水稻对~(14)CO_3~(2-)的吸收和积累动态

用同位素示踪技术研究水稻对14CO32-的吸收和积累动态,及其在水稻田中的行为特性。结果表明:通过水稻根系和浸于水中的茎杆下部吸收的14CO32-离子会向上部组织输送并形成积累趋势;在上部组织中,叶和茎杆上部的14C比活度随时间呈逐渐上升的趋势,而穗中的比活度于14d达最大值(271.9Bq/g)后又呈下降趋势;茎杆下部由于直接浸于水中,表现出对14CO32-离子的快速吸收、吸附,此后随时间呈下降趋势,根部表现出上升过程迟后于茎杆下部,其14C比活度也低于茎杆下部。上部组织(穗、叶和茎杆上部)中14C的百分含量随时间上升,而下部组织(茎杆下部和根)则相反,至试验后期(21~35d),其百分含量基本持平(约各占50%),14C从下部组织向上部组织输送的特征非常明显。     

~(35)S-多噻烷的制备

(35)~S-多噻烷,即(35)~S-7-二甲氨基-1,2,3,4,5-五硫环辛烷,是由Na_2~(35)SO_4制备Na_2~(35)S,进而制备Na_2~(35)SS_x,再与氯化物缩合而成,放化收率33.6％,放化纯度97％。     

大麦叶片~(14)C-同化物在不同时空状态下输出变化的研究

本文应用~(14)C-示踪技术研究了大麦叶片~(14)C-同化物在不同时空状态下输出的变化。结果发现,在不同空间序列的叶片,随叶位上升,~(14)C-同化物的输出量逐渐增加,同化~(14)CO_2后不同时间观察,趋势相同;1天内不同时间同化的~(14)C产物的输出量表现不同,8:00同化的~(14)C产物的输出量高于12:00和18:00同化的~(14)C产物输出量;随叶位上升,不同时间同化的~(14)C产物输出量增多,叶位间差异还表现为随叶位上升,早、中、晚3个时间同化的~(14)C产物输出量差异逐渐变小。     

旱地覆膜对冬小麦花后~(14)C-同化物转运分配的影响

利用14CO2示踪研究了覆膜对旱地冬小麦花后14C-同化物在灌浆期转运分配的影响。结果表明,花后同化的14C在标记后24h约78%已储存在茎鞘和穗轴中,11%已转运至籽粒,11%还滞留在叶片中;成熟时叶片的14C-同化物几乎都外运了,茎鞘和穗轴中还滞留约28%,70%已转运分配到籽粒中。覆膜小麦的14C-同化物向籽粒的转运比对照慢。另外,研究还表明覆膜小麦花后叶片的叶绿素含量比对照高,MDA含量比对照低,叶片衰老延缓,同化能力强,干物质多,籽粒产量高。因此,覆膜使小麦增产的原因在于小麦中前期生长加快,后期衰老延缓,同化能力增强,最终使得同化的干物质总量大大增加;但并不促进同化物向籽粒的转运分配。     

温度对黄瓜光合作用及~(14)C-同化物运转分配的影响

黄瓜的光合适温随生育发展而提高,生育前期为30℃,中后期为35℃。温度高气孔阻力减少、蒸腾强度加大。叶片的~(14)C-同化物在白天以30℃输出最多,经过一昼夜则表现为随温度升高输出率增加。生育前期和中期,30℃时果实得到的~(14)C-同化物多,35℃时茎叶、生长点得到的~(14)C-同化物多。后期,35℃时果实的~(14)C-同化物分配率最大,25℃时茎叶得到的~(14)C-同化物多。     

BA对花生叶片吸收~(14)C-蔗糖及其分布的影响

花生叶圆片通过主动吸收和被动吸收方式吸收~(14)C-蔗糖。BA处理提高花生叶圆片对~(14)C-蔗糖的总吸收量,主要在于增加了细胞质和液泡的主动吸收和被动吸收量。BA处理促进库叶积累~(14)C-蔗糖和从标记叶(源叶)输出~(14)C-蔗糖。BA处理对花生叶片光合速率和叶绿素含量无明显影响,它的作用在于促进库叶对~(14)C-蔗糖的吸收和~(14)C-蔗糖从库叶韧皮部的卸出。     

