低油脂红心甘薯薯片的常压油炸工艺研究

研究了红心薯片的常压油炸工艺,结果表明：(1)薯片护色条件为NaHSO₃0.10%＋柠檬酸0.10％浸泡5 min,而后在95～100℃的热水烫漂3 min;(2)脱水温度为60℃,120 min,即油炸前半成品的含水率控制在42％左右;(3)冻结温度为-32℃,时间控制30 min;(4)甘薯薯片的最佳油炸条件为油炸温度170℃,油炸时间1 min,料油比1∶5～1∶4。 依此工艺油炸的薯片,色泽橙红,整片酥脆,气泡均匀,外形美观,油脂含量低于15％。     

曲拉热风干燥工艺参数筛选及色泽品质评价

为了降低曲拉因干燥过程引起的褐变,保证产品干燥后色泽良好,同时为曲拉干燥设备及工艺提供理论依据,该研究选择热风干燥的方式,以干燥后产品的亮度值L*、红度值a*和黄度值b*为目标,利用数据标准化的综合评分方法对3个目标评分。根据响应面中心组合设计理论,探讨了热风温度、物料厚度和风速对曲拉热风干燥工艺的影响,建立二次多项回归模型,并对干燥工艺进行了优化。结果表明,3个因素对综合评分的影响大小依次为：热风温度、风速、物料厚度;曲拉热风干燥最佳工艺参数为：热风温度41℃,物料厚度10 mm,风速60 m/min,此时得到最大综合分为0.9012;工艺优化后曲拉的亮度值L*比牧区自然暴晒干燥方式提高了7.18（P<0.05）,红度值a*和黄度值b*分别极显著的降低了1.41和10.29（P<0.01）,过氧化氢值（peroxide value, POV）、硫代苯巴比妥酸反应底物值（thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, TBARS）及5-羟甲基糠醛（5-hydroxymethylfurfural, 5-HMF）值分别极显著降低了1.15 g/100 g、0.84 mg/kg和1.973 mg/L（P<0.01）。表明该干燥工艺可有效降低曲拉干燥过程中脂肪的氧化程度与美拉德反应的发生,改善产品色泽品质。研究结果为曲拉热风干燥设备及工艺提供了理论依据。     

速冻薯条制备工艺优化

采用三因子二次正交旋转组合设计，建立速冻薯条加工工艺中的干燥温度、干燥时间和预油炸时间对薯条的颜色、含水率和含油率影响的二次多项式响应曲面模型。参试因子对薯条的颜色、含水率和含油率影响显著(p<0.05)，利用期望函数途径同时对薯条的颜色、含水率和含油率的响应曲面模型进行模拟预测，获得优化的工艺条件：108～110℃热空气干燥11～12 min，180℃预油炸38 s。薯条经速冻和油炸(180℃，2 min)后，色差值为3.99～4.45，含水率为37.50%～38.50%，含油率为14.34%～14.85%，各响应变量同时达到商品薯条的指标值。     

气流膨化甘薯片的工艺优化

：为了对甘薯片气流膨化工艺进行优化,在单因素试验的基础上,采用三因子二次正交旋转组合设计,分析了膨化温度、抽空干燥温度和抽空干燥时间对产品的硬度、脆度和色泽的影响,并对变量进行了响应曲面分析。研究结果表明,膨化温度、抽空干燥温度和抽空干燥时间对甘薯片的品质指标有显著影响;得出的较佳气流膨化甘薯片工艺参数组合为：膨化温度91℃,抽空干燥温度75℃,抽空干燥时间47 min。研究结果可以为气流膨化甘薯片的工业化生产提供参考。     

青花椒真空脉动干燥特性及干燥品质工艺优化

为提升青花椒的干燥品质,减少其色泽褐变和风味物质流失等问题,该研究采用真空脉动干燥技术加工青花椒,并以热风干燥试验为对照组,研究了不同干燥温度、真空保持时间和常压保持时间对青花椒干燥特性及其品质的影响。在单因素试验基础上进行Box-Behnken中心组合试验设计,以青花椒的平均干燥速率、挥发油、酰胺含量、色差、开口率5个指标进行响应面优化分析。试验结果表明,Weibull模型可精确拟合青花椒真空脉动干燥曲线(R~20.99)。干燥温度升高可在一定程度上提高青花椒的干燥效率和开口率,减少褐变和挥发油损失,同时酰胺类含量随干燥温度上升而有所下降。根据响应面试验结果,各因素对青花椒干燥综合评分的影响效果由大到小顺序为:干燥温度、真空保持时间、常压保持时间。优化的工艺参数为真空脉动干燥温度61.4℃、真空保持时间5 min、常压保持时间5 min,综合评分值达8.06,验证试验结果偏差仅为2.6%。研究结果为青花椒真空脉动干燥应用提供参考。     

哈密瓜变温压差膨化干燥工艺优化研究

为了对哈密瓜变温压差膨化干燥工艺进行优化,采用三因子二次回归正交旋转组合设计,分析预干燥后含水率、膨化温度和抽空时间3个变量对产品含水率、脆度、膨化度和色泽的影响,在此基础上由试验数据推导出描述4个指标的二次回归模型,并对变量进行响应面分析,得出优化膨化干燥工艺条件为:预干燥后原料含水率为30%,膨化温度为88～95℃,抽空时间为1.7～2.2 h.     

