A highly conserved neutralizing epitope on group 2 influenza A viruses

Current flu vaccines provide only limited coverage against seasonal strains of influenza viruses. The identification of V(H)1-69 antibodies that broadly neutralize almost all influenza A group 1 viruses constituted a breakthrough in the influenza field. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of a human monoclonal antibody CR8020 with broad neutralizing activity against most group 2 viruses, including H3N2 and H7N7, which cause severe human infection. The crystal structure of Fab CR8020 with the 1968 pandemic H3 hemagglutinin (HA) reveals a highly conserved epitope in the HA stalk distinct from the epitope recognized by the V(H)1-69 group 1 antibodies. Thus, a cocktail of two antibodies may be sufficient to neutralize most influenza A subtypes and, hence, enable development of a universal flu vaccine and broad-spectrum antibody therapies.     

A neutralizing antibody selected from plasma cells that binds to group 1 and group 2 influenza A hemagglutinins

The isolation of broadly neutralizing antibodies against influenza A viruses has been a long-sought goal for therapeutic approaches and vaccine design. Using a single-cell culture method for screening large numbers of human plasma cells, we isolated a neutralizing monoclonal antibody that recognized the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein of all 16 subtypes and neutralized both group 1 and group 2 influenza A viruses. Passive transfer of this antibody conferred protection to mice and ferrets. Complexes with HAs from the group 1 H1 and the group 2 H3 subtypes analyzed by x-ray crystallography showed that the antibody bound to a conserved epitope in the F subdomain. This antibody may be used for passive protection and to inform vaccine design because of its broad specificity and neutralization potency.     

BMCMC法分析2009年墨西哥H1N1流感病毒与中国流感病毒的进化关系

从GenBank上下载所有1978—2009年在中国分离的H1N1亚型流感病毒的HA和NA基因及所有同期在中国分离的A型流感病毒(宿主包括人、猪和禽)的PB1、PB2、PA、NS、NP和M基因的序列,将这些基因序列与2009年在中国发生的墨西哥H1N1流感病毒的对应基因序列进行BMCMC法分析,绘制BMCMC进化树,结果揭示中国发生的墨西哥H1N1流感病毒的HA和NA基因相对独立于中国季节性H1N1流感病毒;M基因相对独立于中国国内的季节性流感病毒和禽源流感病毒;PB1基因包含在季节性流感病毒的分群内;PB2基因和NS基因与国内重排的流感病毒相关,但相对独立于国内的季节性流感病毒和禽源流感病毒;PA基因包含在国内禽流感病毒的分群内;NP基因则与国内传统的猪流感病毒相关,但相对独立于国内的季节性流感病毒和禽源流感病毒.     

Immunization by avian H5 influenza hemagglutinin mutants with altered receptor binding specificity

Influenza virus entry is mediated by the receptor binding domain (RBD) of its spike, the hemagglutinin (HA). Adaptation of avian viruses to humans is associated with HA specificity for alpha2,6- rather than alpha2,3-linked sialic acid (SA) receptors. Here, we define mutations in influenza A subtype H5N1 (avian) HA that alter its specificity for SA either by decreasing alpha2,3- or increasing alpha2,6-SA recognition. RBD mutants were used to develop vaccines and monoclonal antibodies that neutralized new variants. Structure-based modification of HA specificity can guide the development of preemptive vaccines and therapeutic monoclonal antibodies that can be evaluated before the emergence of human-adapted H5N1 strains.     

H5亚型禽流感重组鸡痘病毒活载体疫苗的免疫效力

利用表达H5亚型禽流感病毒血凝素基因的重组鸡痘病毒疫苗免疫SPF鸡和无母源抗体的商品鸡，通过比较免疫后血凝抑制(HI)抗体应答水平、攻毒后发病率和死亡率等指标评价其免疫保护作用。免疫后21d，重组鸡痘病毒免疫组仅有13％～20％鸡的HI抗体检测呈阳性。在同亚型禽流感病毒攻击后，重组鸡痘病毒疫苗免疫组产生了100％的保护率，而未免疫组全部死亡。结果表明：重组鸡痘病毒疫苗不能激发高滴度HI抗体应答，但可抵御同亚型禽流感病毒致死性攻击，保护效果达到或优于目前应用的灭活苗，显示出良好的应用前景。     