硼磷、硼钾对棉苗吸收~(32)P和~(86)Rb的影响

在严重缺硼的灰紫色土上,应用~(32)P及~(86)Rb示踪法,研究硼磷、硼钾对棉苗吸收~(32)P、~(86)Rb及其在体内分配的影响。结果表明,在不同磷、钾水平下,低硼和高硼均对其产生抑制作用;在低硼条件下,随磷用量增如减轻棉苗缺硼症状,加速真叶生长,促进`(32)P在真叶中积累;钾用量增加,则加重缺硼症状,抑制真叶生长,促使~(86)Rb在子叶中积累。     

模拟池塘中锶-89的迁移和积累动力学

采用放射性同位素示踪技术研究了核污染关键核素之一——~(89)Sr在水生生态系中的动力学行为。当示踪剂~(89)Sr一次性引入水系后,即向系统内的动植物及底泥迁移,从而使系统各组分中~(89)Sr-Sr的量均随时间变化。结果表明:1.在试验期间,池水中~(89)Sr-Sr的含量随时间减少,6d后由原来的1.76 ppm降至1.01ppm,11d后已不到原来的一半,第35d时只及原始量的30％。2.池水中的~(89)Sr-Sr向系统各组分中的迁移速率和数量因组分的性质而异。比如底泥,1d后由原始的0增加到7.07 ppm,11d后趋向平衡,以后几乎不再增加;~(89)Sr-Sr在鱼和螺蛳体内的含量在试验期间均随时间增加,35d时分别由原始的0增加到18.73ppm和48.28ppm;在处理当天,金鱼藻中~(89)Sr-Sr虽增加较快,由原始的0增至6.68 ppm,但4h后却几乎不再增加。3.水生动植物对放射性锶都有一定的浓集作用,最大的浓集系数分别为:螺蛳94.7,鱼36.7,金鱼藻只有12.6。可见,贝壳类动物对水系中的放射性锶有较强的去污能力。     

~(14)C-杀螟松在模拟稻/鱼生态系统中的残留

应用~(14)C-杀螟松研究该农药在模拟稻/鱼生态系统中的残留与分布表明:在稻田水和稻株茎叶中的残留浓度随时间增长而逐渐消减:在土壤、稻株、根系和鱼体中为前期增加,到一定时期后开始衰减。水稻收获期测定,在高剂量处理的稻田水、上层土壤、下层土壤、稻茎叶、糙米和鱼体中、其残留浓度分别为0.0027、0.4994、0.0993、4.2429、2.1024和4.3400ppm;在低剂量处理申,除稻田水未检测出外,分别为0.2653、0.0380、1.7818、0.9633和2.1469ppm。在土壤和稻株中结合态残留物所占比例高达60—90％,且有随时间而增加的趋势     

水稻对~(134)Cs的吸收和~(134)Cs在水稻-土壤中的分配

试验表明,水稻对~(134)Cs的吸收,孕穗期吸收速率最快;土壤理化性质不同,吸附~(134)Cs的能力有差异;不同生育期灌溉~(134)Cs溶液,水稻对其吸收量不同,离成熟期近,吸收得多;灌溉次数多和灌溉水中~(134)Cs活度高,水稻吸收的~(134)Cs也多。糙米经精白加工后,可使~(134)Cs的污染减少22.6—45.6％;~(134)CS在水稻各部位比活度大小的顺序为糠>根>稻草>谷壳>精白米;活度以稻草中最高,占水稻植株总活度的51.4％,糙米、根和谷壳分别占28.4％。11.8％和8.4％:~(134)Cs在土壤中移动很少,有95.1％集中在0—2.5cm的表土层内;~(134)Cs在水稻-土壤中的分配为6.1％:93.9％;K~+抑制水稻对~(134)Cs的吸收,K~+浓度与水稻中~(134)Cs比活度之间呈指数回归形式。     

