我国滑坡、崩塌的区域特征、成因分析及其防御

论述了我国滑坡、崩塌的区域分布特征,滑坡和崩塌的危害程度,滑坡和崩塌类型和成因分析,并且提出了灾害的防御措施,以期达到环境保护成为社会发展过程中的一个重要组成部分。     

硒、钴单施和配施对苜蓿生长及产量的效应研究

为探讨硒、钴在提高苜蓿生长影响,在河南省沿黄滩区,开展了硒、钴单施和配施下对紫花苜蓿生长以及产量和品质影响研究。结果表明,硒、钴单施和配合基施均能够显著提高苜蓿从现蕾到开花期的净光合能力,降低呼吸消耗,提高单位叶面积干物质的生产速率,有利于苜蓿花前青干草生产和果实发育;其中,以硒570 g/hm2、钴762g/hm2配施下效果显著,青干草增产8.06%,种子千粒重可提高12.85%。单施钴和硒钴配施还能促进0—20 cm耕层苜蓿根瘤菌的生长和积累,增强苜蓿的固氮能力。说明硒钴合理基施对苜蓿青干草和优质种子生产具有很好的应用效果。     

Hydroxy-Al complexes of montmorillonite and vermiculite and identification of intergrades of montmorillonite-chlorite and vermiculite-chlorite in soils

Much evidence has indicated that the occurrence of montmorillonite and vermiculite containing Al-interlayers is very common in solis, particularly acid soils. Viewed in the light of soil clay minerology, it would be required to investigate the properties of their original minerals. For the latter purpose, the Al-interlayer has been removed prior to the Mg-glycerol,K-saturation and heating tests for identification of montmorillonite and vermiculite. Its removal has been accomplished in sevsral ways; KOH plus KCl (1), NH₄F, KCl plus HCl (2), Na-citrate (3),400C de hydroxylation-NaOH (4) dissolution. Although these methods are effective for the removal of Al-interlayers, they seem drastically to affect the minerals or are time-consuming. Inthe course of the study of hydroxy-Al interlaid complexes of expanding 2:1 layer lattice clay minerals, the authors have noticed the difference between the (001) spacings of hydroxy-Al complexes of montmorillonite and vermiculite; the former exhibited the 20 A basal spacing at room temperature against the 14 A spacing of the latter. This difference might be useful for differentiating montnmorillonite-chlorite intergrades in soils.     

Separation and analysis of diastereomers and enantiomers of cypermethrin and cyfluthrin by gas chromatography

Synthetic pyrethroid (SP) insecticides are of environmental significance because of their high aquatic toxicity. Due to their chirality, SP compounds contain multiple diastereomers and enantiomers. However, due to great structural similarities and lack of isomer standards, gas chromatographic (GC) analysis of SP diastereomers or enantiomers is poorly developed. In this study, we used a HP-5 column to separate the diastereomers and a beta-cyclodextrin-based enantioselective column (BGB-172) to separate the enantiomers of cypermethrin (CP) and cyfluthrin (CF). Resolved peaks were identified by comparing chromatograms of isomer-enriched CP products. Diastereomers of both CP and CF were separated on the HP-5 column. On the BGB-172 column, enantiomers of all cis diastereomers were separated, while those of trans diastereomers were not separated. The elution order appears to be regulated by configuration, a finding which may allow peak identification in the absence of isomer standards. When coupled with electron capture detection, the developed methods had low detection limits and may be used for analysis of SP diastereomers and enantiomers in environmental samples.     

铁铝氧化物和高岭石对转化酶的吸附及活性的影响

Experiments were conducted to study the influences of synthetic bayerite, non-crystalline aluminum oxide (N-AlOH), goethite, non-crystalline iron oxide (N-FeOH) and kaolinite on the adsorption, activity, kinetics and thermal stability of invertase. Adsorption of invertase on iron, aluminum oxides fitted Langmuir equation. The amount of invertase held on the minerals followed the sequence kaolinite > goethite > N-AlOH > bayerite > N-FeOH. No correlation was found between enzyme adsorption and the specific surface area of minerals examined. The differences in the surface structure of minerals and the arrangement of enzymatic molecules on mineral surfaces led to the different capacities of minerals for enzyme adsorption. The adsorption of invertase on bayerite, N-AlOH, goethite, N-FeOH and kaolinite was differently affected by pH. The order for the activity of invertase adsorbed on minerals was N-FeOH > N-AlOH > bayerite > reak goethite > kaolinite. The inhibition effect of minerals on enzyme activity was kaolinite > crystalline oxides > non-crystalline oxides. The pH optimum of iron oxide- and aluminum oxide-invertase complexes was similar to that of free enzyme (pH 4.0), whereas the pH optimum of kaolinite-invertase complex was one pH unit higher than that of free enzyme. The affinity to substrate and the maximum reaction velocity as well as the thermal stability of combined invertase were lower than those of the free enzyme.     

