黑龙江省农村产业系统环境辨识

采用系统环境辨识模型,从重要程度,开发效益,潜力大小,利用现状,开发难易度等５个方面分析了黑龙江省农村产业系统外部环境自然因子和社会经济因子对农村产业系统的作用,得出耕地,生产资料,科学技术等１０个优势因子,气候,家禽家畜,技术人才等７个限制因子,可利用土地,作物品种,水利资源等１０个潜力因子,并提出改进限制因子,挖掘潜力因子,发挥优势因子,构建农村经济“龙头”和发展农业产业化是黑龙江省农村经济发     

基于AHP和熵权法赋权的区域土地开发整理潜力评价

针对耕地整理、未利用土地开发、废弃土地复垦和农村居民点整理构建多层次区域土地开发整理潜力评价指标体系,将改进AHP、熵权法与综合评价法结合起来对重庆市土地开发整理潜力进行了定量化评价。重庆市土地开发整理潜力评价结果表明,土地开发整理潜力由大到小可划分为4个等级,耕地整理潜力是土地开发整理潜力的主要组成部分,耕地整理投入产出率和林地比重提高率是重庆市土地开发整理潜力的主导影响因素。同时未利用土地开发和废弃土地复垦潜力在重庆市土地开发整理潜力也占有重要的地位,未利用地空间规模指数、废弃土地复垦新增园林地系数和空间规模指数也是重庆市土地开发整理潜力的重要影响因素。此外,农村居民点整理在主城区及其周边经济快速发展地区地发展有重要的意义。     

沈阳市耕地质量等别提升潜力评价研究

  目的  以沈阳市为研究区域,评价其耕地提质改造潜力,以期提升耕地质量等别和生产能力,落实耕地占补平衡制度,更有效地保障国家粮食安全。  方法  基于农用地分等成果,运用主成分分析法和专家打分法构建了涵盖分等因素改良可行性和分等指数临界状态两个评价维度,包含限制因子数量及限制程度、分等指数与上一等耕地分等指数差值两个评价指标的耕地提等潜力评价模型;采用综合因子得分法与限制性因子判定结合法测算了耕地提等潜力,划分耕地提等潜力区域,并识别耕地提等主导限制因子,确定耕地整治类型。  结果  沈阳市耕地提等高潜力区面积为10849.72 hm2,仅占总面积的1.37%,主要分布在新民市;中潜力区面积为106990.79 hm2,占总面积的13.49%;低潜力区和无潜力区面积分别为384595.93 hm2和290536.32 hm2,两者占总面积的85.14%,耕地提等主导限制因子有排水条件、有效土层厚度等。  结论  沈阳市耕地质量提等潜力不大,在中、高潜力区可通过工程措施改良有效土层厚度、排水条件等限制因子推动耕地提等工作。     

中国东南沿海农村居民点整治潜力评价方法

科学评价农村居民点整治潜力,是进行土地综合整治规划的重要环节。该文根据中国东南沿海区农村居民点整治的特点,从扩展可利用空间等5个影响因素层面构建了农村居民点整治潜力评价指标体系,根据评价指标的作用从中选取了筛选因子和全局影响因子,在此基础上提出了筛选法、多因素综合法、整体调控法相结合的综合潜力计算方法,并分析了三个层次的潜力结果表达方式。最后以江苏省高邮市为例,验证对该综合评价方法的合理性。该文提出的农村居民点整治潜力评价方法,从土地综合整治规划的需求出发,兼顾了评价的全面性和主导性,可为中国其他县市开展     

南方红壤丘陵区自然资源与潜力优势开发

本文从南方红壤丘陵区６１９个县可再生资源结构分析入手，通过Ｗｅａｖｅｒ组合，指数计算与相应的土地开发经济评价，用ＧＩＳ技术，揭示了本区土地现状利用的组织类型与经营特征；经对光、温、土、生等自然资源几个主要生产力指标的数值分析与区域对比，评估了本区自然生产潜力、耕地粮食生产、生产产品贡献等方面在全国的战略地位、潜力优势、开发效益；最结合农村十大产业经济的现今演变特征与今后发展趋势，就本区同新型产业体     

