不同氮源与镁配施对甘蓝产量、品质和养分吸收的影响

采用田间试验和室内分析相结合的方法,研究不同氮源与镁配施对甘蓝(Brassica oleracea L.)产量、品质和养分吸收的影响。试验在等氮条件下设4个氮源,分别为不施氮肥、100%铵态氮、50%铵态氮+50%硝态氮、100%硝态氮;设4个硫酸镁施用量,分别为0、75 kg·hm-2、150 kg·hm-2、300 kg·hm-2。结果表明,100%硝态氮与中量(150 kg·hm-2)镁配施处理的甘蓝产量比不施肥处理、100%铵态氮与中量镁配施处理和50%铵态氮+50%硝态氮与中量镁配施处理分别增产56.9%、14.7%和5.2%。施用100%硝态氮处理的甘蓝产量略高于50%硝态氮+50%铵态氮处理,比施用100%铵态氮处理和不施肥处理分别增产13.0%和44.2%。施用低量(75kg·hm-2)镁肥的甘蓝产量比不施镁肥增产9.3%,而增加镁肥用量对甘蓝产量没有显著影响。施用100%硝态氮、50%铵态氮+50%硝态氮和100%铵态氮处理的甘蓝硝酸盐含量比不施氮肥处理分别增加84.4%、63.4%和6.9%。100%硝态氮与高量(300 kg·hm-2)镁肥配合施用的甘蓝硝酸盐含量比不施肥处理、100%铵态氮与高量镁肥配施处理和50%铵态氮+50%硝态氮与高镁肥配施处理分别增加101.4%、82.3%和14.1%。施用高量镁肥处理甘蓝硝酸盐含量比不施肥处理增加11.2%。随着硝态氮比例增加,甘蓝维生素C、还原糖、总氨基酸含量相应增加,镁肥施用量对甘蓝维生素C、还原糖、总氨基酸含量影响明显。随着硝态氮比例增加,甘蓝对磷、钾和钙吸收量显著增加;随着镁施用量增加,磷、钾和镁吸收量相应增加。不同氮源与镁肥相互作用对甘蓝维生素C含量,氮、磷、钾、钙和镁养分吸收均有明显的影响。本研究表明,50%硝态氮和50%铵态氮混合与适量镁肥配合施用,既能增加甘蓝产量,提高维生素C、还原糖和总氨基酸含量,又能减少硝酸盐含量,提高甘蓝品质。     

不同配比肥料对叶菜元素积累和土壤硝态氮残留的影响

摘要:采用"3414"法进行田间试验和室内检测,研究自行堆制微生物有机肥与不同配比化肥配合施用对小油菜产量、硝酸盐、其他营养元素含量及土壤中硝态氮残留的影响。结果表明,微生物有机肥和化肥按适当比例配合施用可以显著降低小油菜硝酸盐含量,尤其以N∶P∶K=1∶1∶2时可食部分硝酸盐含量最低,为1 623.14mg/kg,符合国家相关标准要求,实现蔬菜优质安全的目标;当N∶P∶K=2∶2∶1时土壤硝态氮含量最低,为2.00mg/kg。微生物有机肥与无机肥合理配合施用可以有效降低小油菜硝酸盐含量并且很好地调节土壤硝态氮含量,提高小油菜品质和产量。     

设施条件下氮肥对大青菜硝酸盐及土壤矿质氮累积的影响

采用田间实验研究了施用氮肥对设施条件下大青菜生长发育和产量,以及对土壤硝酸盐含量累积分布的影响。结果表明,在施氮肥0~500 kg hm-2范围内,氮肥施用量越大,产量越高,但到达一定量时,便不能再促进产量的提高,反而会引起减产。土壤铵态氮含量随着土壤剖面向下不断下降,表层的铵态氮含量较高,土壤硝态氮含量在整个土壤剖面的分布变化较小,但也是从表层向下处于一种缓慢减少的趋势,铵态氮的累积主要集中在上部土壤剖面,硝态氮的累积分布在整个土壤剖面,土壤硝态氮含量随施肥量增加而增加;氮肥施用量对硝酸盐含量有很大影响。在施氮肥0~700kg hm-2范围内,氮肥施用量越多,大青菜硝酸盐含量越高。     