施氮量对杂交棉氮、磷、钾吸收利用和产量及品质的影响

在高产条件下,研究了不同施氮量对杂交棉氮、磷、钾的吸收利用和产量及品质的影响。结果表明,增施氮肥显著提高了杂交棉氮、磷、钾的积累量,特别是显著提高了杂交棉后期氮、磷、钾的积累量和积累比例。施氮量N300 kg/hm2的子棉产量最高,比施氮量N 225 kg/hm2处理增产0.9%,但差异不显著。氮、磷、钾养分利用效率随施氮量增加而提高;但氮肥利用率随施氮量的增加而下降。施氮可以显著提高纤维长度和纤维比强度,而不同施氮量处理间纤维长度和比强度差别不大。     

硒锌钼对黄土高原马铃薯和小白菜产量及营养元素与硒镉含量的影响

黄土高原旱地土壤微量元素硒锌钼潜在缺乏,不仅影响农作物产量,还降低农产品的矿物营养品质,研究施用硒锌钼肥料对该地区作物生长及可食部分营养元素含量的影响具有重要意义。通过田间试验,研究了硒锌钼肥单独土施、硒锌肥配施、硒锌钼肥配施对马铃薯和小白菜产量及营养元素和硒镉含量的影响。结果表明：硒肥提高了马铃薯块茎和小白菜叶片硒含量,分别由对照的0.02mg.kg-1和0.09mg.kg-1提高到1.51～2.15mg.kg-1和13.03～19.44mg.kg-1,钼肥提高了马铃薯块茎和小白菜叶片钼含量,分别由对照的0.43mg.kg-1和2.3mg.kg-1提高到1.03～1.16mg.kg-1和17.7～19.9mg.kg-1,单施与配施处理间无显著差异。锌肥土施或锌与硒、钼肥配合土施不但使小白菜叶片中的锌含量由对照的21.0mg.kg-1显著提高到48.1～68.4mg.kg-1,还使镉含量显著降低50%以上;施锌对马铃薯块茎的锌含量无显著影响。硒锌钼肥单施或配施均对马铃薯和小白菜产量及氮、磷、钾、硫、钙、镁、铁、锰、铜、硼含量无显著影响。因此,在黄土高原旱地,硒钼配合土施可同时提高马铃薯块茎的硒钼含量,硒锌钼配合土施可同时提高小白菜叶片的硒锌钼含量。     

水土流失对黑土理化性状的影响及水土保持措施的效果

东北黑土区是我国粮食主产区和重要的商品粮生产基地,对于我国粮食安全的保障具有极其重要的作用。但是目前水土流失加剧,严重影响土地生产力和粮食产量。系统地论述了东北黑土区水土流失对土壤物理性状、化学性状、生物性状的影响,并分析了主要水土保持措施的效果。     

中国水土保持生态环境建设现状与社会经济可持续发展对策

水土流失是中国头号生态环境问题,已成为社会经济可持续发展的制约因素。从防灾减灾的角度出发,分析了中国水土流失的现状、存在问题,总结了中国水土保持工作的成绩、经验,提出了新形势下进一步加强水土保持生态环境建设的对策。     

水土流失动态监测与评价研究现状与问题

美国等国家已将遥感、ＧＩＳ技术广泛应用于水土流失动态监测与预报,并开发出基于物理过程的土壤侵蚀预报模型。中国在水土流失地面观测、遥感监测方面已取得许多成果,但在区域土壤侵蚀评价、预报模型开发方面,缺少系列化观测与统计数据,已有的坡面土壤侵蚀模型等在通用性、适用性方面还存在不少问题。当前急需解决的问题是建立水土流失监测与评价指标体系,开发评价模型系统,建立国家水土保持信息系统     

