达到减轻城市排水压力、增强地下水补给、节约水资源的目的。     

西安市雨水资源化及其利用的探索

随着城市化的发展 ,城市地表水严重污染 ,地下水超量开采 ,开发利用雨水资源已成为西安市解决水资源问题的最佳途径。雨水是宝贵资源 ,可通过多种方式实现雨水资源化 ,充分利用雨水资源以补给城市水源 ,涵养地下水 ,调节城市生态环境 ,防治雨洪灾害。对西安市区域内雨水下渗和贮存、实现雨水资源化及其利用等方面做了探索 ,并根据实际情况对西安市雨水资源化的必要性、可能性及可持续性进行了分析。     

土壤对城市雨水径流中污染物的削减作用

[目的]分析城市雨水径流在土壤中的净化情况及径流污染物对土壤环境造成的影响。[方法]在充分了解陕西省西安市某地土壤特性和当地雨水径流水质的基础上,模拟城市土壤表层系统和雨水径流装置,研究雨水径流中的污染物在下渗过程中土壤表层对它们的削减作用及土壤基本理化性质的变化。[结果]在土壤层厚度为20cm,雨水渗透量为6 000ml,径流时间3h的条件下,裸土和绿地表层土壤对模拟雨水中各污染物的去除率均达到40%以上;土壤的密度及pH值基本未发生变化,氮的含量由原土的54.95mg/kg分别增加到65.10(绿地)和68.60mg/kg(裸土),有效磷的含量由原土的59.23mg/kg变化到82.39mg/kg(裸土)和39.93mg/kg(绿地),有机质的含量由原土的18.32mg/kg变化到19.28mg/kg(裸土)和14.04mg/kg(绿地)。[结论]绿地对雨水径流处理效果较好。在渗流过程中,土壤对氨氮的截留效果较为明显,短时间内土壤基本物理性质变化不大。     

折流式人工湿地对矿区降雨径流的净化研究

根据陕西省渭南市蒲白矿区降雨径流的水质和水量特征,采用新型折流式人工湿地对人工湿地不同运行阶段模拟降雨径流的净化效果进行了对比,分析了COD_Cr,SS,TN,TP,NH₄⁺-N以及重金属Pb,Zn,Cu在湿地系统中的沿程变化,探讨人工湿地的主要去除机制。结果表明:人工湿地对COD_Cr,TP,TN,NH₄⁺-N,SS的平均去除率分别为82.3%,65.9%,71.2%,73.5%,94.8%,对重金属Pb,Zn,Cu的平均去除率分别为91.3%,94.5%,81.2%,对重金属的去除率基本高于对营养元素的去除率;除了TN外,折流式人工湿地系统出水各污染物均达到《地表水环境质量标准》（GB3838—2002）Ⅲ类质量标准,其中TN达Ⅳ类标准,出水重金属Pb,Zn,Cu均能达地表Ⅲ类水标准。降雨径流各污染物主要在人工湿地的第1格被去除,其中,COD_Cr,TP,SS和Pb均有一半以上的去除率发生在第1格。随着人工湿地沿程进水浓度的增加,其去除率逐渐下降。研究表明,折流式人工湿地系统对矿区降雨径流的净化效果显著,并且该湿地系统具有较强抗冲击负荷能力,可用于城市地面径流污染的控制和雨水利用。     

海绵城市建设的雨水径流控制效果评估——以济南市兴隆试点区为例

为了对海绵城市的建设措施运行效果进行评估,以济南市兴隆试点区域为主要研究对象,利用SWMM雨洪管理模型,分析了研究区域海绵城市建设前后雨水径流的变化情况。研究发现:海绵城市的建设能够控制雨水径流量、改善地表径流水质;海绵城市建设后,重现期为1～10 a的2 h短历时降雨事件中,研究区域场径流总量控制率提升了41.7～44.5百分点,排放口出流量峰值降低了5.4%～87.9%,峰值时刻延后了3～20 min;与周边未进行海绵城市建设的区域相比,经过建设的区域排放口出流中总悬浮固体、氨氮、总氮、总磷平均浓度值分别削减了89.18%、60.32%、58.21%和42.96%,进一步研究发现,建设海绵城市措施中的生物滞留单元和雨水花园能够减少氨氮、总氮和总磷污染,而透水路面对雨水径流中固体悬浮污染物的滞留吸附有着显著效果。     