中国生物质产业及发展取向

该文界定了生物质、生物质产品、生物质资源和生物质产业的概念和范围，分析了中国生物质资源的潜力。针对中国当前“三农”问题和未来10～20年能源安全等重大需求，综述了国内外生物质产业发展的4个取向：生物质发电、生物质液体燃料、生物质有机高分子材料和能源农林业。简述了现代农林工生物质能一体化系统的生物质产业发展模式。发展生物质产业对于解决农民增收问题、加快农业工业化进程和促进农村小康社会建设等具有重要意义。     

耕地整治质量潜力测算方法

现有耕地整治质量潜力测算大都直接利用农用地分等成果进行,忽略了耕地整治工程措施可改造的耕地质量限制因素与农用地分等因素的非衔接关系,掩盖了土地整治对耕地限制因素可改造程度差异。该文基于耕地整治可改造因素修正,以沈阳市为例,建立了服务于土地整治的耕地质量评价指标体系及质量潜力计算模型（修正法）。结果表明：该方法评价整治前沈阳市耕地质量利用等为5.6等,整治后耕地质量可提高1.2个利用等;得到的耕地利用等指数与基准作物实际产量相关系数R2为0.8517,精度高于农用地分等结果。修正法测算的耕地整治质量潜力增强了耕地整治工程措施与耕地质量限制因素的结合程度,避免了某些限制因子难以改造或难以达到最优值而导致的整治潜力结果偏差,提高了潜力测算结果的科学性和应用性,可为市级土地整治规划提供方法参考。     

黑龙江省煤炭型城市土地集约利用评价研究

在我国人地矛盾日益突出的背景下,节约集约利用土地已成为社会发展的必然选择,同时也成为促进我国城市健康和可持续发展的关键。以黑龙江省煤炭型城市——鸡西市、双鸭山市、七台河市、鹤岗市为研究区,从经济潜力、社会潜力、生态潜力3方面构建研究区土地集约利用评价指标体系,采用层次分析法与熵值法确定权重,运用多因素综合评价法对研究区2004—2013年的土地集约利用进行综合评价,并分析其驱动力因素。研究结果表明:2004—2006年,黑龙江省煤炭型城市处于不集约状态,属于土地集约利用等级层次中的Ⅳ级,2007—2013年,黑龙江省煤炭型城市处于集约状态,属于土地集约利用等级层次中的Ⅲ级;地均固定资产投资、地均GDP、煤炭开采机械化率、煤炭产值、城市人口与用地增长弹性系数、煤炭挖掘面平均月进度指标是影响煤炭城市土地集约利用的驱动因子。     

区域雨水资源化潜力计算方法与利用规划评价

 雨水资源化潜力是雨水利用规划的基础,也是半干旱地区水资源开发和生态建设的基础,研究其计算方法十分必要。讨论并定义了雨水和雨水资源化潜力的概念,提出了影响雨水资源化潜力的地形特征因子、降水特征因子和利用方式因子的计算模型,建立了雨水资源化潜力、雨水利用程度的计算模型和计算步骤,并进行了雨水利用规划分析评价。     

农村居民点整理的现实潜力估算

有效评估农村居民点整理的现实潜力,是顺利开展农村居民点整理的重要环节。该文以文登市为例,通过选取与现实潜力转化有关的自然、社会、经济、土地资源状况和宅基地利用等14个指标,建立综合指标体系,对现实潜力利用层次分析法确定的权重和标准化指标值进行了综合评价,将评价结果作为综合修正系数,对理论潜力进行修正,得出文登市农村居民点整理的现实潜力。研究结果表明：文登市各镇综合修正系数介于0.25～0.70之间;2010年、2020年农村居民点整理的现实潜力,分别为883.67 hm2和1072.74 hm2;耕地增加系数分别为10.10%和12.27%。研究认为应根据各区域现实潜力大小来安排农村居民点整理,以便提高整理效率。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.