美林湾小流域水土保持生态景观的规划设计

[目的]针对当前水土流失综合治理目标单一的现象,探讨小流域水土保持生态景观规划设计的理念和方法,为小流域水土流失综合治理提供借鉴,以获得更高的生态、经济和社会效益。[方法]以江苏省丹阳市美林湾小流域水土保持生态景观规划设计为例,在现状调查分析的基础上,进行规划设计方法研究。[结果]提出小流域水土流失综合治理应将水土保持功能与生态景观、观光旅游相结合的理念,并界定了小流域水土保持生态景观的相关概念。[结论]小流域水土流失治理应统筹兼顾,综合考虑水土保持、生态景观和生态旅游等功能。     

赣州市水土流失与章、贡两江水沙变化态势及其成因

赣州市水土流失面积1964-1988年呈增长趋势,1988年以后呈减少趋势,章、贡两江输沙量1988年以后逐渐减少,尤其是1998年以来显著减少。事实证明,人为破坏、重治轻防是水土流失加剧的根本原因,预防为主、综合防治是我市水土保持的成功之路。40年来水土流失与章、贡两江水沙变化态势是赣州市水土保持工作的客观反映。     

Improved fractionation of glycinin and beta-conglycinin and partitioning of phytochemicals

Glycinin-rich and beta-conglycinin-rich products are prepared by soy protein fractionation. Physicochemical characteristics of these proteins affect their unique, important functionality in food systems and industrial applications. Soybean isoflavones and saponins are phytochemicals with potential health benefits. Objectives of this protein fractionation research were to (1) improve protein and phytochemical extraction from defatted soy flakes and recovery in product fractions and (2) evaluate phytochemical partitioning and profile changes during fractionation. Extraction environments (pH, ethanol concentration, temperature, and water-to-flake ratio) were each varied during bench-scale optimization. Optimized conditions of 45 degrees C and 10:1 water-to-flake ratio were compared with previous conditions of 20 degrees C and 15:1 water-to-flake ratio and a soy protein isolate process at pilot scale. Optimized conditions yielded more beta-conglycinin with higher isoflavone and saponin concentrations, but fraction purity was diminished by glycinin contamination. Bench-scale data demonstrated that increased phytochemical extraction did not translate into increased concentrations in product fractions.     

Impact of quality and quantity of biochar and hydrochar on soil Collembola and growth of spring wheat

The effects of biochar (maize biochar – MBC, wood biochar – WBC) and unfermented or fermented hydrochar (HTC) on the euedaphic Collembola Protaphorura fimata and on spring wheat were investigated in greenhouse experiments. The impact of char type, amount of fermented HTC, and MBC-Collembola interactions were assessed. Generally, shoot and root biomass as well as abundance of P. fimata were not affected by the different chars. However, with increasing amounts of fermented HTC the abundance of P. fimata declined, whereas shoot biomass of wheat increased. Moreover, MBC altered root morphology and resulted in thicker roots with higher volume. The latter was not apparent when Collembola were present.     

蚓粪和益生菌互作对土壤性状、菠菜产量和品质的影响

选取两种益生菌(巨大芽孢杆菌和解淀粉芽孢杆菌)分别与化肥和蚓粪配施,研究了蚓粪和益生菌配施对设施蔬菜地土壤化学性状、酶活性及菠菜产量和品质的影响。结果表明:在等养分条件下与单施化肥相比,蚓粪能够显著提高土壤有效磷含量及p H值,降低速效钾、铵态氮含量及EC值,有利于土壤脲酶、蛋白酶和过氧化氢酶活性的提高,有效改善菠菜品质;与单施蚓粪相比,益生菌与蚓粪配施不仅显著提高土壤硝态氮含量、蔗糖酶活性,还增加了土壤EC值,提高了菠菜可溶性糖、蛋白及维生素C含量,且解淀粉芽孢杆菌配施蚓粪还增加了菠菜产量;而益生菌配施化肥对菠菜产量增加和品质改善效果不及益生菌配施蚓粪效果显著。综合比较两种益生菌和蚓粪配施效果,以蚓粪配施解淀粉芽孢杆菌对土壤性状改善和蔬菜产量、品质提高效果最好。     

