棉花转录因子基因(GhMYB11)的克隆与表达分析

MYB基因家族在植物应对外界生物和非生物胁迫的过程中有重要的调控作用.本研究利用二倍体雷蒙德氏棉(Gossypium raimondii)基因组数据库,从陆地棉(G.hirsutum)品种鲁棉研32号中克隆到一个新的MYB转录因子GhMYB111(GenBank登录号:HQ234875.1),Cdna全长1 001 bp,开放阅读框828bp.通过与模式植物拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)和主要作物小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)、玉米(Zea mays L.)、水稻(Oryza sativa L.) MYB蛋白的氨基酸序列比对发现,GhMYB 11蛋白与拟南芥中脱落酸(abscisic acid,ABA)合成和信号传导的重要基因AtMYB13/14编码的蛋白高度相似(E值分别为7e-83和1e-90),含两个高度保守的MYB结构域R2R3及一个转录激活结构域.实时定量PCR分析发现,GhMYB 11基因在黄萎病菌(Verticillium dahliae)侵染、干旱、盐和氧化胁迫处理后的棉花幼苗叶片中表达显著上调.GhMYB11基因可能在棉花生物和非生物胁迫反应中起重要调控作用,是陆地棉品种抗逆性遗传改良的重要候选基因.本研究为利用基因工程手段提高棉花抗逆性提供了基础材料     

棉花GhMYB146基因克隆及亚细胞定位分析

MYB转录因子是发育、代谢、生物和非生物胁迫应答调控网络中的关键因子。为了分析棉花Gh MYB146转录因子的亚细胞定位,通过RT-PCR和RACE方法从棉花纤维中克隆了1个棉花MYB转录因子Gh MYB146的c DNA序列,采用生物信息学方法分析了Gh MYB146的氨基酸序列,构建了Gh MYB146基因的亚细胞定位载体并进行了亚细胞定位分析。结果表明,克隆的R2R3-MYB基因Gh MYB146的c DNA全长1 027 bp,开放阅读框长879 bp,编码292个氨基酸,蛋白质预测分子量约为33.151 k D,等电点为7.9;推测的氨基酸序列中含有2个高度保守的SANT结构域;Gh MYB146基因组包含3个外显子和2个内含子。进化树分析表明,Gh MYB146和Gh MYB5分为一个分支;亚细胞定位结果表明,Gh MYB146:GFP融合蛋白定位于细胞核中。本试验结果为进一步研究Gh MYB146基因的生物学功能奠定了基础。     

基于不同颜色山楂花MYB家族的挖掘与比较分析

为了研究MYB转录因子家族对山楂花色的影响,明确MYB转录因子在花色芽变品种中的表达情况,采用MYB蛋白质理化性质分析、motif结构预测、基因进化树分析以及基因表达量分析等方法对转录组数据进行深度挖掘。结果表明,共筛选出73个MYB转录因子,其中35个1R-MYB成员、36个2R-MYB成员、2个3R-MYB成员。1R-MYB蛋白序列的长度在50~786个氨基酸之间,2R-MYB蛋白序列长度在88~979个氨基酸之间,且仅有3个MYB基因家族蛋白为稳定蛋白。以拟南芥2R-MYB蛋白为参考进行系统进化树分析,19个山楂2R-MYB蛋白被分入14个已有一定研究基础的亚组中;1R-MYB蛋白进行单独分析,被分为6个亚组。通过差异表达分析,发现8个可能调控山楂花色的MYB转录因子。本研究结果为进一步研究影响山楂花色的MYB转录因子提供了一定的参考数据。     

大豆MYB 转录因子GmMYBZ2 的鉴定、突变分析及原核表达

大豆（Glycine max）GmMYBZ2基因是典型的植物R2R3-MYB转录因子家族成员之一。通过DNAMAN和酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)单杂交系统分别对其蛋白结构和转录活性进行了分析鉴定,并在大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli )中进行了原核表达。GmMYBZ2除含有典型的R2R3-MYB转录因子的结构特征外,在C端含有1个少有的保守氨基酸基序PDLNLELTIS及一个隐藏的锌指结构。基因组序列分析表明,在263～395 bp位含1个132 bp的内含子。为明确GmMYBZ2 C端保守氨基酸基序及锌指结构对目的蛋白转录活性的影响,分别进行了PCR介导的序列删除突变。酵母单杂交系统分析显示,内含子、保守基序及锌指结构对目的蛋白的转录活性均有抑制作用;原核表达显示,目的蛋白能在补充有稀有密码子的大肠杆菌中成功表达。     