应用~（35）S示踪技术研究油菜对硫的吸收与运转

将（３５）￣ＳＯ应用于土壤、叶面和荚表面，根据对成熟植株各部位放射性的测定，了解不同时期油菜对硫的吸收、运转和分配。试验表明，油菜对施于土壤中（３５）￣Ｓ的吸收以花期最高，苔期其次，移栽期最低。除苔期外，其他时期有４０％从土壤吸收的（３５）￣Ｓ运往籽粒。应用于顶部４叶的（３５）Ｓ，在成熟植株中回收约５０％，包括留在标记叶的２０％左右。从荚中的回收率除苗期较低外，其他时期在２１％～２３％范围内，其中大部分在分枝荚。开花后不同时期应用于主茎荚表面的（３５）Ｓ，有１３％～１６．８％转移到主茎荚内籽粒中，运往分枝荚籽粒中的不到１０％。     

双低油菜(Canola)硫营养临界期与最大效率期的研究

利用温室砂培盆栽试验，分别在油菜生长的五个自然生育期严格控制营养液供硫浓度（高S0．75mmol／L或低S0．075mmol／L），研究各生育期供硫水平对油菜生长的影响。结果表明，发芽－莲座期（0～35天）低S处理容易短时间内表现缺硫症状，对子粒产量与含油量有明显的影响；开花期前后充足供硫可明显提高菜籽产量。后期增加供硫浓度不仅可明显增加菜籽的硫浓度、含油量，而且菜籽的硫甙含量也显著提高。比较各生育期供硫不足与菜籽产量的关系，以莲座期与开花期的影响最大。莲座期可作为油菜硫营养的临界期，开花期为最大效率期。硫的两个吸收高峰恰与油菜生长对硫的临界期与最大效率期相吻合。生长前期供硫充足主要促进植株的营养生长，茎枝重量较高但子粒产量很低，而后期供硫充足则显著促进植株的开花结果，增加角果数、角果重及子粒饱满度。前期供硫不足会使作物的花期明显延迟，中后期增加供硫浓度时还会造成植株的再次开花结果而使成熟期显著延迟。     

Effect of nitrogen application at the flowering stage on the quality of soybean seeds

Application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer at the flowering stage changed the contents of storage compounds in seeds of Soybean (Glycine max L. cvs Enrei and Tamahomare). The effects of the N application on the maturation of soybean seeds were examined by comparing changes in the contents of amino acids, sugars, water, protein, and oil in seeds from N‐dressed plants (NDS) with those from undressed plants (UDS) during maturation. The application resulted in a decrease of contents of total and some amino acids (glutamine and asparagine) in developing seeds except for at the early maturation stage and in a decreased protein content of mature seeds. On the other hand, the N application led to faster accumulation of oil in developing seeds and to an increased oil content of mature seeds. Based on these results, it was concluded that the N application at the flowering stage changed the composition of solutes imported by developing seeds and resulted in variations in the contents of storage compounds. The results indicate that it is possible to improve seed quality by fine control of N application.     

Season-Dependent Fruit Loading: Effect on Dry Mass,Water, and Nitrogen Allocation in Tomato Plants