有机无机肥与生物炭配施对烤烟生长发育和烟叶质量的影响

为探究一种更利于提高山东烤烟种植区烟叶质量的施肥方式,采用盆栽和大田试验相结合的方法,对有机无机肥配施下增施不同量生物炭（3 t hm?2,OFB1;5 t hm?2,OFB2）的施肥方式和有机无机肥配施的施肥方式（OF）对烤烟生长发育和烤后烟叶质量的影响进行了比较。结果表明,OFB1和OFB2处理较OF处理更能促进烟株株高、茎围和叶面积的建成;提高烟株生物量,特别是叶干重,增加幅度为0.7% ~ 11.06%;增加中部烤后烟叶总糖、还原糖和钾含量分别为1.47 ~ 6.91个、1.02 ~ 4.33个和0.1 ~ 0.53个百分点,增加上部叶烤后烟叶总糖、还原糖和钾含量分别为0.42 ~ 6.55个、1.47 ~ 5.03个和0.07 ~ 0.31个百分点;显著增加中部烤后烟糖碱比和钾氯比分别为0.15 ~ 1.81和0.3 ~ 1.06,显著增加上部烤后烟糖碱比和钾氯比分别为0.41 ~ 1.55和0.82 ~ 1.49;显著增加中上部烤后烟上等烟比例,增加幅度分别为2.12% ~ 15.58%和4.83% ~ 11.79%;增加中上部烤后烟叶均价分别为0.30 ~ 1.90和0.50 ~ 0.73元 kg?1。综合分析不同施肥方式对烤烟生长发育、烤后烟质量和经济性状的影响,初步认为在有机无机肥配施下增施3 t hm?2和5 t hm?2生物炭更有利于进一步提高山东植烟区烟叶质量。     

锌与尿素物理混合和熔融混合对玉米产量及肥料氮、锌利用的影响

  【目的】  研究锌与尿素以不同混合方式施用对玉米干物质量、籽粒产量及氮、锌利用的影响,以期为锌与尿素科学配施及新型含锌尿素的研制提供理论与实践依据。  【方法】  将硫酸锌(ZnSO₄·7H₂O)按0.5%和5% (W/W)添加量与15N标记尿素分别进行物理混合(U+Zn)和熔融混合(UZn),制备15N标记的含锌尿素试验产品:U+Zn0.5、U+Zn5、UZn0.5和UZn5。设置玉米土柱栽培试验,包括分别施用以上4种含锌尿素,另外还包括单施尿素(U)、硫酸锌和不施氮肥(CK)共7个处理。玉米成熟后,将植株地上部样品分为茎秆、叶片、苞叶、穗轴、籽粒5部分,调查分析干物质量、氮锌含量和15N丰度;采集 0—30、30—60、60—90 cm 土层的土壤样品,测定氮和有效锌含量以及15N丰度。  【结果】  熔融含锌尿素处理(UZn0.5、UZn5)的玉米穗粒数显著高于普通尿素和物理混合含锌尿素处理,UZn0.5与UZn5之间无显著差异。UZn0.5和UZn5处理的玉米总吸氮量和肥料氮吸收量显著高于普通尿素处理。另外,与普通尿素相比,锌与尿素熔融混合提高了籽粒锌累积量,其中UZn0.5处理较U处理显著提高62.08% (P < 0.05)。在0.5%水平下,UZn0.5处理较U+Zn0.5处理提高了籽粒锌累积量,其锌肥利用率提高了2.4倍。在熔融混合方式下,0.5%用量(UZn0.5)的籽粒锌累积量较5%用量(UZn5)显著提高46.82% (P<0.05),锌肥利用率提高8.43个百分点。UZn0.5在0—60 cm 土层的肥料氮残留量显著高于U+Zn0.5和U处理,且UZn0.5处理肥料氮在施肥层(0—30 cm)的残留量显著高于UZn5处理;物理和熔融法制备的含锌肥料氮的损失率均低于普通尿素处理,熔融法肥料又低于物理混合肥料。  【结论】  将硫酸锌与尿素熔融混合较物理混合更能够增加玉米干物质量和籽粒产量,促进玉米对肥料氮和锌的吸收,增加籽粒氮、锌累积量。与物理混合法相比,熔融法制备的含锌尿素可提高肥料氮在土壤中的残留量,降低肥料氮的损失率。施用熔融法制备的含0.5%硫酸锌尿素可提高土壤肥料氮残留及降低肥料氮损失,效果优于含5%硫酸锌尿素。     