甘薯二倍体近缘野生种三裂叶薯MYB转录因子全基因组分析及逆境胁迫响应

MYB是真核生物中一类重要的转录因子,参与调控植物生长发育、初生次生代谢和生物或非生物胁迫响应。为全面解析甘薯基因组MYB转录因子信息,本研究基于甘薯二倍体近缘野生种三裂叶薯的全基因组测序数据,利用多种生物学软件和在线工具对三裂叶薯MYB转录因子的结构域、基因结构、保守基序、染色体定位和系统进化等进行鉴定和分析。利用qRT-PCR检测其中10个R2R3-MYB基因在干旱和盐胁迫下的表达情况。结果表明,在三裂叶薯的全基因组中共鉴定出不均匀分布于15条染色体的160个Itb MYB基因,其中第7号染色体上分布最多(21个基因),第8号染色体上分布最少(6个基因)。根据MYB结构域所含MYB重复个数,160个Itb MYB家族转录因子被分为4类,其中1R类包含36个基因、R2R3类120个基因、3R类4个基因、4R类1个基因。系统进化分析显示,160个Itb MYB聚为18个亚家族,且同一亚家族的Itb MYB转录因子的motif类型和数目相似,但所含外显子和内含子的数目不同。根据拟南芥R2R3-MYB转录因子的分类标准,进一步将三裂叶薯R2R3-MYB类分为30个亚类。qRT-PCR检测结果表明,R2R3-MYB响应干旱和盐胁迫,且不同胁迫时间下不同组织中的表达量存在差异。本试验为进一步研究甘薯MYB转录因子的功能奠定了一定的理论基础。     

甘蔗R2R3-MYB类似基因Sc2RMyb1的克隆及表达特性分析

R2R3-MYB是MYB转录因子基因家族的主要成员,已被证明在次生代谢和非生物逆境胁迫应答中起重要作用。为获得甘蔗(Saccharum complex)R2R3-MYB转录因子基因序列信息及其在不同非生物因子胁迫下的表达情况,本研究通过对甘蔗EST数据的分析,运用电子克隆获得一个甘蔗R2R3-MYB类似基因序列,进而采用PCR方法从甘蔗中克隆了该基因的基因组DNA和cDNA序列,基因命名为Sc2RMyb1(GenBank序列号:JQ823165)。Sc2RMyb1的基因组DNA全长1807bp,由3个外显子和2个内含子构成,编码区长度为1284bp,编码427个氨基酸。构建含有Sc2RMyb1基因的原核表达载体并转入大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli),经IPTG诱导产生的重组蛋白相对分子量约为52kD。在NaCl胁迫的LB培养基上,重组菌生长明显优于对照菌。实时荧光定量PCR分析表明,甘蔗中Sc2RMyb1基因的表达受H2O2和NaCl抑制而下调,推测该基因作为负调节因子参与了NaCl胁迫应答相关基因的调控过程。本研究结果为后续该类转录因子基因在甘蔗抗逆相关机理研究和抗逆育种中的应用提供了基础资料。     

红掌AaMYB1基因的克隆、表达及异源转化研究

MYB类转录因子在植物观赏器官色彩形成中发挥关键作用。为了研究红掌中该类转录因子的种类、表达、作用机理等,本研究从红掌中获得了一个MYB转录因子的基因序列,通过反转录多聚酶链式反应(RT-PCR)、生物信息学软件分析、荧光定量PCR检测、构建超表达载体并异源转化烟草等手段,对该转录因子进行了初步研究。结果表明,该转录因子编码基因包含完整编码区,共计912 bp,编码303个氨基酸残基,序列组成与其他物种同源体具有高度相似性;荧光定量分析显示,Aa MYB1在红掌不同组织部位都有表达,但在苞片中表达量最高;获得了12株阳性转化株,形态观察发现转化株营养器官花色素累积程度随基因表达不同而异,但可使所有转化株花器官颜色显著加深。本研究结果为进一步探究MYB转录因子在红掌中调控花色素合成等信息提供了有益参考。     

酵母单杂交方法初步鉴定甘蔗SPSⅢ启动子区域调控序列

蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS,EC 2.4.1.14)是植物糖分积累的关键酶基因,在甘蔗中其家族成员SPSⅢ在成熟蔗茎中表达量高,是禾本科作物的特异成员.本研究应用酵母在甘蔗中单杂交系统,筛选SPSⅢ5’侧翼-1410～-1181 bp的光响应元件ATCT-motif和分生组织特异性元件CAT-box的调控序列,获得了54个含有cDNA片段的文库质粒,测序分析显示,14个cDNA序列为非重复性.NCBI的Blast同源性结果显示,除E1-3、E9-1和E0-3外,其余克隆都与甘蔗(Sacharum spp.)近缘物种的蛋白有很高的同源性,达到90％以上.通过SMART和SBASE,对推演的氨基酸序列进行蛋白质功能结构域预测与分析,显示编号为E0-3、E2-3、F2-1、F4-2和G8-2的5个克隆对应的氨基酸序列具有转录因子特征结构域.研究结果为分离调控SPSⅢ基因表达的转录因子提供了候选基因.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.