不同氮肥用量对设施番茄产量、品质和土壤硝态氮累积的影响

在设施栽培条件下,采用田间小区试验,以番茄为指示植物,研究了不同氮肥用量：农民习惯施氮量（N1,尿素,纯氮1000kg·hm^-2）、70%农民习惯施氮量（N2,尿素,纯氮700kg·hm^-2）、70%农民习惯施氮量结合调节土壤C/N（N3,尿素,纯氮700kg·hm^-2）、50%农民习惯施氮量结合调节土壤C/N和采用滴灌（N4,尿素,纯氮500kg·hm^-2）对设施番茄产量、品质和土壤硝态氮累积的影响。结果表明,与农民习惯施用氮肥相比,减施氮肥处理（N2、N3和N4）的番茄产量没有降低,N4处理产量最高,比N1增产9.7%。N2和N4处理氮肥的农学效率和肥料的产投比均显著高于N1处理（P〈0.05）,其中N4处理最高,为28.9kg·kg^-1和12.6,施肥效益最高。不同施氮肥处理间果实Vc含量虽没有显著差异,但N4处理是N1处理的1.2倍。番茄果实的硝酸盐含量随氮肥施用量的增加而增加,两者呈显著的正相关关系（R^2=0.8307,P〈0.05）,N3和N4处理果实硝酸盐含量均显著低于N1处理（P〈0.05）。0～100cm土层累积的硝态氮随氮肥施用量的增加而增加,N1处理土层累积的硝态氮含量最高,减施氮肥处理均降低了土壤对硝态氮的累积。土壤硝态氮多累积在0～40cm土层,硝态氮的相对累积量约为50%,这部分残留的氮素可被下季作物吸收利用。果实硝酸盐含量与土壤累积的硝态氮存在显著的相关关系（R^2=0.8003,P〈0.05）,说明土壤硝态氮含量过高能够增加果实对氮素的吸收和积累。在寿光设施蔬菜生产条件下,在农民习惯施氮量基础上减氮30%～50%既可以保证较高产量和较好的果实品质,同时降低土壤中硝态氮累积,从产量、肥料效益和土壤可持续利用角度来看,N4处理更具优势,具有较好应用价值。     

氮肥用量对白萝卜产量与水分利用效率的影响

在冀西北的草甸栗钙土农田,研究了不同氮肥施用量对白萝卜产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,不同氮肥用量都能不同程度地提高白萝卜的产量,当氮肥用量达225 kg·hm-2时,白萝卜的生物产量、经济产量、肉质根产量和经济效益均达到最大值,但是氮肥用量为150、225 kg·hm-2时,白萝卜的产量和经济效益差异不明显;除N225处理的肉质根中可溶性糖含量最低且与其他处理差异显著外,其他各处理的叶片和肉质根中可溶性糖含量无显著差异;当氮肥用量为150 kg·hm-2时,水分利用效率最高,为503.4 kg·hm-2·mm-1。过量施用氮肥不能提高白萝卜的品质和产量。随着氮肥施用量的增加,白萝卜叶片和肉质根对N、P和K养分的吸收也随之增加。本试验范围内,N 150 kg·hm-2、P2O5120 kg·hm-2、K2O 150 kg·hm-2是冀西北高寒区白萝卜高产、高效、低耗发展的合理施肥量。     

上海地区典型设施菜地的生菜适宜施氮量研究

在设施大棚种植条件下,采用田间小区试验方法研究了不同施氮处理对生菜产量、品质及氮素利用率的影响。结果表明,与农民习惯施氮量150 kg·hm-2相比,减少20%的氮素用量能保持生菜的产量和氮素利用率,维持蔬菜品质。施氮120 kg·hm-2能使大棚生菜产量增加至5 353 kg·hm-2,氮素利用率达17.8%,净收入达12 091元·hm-2。生菜的叶片数、株高、生物量以及可溶性糖含量也在施氮120 kg·hm-2时最高。生菜叶片中的硝酸盐的积累与施氮量呈明显的正相关性,减少施氮能有效抑制生菜叶片中硝酸盐的积累。综合产量效益和经济效益等因素,对上海地区土壤含氮量较高的大棚,推荐生菜适宜施氮量为120 kg·hm-2。     

黑土区玉米-大豆轮作条件下施肥效应的研究

试验设在海伦农田生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站示范区内,采用N、P、K三因素多水平的不完全设计,旨在从16个不同氮、磷、钾水平的组合中筛选出适合当地的最适宜施肥量。不同氮、磷、钾肥用量玉米两年均获得较高产量的为处理4(N2P2K2),氮磷钾最佳施用量为N 150 kg hm-2,P2O5 90 kg hm-2,K2O 40 kg hm-2。不同氮、磷、钾肥用量大豆两年均获得高产的为处理4(N2P2K2),氮磷钾最佳施用量为N 60 kg hm-2,P2O5 60 kg hm-2,K2O 40 kg hm-2。通过对不同氮、磷、钾肥施用量和大豆与玉米产量进行一元二次方程拟合,建议黑土区玉米最适宜的施肥量为N 150～200 kg hm-2,P2O5 70～90 kg hm-2,K2O 30～40 kg hm-2;大豆为N 50～80 kg hm-2,P2O5 60～90 kg hm-2,K2O 30～40 kg hm-2。肥料利用率随施肥量的增加而降低,玉米与大豆的经济效益和其产量达到最高时的处理相同。     