钼硒配施对小白菜钼硒形态及硒价态的影响

通过盆栽试验研究钼硒配施对水培小白菜钼硒形态及硒价态的影响。结果表明:施硒增加了小白菜地上部及地下部醇溶态和水溶态钼含量,降低了小白菜地上部及地下部盐溶态及醋酸溶态钼的含量,增加了地下部盐酸溶态钼含量,对地上部盐酸溶态钼含量没有太大的影响。施钼对小白菜地上部醇溶态、水溶态硒含量影响不大,增加了盐溶态及盐酸溶态硒的含量,降低了醋酸溶态硒的含量;施钼对小白菜地下部醇溶态硒含量影响不大,降低了水溶态硒的含量,增加了盐溶态、醋酸溶态及盐酸溶态硒的含量。施用四价的亚硒酸钠对小白菜可食部位硒的有机化较为有利,并且施钼也能促进高硒水平下小白菜体内硒的有机化。因此,钼硒配施虽然对小白菜体内钼和硒的各赋存形态有拮抗作用也有协同作用,但是有利于生产富含有机硒的作物。     

磷和土霉素对小麦和紫花苜蓿幼苗生长和根系发育的影响

采用盆栽试验的方法,研究不同磷添加量(0,20,80 mg/kg)和土霉素添加量(0,40,160 mg/kg)对小麦和紫花苜蓿幼苗生物量及根系发育的影响。结果表明:所有水平土霉素处理中,20,80 mg/kg磷处理的小麦地上部生物量均比不加磷时高,分别高22.7%～34.1%,10.0%～30.0%和9.1%～18.3%。除160 mg/kg土霉素加80 mg/kg磷的处理外,所有处理的苜蓿根生物量均小于不加磷和土霉素的对照。小麦的根长和根表面积随着土霉素添加量的增加总体上呈减少的趋势。总体来看,施磷显著促进了小麦幼苗地上部的生长,但对苜蓿幼苗生长的影响不显著。土霉素对苜蓿幼苗的根系发育有抑制作用。研究结果可为评价土壤中土霉素残留对作物早期生长的影响和指导合理施用磷肥提供理论依据。     

Effects of residues of lime and phosphorus fertilizer on cadmium uptake and yield of potatoes and carrots

Potatoes (Solarium tuberosum L.) and carrots (Daucus carota L.) were grown in the field on Tasmanian ferrosols (humic eutrudox) which had been limed either 2, 3, or 5 years earlier, and where tuber cadmium (Cd) concentrations in potatoes grown a few months after the liming had shown no lime response. In the current crops lime decreased potato tuber Cd by about 30% and carrot root Cd by about 50%. We attributed the decrease to more even and deeper mixing of the lime with the soil by the harvest of the first potatoes. Phosphorus (P) fertilizer residues from the earlier potato crops did not significantly affect tuber or root Cd, but there was a positive effect at 1 site where some high Cd P fertilizer had earlier been used. Neither lime nor P fertilizer residues affected potato or carrot yields. Analysis at one site of potato tubers from the upper part of the soil ridges showed that they had slightly higher Cd concentrations than did deeper tubers near the fertilizer band, whether P fertilizer was in the band or not. This suggests that either the Cd in the fertilizer band was relatively unimportant as a Cd source for the current crop, or that Cd was redistributed within the plant during the season, or both. Liming may be a suitable medium to long‐term strategy for decreasing Cd uptake by root crops, but site to site and seasonal variation can still be great, and knowledge of other major influences is needed for assurance of produce quality. Our observations need to be extended to sites which gives rise to higher Cd concentrations in agricultural produce, and to other soil types. Potato common scab was severe in the limed plots at one site. However, this site had grown 3 potato crops in 5 years, which probably exacerbated the disease. Potato processors in Tasmania demand a minimum of 5 years between successive crops which should slow any build up of scab due to liming, but more work on possible interactions between lime and rotation length on scab incidence is needed before liming can be recommended as a Cd control measure for potatoes.