西安市雨水花园蓄渗雨水径流的试验研究

雨水花园是结合城市景观,以滞留和净化雨水径流为主要功能的生物滞留处理系统,能够在一定程度上减轻城市化进程对城市水文和水质的负面影响。根据在西安市雨水花园蓄渗屋面雨水径流的现场试验,确定在各种暴雨条件下,花园设计及土壤入渗能力不同时,雨水花园拦蓄雨水径流的能力以及花园溢流的时间和溢流量。结果显示,黄土具有良好的入渗能力,达到2.346m/d;在较为湿润的2011年基本没有发生溢流,汇集的雨水径流全部入渗补给了地下水。对于某一重现期的暴雨,雨水花园溢流总量受到降雨强度和历时二者叠加效果的影响。     

生态浅层渗滤系统对径流中污染物削减的生物学机制

根据鄱阳湖流域土壤层的特点,设计与其土壤层结构相适应的生态浅层渗滤中试系统,通过对模拟降雨前后装置内微生物生物量、土壤呼吸作用强度以及硝化和反硝化作用强度的测定,初步研究了生态浅层渗滤系统对径流污染物的生物学净化机制.结果表明:(1)模拟降雨(进水)前后渗滤系统土壤中氮没有出现明显累积,表层土壤总磷含量增加明显,磷在土壤中有一定的积累,径流中污染物的去除是生物与非生物共同作用的结果;(2)模拟降雨后不同土层土壤中微生物生物量、土壤呼吸作用强度的变化趋势相一致,微生物降解是渗滤系统去除径流中有机污染物的重要机制.     

灌木式屋顶绿化设计及对屋面初期雨水的净化

[目的]探讨灌木式屋顶绿化屋面承载力及对屋面初期雨水径流污染物的净化效果,为屋顶绿化设计及雨水资源化利用提供一定的理论指导。[方法]根据屋面所能承受承载力大小及屋面雨水径流的特点设计灌木式屋顶绿化结构,采用蛭石、珍珠岩作为吸水剂,与红壤土、腐殖土按一定比例复配为屋顶灌木绿化的种植基质。通过将收集到的屋面雨水模拟降雨,淋洒屋顶灌木,对其干、湿重荷载和对雨水去除效果进行研究。[结果]1m3复配的人工土壤的饱和吸水量为0.65m^3,种植基质湿容重为1 190kg/m^3,灌木式屋顶绿化的干、湿重荷载分别为261,529kg/m^2。对屋面初期雨水中的SS,COD,TN,TP的削减量分别在60.1%~71.3%,50.0%~61.8%,49.2%~53.2%和55.6%~67.7%之间。[结论]灌木式屋顶绿化能满足一般建筑物屋顶的荷载要求,同时对初期雨水径流具有较好的净化效果。     

山地校园不同下垫面雨水径流重金属污染特征和健康风险评估

[目的] 了解山地校园不同下垫面雨水径流重金属污染特征及雨水径流中重金属元素对于人体的健康风险，为山地海绵城市建设提供径流污染控制参考和人员健康保护基础数据。[方法] 2019年7月22日在重庆交通大学针对屋顶、道路、停车场和广场4种典型的下垫面进行了雨水径流的取样监测，并统计分析场次降雨平均浓度（EMC）、电导率（EC）、钠吸附率（SAR）、危险商（HQ）和危险指数（HI）。[结果] 广场径流过程中重金属元素整体变化波动较大，道路雨水径流的重金属健康风险最大而屋顶健康风险最小；大多重金属污染物在产流后的10 min内出现了降幅，其中Fe和Mn的降幅较大，Zn的降幅中等，Cu的降幅最低；As和Cr是雨水径流中健康风险最高的重金属污染物。[结论] 山地校园重金属污染物冲刷速度较快，人流大的下垫面雨水径流中重金属元素变化波动较大，但健康风险较低；车流大的下垫面雨水径流中重金属元素波动较为稳定，但健康风险较高。     

浅析城市雨水利用的发展

雨水集蓄利用可以分为农业雨水集蓄利用和城市雨水集蓄利用。人类要实现生存和城市的可持续发展,必须确立现代的城市雨水利用价值观。雨水利用的多样性可以保障城市雨水利用的广泛开展,对解决城市水资源危机起到了促进的作用。雨水集蓄利用有利于控制城区雨洪;有利于控制非点源污染;可回灌城市地下水。城市雨水利用是解决城市水资源危机的重要途径,是为社会、为城市的水资源规划服务的。在现代城市高速城市化阶段,开展城市雨水资源综合利用的研究和工程实施是必要的。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.