氮磷钾肥用量对紫云英产量效应的研究

采用"3414"肥料效应试验设计方案对紫云英氮、磷、钾肥施用效应及养分的交互作用进行了研究,结果表明:与不施肥处理(CK)相比,13个施肥处理紫云英鲜草平均增产21.1 t·hm-2,平均产量为不施肥处理的2.35倍;分别固定磷(P2O5 60 kg·hm-2)、钾(K2O 60 kg·hm-2)肥,氮(N75 kg·hm-2)、钾(K2O 60 kg·hm-2)肥和氮(N 75 kg·hm-2)、磷(P2O5 60 kg·hm-2)肥用量,在施N 0～112.5 kg·hm-2,P2O5 0～90 kg·hm-2和K2O 0～90 kg·hm-2范围内,紫云英产量随相应肥料用量的增加而显著提高,N、P、K各养分施用的最高增产率分别为65.0%、27.8%和44.5%;从养分效率看,中量水平的氮(N 75.0 kg·hm-2)、磷(P2O5 60 kg·hm-2)和低量水平的钾(K2O 30 kg·hm-2)增产效果最好;氮、磷、钾肥之间存在一定的交互作用,互相影响肥效的发挥,中量水平的养分用量(N 75.0 kg·hm-2、P2O5 60 kg·hm-2和K2O 60 kg·hm-2)有利于各养分效果的发挥.结果说明,施肥对紫云英增产效果明显,氮、磷、钾肥用量和配比是影响紫云英产量的重要因素.     

氮肥用量对设施滴灌栽培番茄产量品质及土壤硝态氮累积的影响

为了明确滴灌条件下设施番茄适宜的氮肥施用量,选择北京市顺义区代表性日光温室进行田间试验,设置0、90、180、270、360、450kg·hm^-2 6个氮肥水平,研究不同氮肥用量对设施滴灌栽培番茄产量、品质及土壤硝态氮累积分布的影响。结果表明：氮肥施用量为0～360kg·hm^-2时,随氮肥施用量的增加番茄产量增高;当施氮量超过360kg·hm^-2时,番茄产量随施氮量增加却呈下降趋势。番茄品质随施氮量的增加而提高,当施氮量为450kg·hm^-2时,番茄果实的糖酸比最高,风味较佳。随着施N量的增加,各层土壤硝态氮含量明显增加,尤其当施氮量大于270kg·hm^-2时,土壤硝态氮含量显著增加。施氮量360kg·hm^-2为0—100cm土壤硝态氮累积量增加的拐点,土壤硝态氮累积量与0-360kg·hm^-2施氮量呈线性相关。结合北京郊区土壤肥力状况,番茄氮肥推荐施用量为270-360kg·hm^-2,在当前农民习惯施氮量450kg·hm^-2条件下,减少氮肥用量20％～40％,可以达到设施番茄高产、优质,且环境风险较小的目的。     

氮肥对黄土高原大棚蔬菜及土壤硝酸盐累积的影响

通过对黄土高原大棚蔬菜不同施肥水平及采收期试验,研究了氮肥施用量对蔬菜产量、品质以及土壤硝酸盐积累的影响.结果表明:在土壤氮素水平较低情况下,随氮肥施用量的增加蔬菜产量随之提高,当黄瓜施用量达300kg·hm-2、芹菜施用量达400kg·hm-2时,其产量分别较对照提高16.7%和37.5%,而菜体中硝态氮含量与对照差异不大;但当施用量超过500kg·hm-2及600kg·hm-2时,会使黄瓜、芹菜产量逐渐下降同时导致蔬菜及土壤中硝态氮含量迅速增高,使蔬菜达到高污染水平.施肥后随时间的推移,蔬菜中的硝酸盐含量逐渐降低,在中等施肥条件下30d后可达到食用水平.黄土高原土壤氮素淋溶强烈,在氮肥施用后15d,50cm左右土层中硝态氮累积量最多形成峰值,且随时间的推移其峰值有逐渐向下移动的趋势.本实验证实:适量氮肥有利于蔬菜生长,还可有效减少氮素污染,在黄土高原大棚蔬菜生产中氮肥最佳用量为400～500kg·hm-2,同时应严格控制采收时间,在蔬菜采食前30d内不能施用氮肥.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.