Tomato plants were grown hydroponically in greenhouse under common commercial cultivation practice during two seasons: winter, with lower temperatures (LT) and summer, with higher temperatures of (HT), and results were compared. The effect of season on fruit load was drastic and the hypothesis was advanced that nitrogen (N) homeostasis at the whole plant level might be significantly affected, as measured by the extractable N of the stem. During LT, dry-mass accumulation occurred more or less at the same rate in all plant parts. The high fruit load at HT altered the picture, with dry-mass accumulation present at different rates in the various plant organs. Low temperatures positively affected root weight, which was significantly higher; influenced root morphology; and negatively affected fruit load. There were significant differences between the two seasons at the time of flowering, fruit setting, and fruit maturation in terms of the number of leaves and inflorescences on the main stem and in the rate of their appearance. In summer, water content of leaves and roots was lower, but not that of stem. Also, water content of roots increased considerably increase in the last five weeks, which coincided with the temperature and fruit-load decrease at the end of the season. Nitrogen concentration of leaves was higher than that of roots throughout HT, while extractable N concentration increased significantly at the middle part of the stem, where it bore the main fruit load. This effect was more profound when more fruits were ripening. Low temperature conditions were characterized by a significant decrease of root water content, while extractable N allocation was not significantly affected and root total N was higher.     

Evaluation of Exponential Fertilization Technique for Cultivation of Turfgrass during Early Growth Period

The exponential fertilization method is based on the theory of supplying steady-state nutrition to young seedlings during the early, exponential growth stage. The objective of the research was to find the most effective method of fertilizing turfgrass during the early growth stage following seedling emergence. The field experiment was performed on turfgrass (tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) comparing a check (no fertilizer applied), two conventional fertilization techniques (equal additions and linearly increasing application rates over time) to the exponential additions fertilization method to test the relative effectiveness of this latter technique relative to conventional methods. Results show that the exponential growth period for fescue is the first 5 weeks following planting. Biomass accumulation, total nitrogen (N) concentration, and N content per seedling in turfgrass seedlings fertilized using the exponential addition fertilization technique were 32, 35, and 70% greater than those treated with traditional methods, respectively.     

EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT HARVEST TIME AND SULFUR FERTILIZATION ON AMINO ACID COMPOSITION OF LENTIL

The effects of sulfur (S) fertilization and harvest time on amino acid composition of seeds of field-grown lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) at two different sites were studied. The aim of this study was to determine amino acid content of seed protein and to increase low levels of sulfur amino acids and trytophan in lentil seeds, which are major components for grain quality, with sulfur fertilization and farming practices in lentil. For this purpose, lentil was sown at two locations on 18 and 19 October 2007, 0 kg S ha^?1, 25 kg S ha^?1, and 50 kg S ha^?1 rates were used in the study. The plants were harvested at three different periods: early, optimal, and late period. According to the results, amino acid contents of protein were increased by sulfur fertilization and by the late harvest period.     

Effects of lime and phosphate additions on changes in enzyme activities,microbial biomass and levels of extractable nitrogen,sulphur and phosphorus in an acid soil

Summary The effects of adding lime and/or phosphate to an acid, phosphate-deficient soil on microbial activity, enzyme activities and levels of biomass and extractable N, S and P were studied under laboratory conditions. Following rewetting there was, as expected, an initial flush in microbial growth and activity, as shown by large increases in CO₂ evolution, in levels of biomass N, S and P and by accumulation of extractable mineral N and sulphate in the soil. Following rewetting, additions of lime and phosphate further stimulated mineralization of C, N and S. In the first 4 weeks of incubation, the mineralized N accumulated in the soil as ammonium N and there was a concomitant rise in soil pH. After this initial period, nitrification increased substantially and soil pH decreased again. Additions of lime generally increased protease and sulphatase activities but decreased phosphatase activity. Additions of phosphate decreased the activities of all three enzymes. The positive effect of liming on protease and sulphatase activities persisted for the duration of the experiment while accumulation of mineral N and sulphate effectively ceased after about 4 weeks. Furthermore, although phosphate additions decreased the activities of protease and sulphatase they increased the accumulation of mineral N and sulphate. Thus, protease and sulphatase activities were not reliable indicators of the relative amounts of mineral N and sulphate accumulated in the soil during incubation. Some uncertainty surrounded the validity of biomass S and P values estimated by the chloroform fumigation technique because differing proportions of the sulphate and phosphate released from the lysed cells may have been extracted from the different treatments.     