大蒜真空脉动干燥工艺参数优化

为探究较优的大蒜干燥工艺,提升干燥品质,该研究将真空脉动干燥技术应用于大蒜干燥,采用碳纤维红外板作为热源,研究了红外板温度(55、60、65和70℃)、真空保持时间(6、9、12和15 min)以及蒜片厚度(2、3、4和5 mm)对大蒜干燥特性及品质的影响,以蒜素(硫代亚磺酸酯)含量、色泽(L*、a*、b*和?E*)和复水比作为品质指标;根据单因素试验结果进行了红外板温度、蒜片厚度和真空保持时间的正交试验。试验结果表明:单因素试验中红外板温度、真空保持时间以及蒜片厚度均对干燥特性有显著影响(P0.05),蒜素含量随红外板温度的升高呈先减少后增加的趋势,随蒜片厚度的增加呈先增加后减少的趋势,当真空保持时间为15 min时,蒜素含量最高;正交试验中各因素对蒜片干燥综合评价指标的影响顺序为蒜片厚度红外板温度真空保持时间。蒜片真空脉动干燥最佳工艺参数为红外板温度65℃、真空保持时间为15 min、蒜片厚度为2 mm。研究结果可为真空脉动干燥技术在大蒜干燥工业生产中的应用提供借鉴。     

不同马铃薯品种用于加工油炸薯片的适宜性

中国马铃薯品种数量繁多,品质指标差异性大,这些指标很大程度上决定了油炸薯片制品的品质,为研究不同马铃薯品种加工油炸薯片的适宜性,试验以国内外广泛种植的74个品种的马铃薯为原材料,分别测定原料的8个加工指标（水分、淀粉、还原糖、总糖、灰分、可溶性固形物、维生素C、蛋白质）及油炸薯片的4个品质指标（蛋白质、感官得分、脆性、白度）,随机选取56个样品为校正集,其余18个样品为验证集,应用相关性分析、主成分分析、逐步回归分析方法建立薯片综合评价指标与马铃薯原料加工指标X1～X8之间的回归模型,模型决定系数R2=0.607,调整后R2=0.585,F=26.815,sig.=0.000,拟合度较高,回归模型显著。同时利用验证集样品对回归模型进行验证,结论表明薯片综合评价指标预测值与真值相关系数为0.502,显著性为0.034,相关关系显著,该模型可用于实际油炸薯片综合品质评价。通过K-means聚类法对74个马铃薯品种加工适宜性进行初步划分,筛选出适宜加工薯片的品种15个,评价结果与实际应用现状相符。所建模型可应用于实际马铃薯油炸薯片加工适宜性评价,为中国马铃薯产业选择特定薯片加工品种具有一定的指导意义。     

鲜南瓜片冷冻-真空干燥工艺优化

为了优化鲜南瓜片冷冻-真空干燥工艺,通过Design-expert软件的Central Composite Design方法设计,研究冷冻后原料含水率、真空干燥温度和真空脱水时间对产品含水量、膨化度、色泽的影响,在此基础上由试验数据推导出描述三个响应值的二次回归模型,并对变量进行响应面分析。结果表明:南瓜冷冻后原料含水率、真空干燥温度、真空脱水时间对南瓜脆片的含水率、膨化度、色差值均有极显著的影响。得出非油炸南瓜脆片最佳冷冻-真空干燥工艺条件为:冷冻后原料含水率70%,真空干燥温度为90℃,真空脱水时间为120min。该研究为开发休闲食品南瓜脆片的产业化生产提供理论依据。     

三种干燥方式制备的猕猴桃脆片品质比较

为拓展真空冷冻干燥联合干燥方法,进行了冻干-真空油炸干燥工艺技术制备猕猴桃脆片的探索试验,以冻干、"冻干-真空干燥"制备的猕猴桃脆片作为对比,考察三种方法制备猕猴桃脆片的复水性、质构、色差和感官指标差异。结果表明:冷冻干燥样品的复水性最佳,外观和香气感官指标得分最高;冻干-真空油炸的样品质构特性中硬度、断裂性、咀嚼性均大于另外两种,且其感官评分中滋味、口感和外观得分均较高,适合作为即食类果蔬脆片休闲食品工艺进行开发。     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.