采收时间对玫瑰茄萼片产量及营养成分的影响

为明确玫瑰茄最佳采收时间,以玫瑰茄种质M3和M5为试验材料,对不同采收时间玫瑰茄的萼片产量和原花青素、单宁等营养成分含量进行分析。结果表明,随着采收时间推迟,2份种质的萼片产量和营养成分含量均呈先增加后减少的趋势。M3的鲜果重、鲜萼片重均在开花后21 d达到最大值,分别为12.82 g和7.75 g,干萼片重在开花后28 d达到最大值,为0.98 g;M5的鲜果重在开花后21 d达到最大值,为6.97 g,鲜萼片重、干萼片重均在开花后28 d达到最大值,分别为3.90 g和0.47 g,以采收花萼为目的时,适宜采收期为开花后21~28 d。M3萼片的原花青素含量在开花后35 d时最高,达2 180.00 mg·kg^-1,M5在开花后21 d时最高,达573.50 mg·kg^-1,以提取原花青素为目的采收时,M3和M5的适宜采收期分别为开花后35 d和开花后21 d。M3的单宁含量在开花后28~35 d时最高,达2.30 g·kg^-1, M5在开花后42 d时最高,达1.38 g·kg^-1,以提取单宁为目的采收时,M3和M5的适宜采收期分别为开花后28~35 d和开花后42 d。综上,玫瑰茄的适宜采收时间为开花后一个月左右(28~35 d)。本研究可为玫瑰茄合理采收提供参考依据。     

Effect of elemental sulphur and sulphur containing waste in a calcareous soil in Turkey

The effect of elemental sulphur (S) and S containing waste applications on soil pH treated with 0–2,000 kg ha^‐l elemental S, and 0–100 tons ha‐¹ of waste was determined in the field and the pots. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) was grown in a Lithic Xerorthent soil which was taken from where the field experiment was conducted in pots receiving 5 kg soil. Plants were harvested 20 weeks after planting or 30 weeks after the applications for determination of dry matter yield and phosphorus (P), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and copper (Cu) uptake by shoots. EC, NaHCO₃‐extractable P, and DTPA‐extractable Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu also were measured in pot soil at the 5th, 10th, and 30th weeks. All treatments led to a decrease in soil pH though pH tended to increase again during course of time in both field and pot experiments. The both elemental S and waste applications in pot experiment caused an increase in dry matter yield and P, Fe, zinc (Zn), Mn and Cu uptake (mg pot^‐1) by shoots in sorghum plant. There was also an increase in EC of soil due to both applications of S. The concentration of available P extracted by NaHCO₃ in the pot soil, though not significantly different, was slightly higher compared with the control. Waste applications increased DTPA‐extractable Fe content of the soil, DTPA‐extractable Mn and DTPA‐extractable Cu. DTPA‐extractable Zn content, however, was reduced by the same applications.     

硫肥对双低油菜产量与品质的影响

在澳大利亚新南威尔士州缺硫土壤上进行了硫、氮不同水平组合对双低油菜(Canola)的影响试验。结果表明,试验条件下施用硫肥可显著提高油菜产量及含油量。低硫(S10)或无硫(So)条件下,一定量的氮肥(N80)可提高子粒内的含硫量,但高硫条件下,高量氮肥则降低含硫量。植株体内的含硫量随生育进程趋于降低。施硫处理在抽苔期出现一吸硫高峰,而对照呈指数下降;但在开花期与角果充实期则保持相对稳定。氮肥对生长前期(莲座期与抽苔期)植株(茎、叶)含硫量的影响不显著,而中、后期(开花、角果充实期),则随施氮量的增加而显著降低。高量氮肥(N160)会降低子粒内的硫代葡萄糖甙含量;施硫,特别是在高施硫量条件下,其含量则明显增加,但仍远低于子粒硫代葡萄糖甙40mol/g的标准,因而不会影响脱油饼粕的饲喂质量。