Immune Efficacy of a Recombinant Fowlpox Virus Co-Ex-pressing HA and NA Genes of Avian Influenza Virus in SPF Chickens

A recombinant fowlpox virus co-expressing Haemagglutinin(HA)and Neuraminidase(NA)named as rFPV-HA-NA was produced by HA and NA gene of A/Goose/Guangdong/3/96(H5N1)isolate of avian influenza virus recombined into the genome of fowlpox virus. In this study,to evaluate its ability of protecting chickens against challenge with a lethal dose of highly pathogenic isolates of avian influenza virus,eight-week-old specificpathogenic-free(SPF)chickens were vaccinated with recombinant virus or the wildtypefowlpox virus by wing-web puncture. After challenge 4 weeks with 10 LD50 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 and H7N1 isolate,all chickens vaccinated with recombinant virus were protected,while the chickens vaccinated with the wildtype fowlpox virus or unvaccinated controls experienced 100% mortality respectively following challenge. This complete protection was accompanied by the high levels of specific antibody response to the respectivecomponents of the recombinant virus.     

共表达禽流感病毒HA和NA基因的重组禽痘病毒在SPF鸡的免疫效力试验

 将禽流感病毒A/Goose/Guangdong/3/96(H5N1)毒株的HA和NA2个基因同源重组到禽痘病毒基因组中,获得了能同时高效表达这2种蛋白的重组禽痘病毒(rFPV-HA-NA)。将rFPV-HA-NA经翅膀刺种途径接种8周龄SPF鸡,免疫后4周分别用10LD50的高致病力禽流感病毒(HPAIV)A/Goose/Guangdong/1/96(H5N1)和A/FPV/Rostock/34(H7N1)毒株进行攻击。结果重组禽痘病毒免疫鸡群诱导产生了高水平的抗体,能够完全抵抗H5N1和H7N1亚型病毒的     

不同H9N2亚型禽流感病毒分离株致病力研究及HA抗原性变异分析

 【目的】了解近年来中国H9N2亚型禽流感病毒毒力变化和抗原性变异的特点,【方法】对分离于1998—2008年间的25株H9N2亚型禽流感病毒分离株进行了EID50、ELD50、MDT、ICPI、IVPI和8周龄SPF鸡人工感染排毒试验,测定了部分分离株与抗H9N2亚型禽流感病毒Hp参考株HA蛋白单抗2A4和F6的血凝抑制（HI）和中和反应特性,对具有不同反应特性分离株的HA基因进行了序列分析。【结果】不同分离株呈现致病力差异,具多态性特征,3#、12#和14#分离株致病力偏强,能引起部分SPF鸡发病和死亡,人工感染8周龄SPF鸡排毒时间更早,排毒期更长。3#和12#分离株与单抗2A4和F6呈现特殊的反应特性,单抗不能抑制3#和12#的血凝特性,也不能中和病毒感染CEF细胞。HA蛋白氨基酸序列分析表明,3#和12#分离株145位氨基酸发生漂变（S→N）,导致与单抗的血凝抑制反应特性丢失,说明该位点（S145）为H9N2亚型禽流感病毒HA蛋白的一个抗原表位,是血凝抑制抗体结合位点。S145N的漂变导致在145—147位氨基酸多出一个糖基化位点NGT,可能是分离株毒力增强的原因。【结论】本研究结果表明,H9N2亚型禽流感病毒呈现变异趋势,出现了有致病力和抗原性变异流行毒株。S145为H9N2亚型禽流感病毒HA蛋白的一个抗原表位,但有该位点漂变导致的抗原变异毒株出现,并可逃避免疫作用,对该病的防控提出了新的挑战。     

靶向甲型流感病毒血凝素的人源单克隆抗体研究进展

甲型流感病毒感染性强,宿主广泛,主要感染禽类,其次为哺乳动物。当跨物种传染事件发生时,有可能造成流感大流行,因此,对病毒实施及时有效的监控,以及研发抗流感病毒药物刻不容缓。流感病毒表面的糖蛋白血凝素在病毒入侵宿主细胞的过程中发挥了关键的作用,可作为单克隆抗体药物的主要靶点。针对血凝素的单克隆抗体能够有效抑制病毒传播,保护宿主。因此,本文综述了目前报道的针对甲型流感病毒血凝素糖蛋白的人单克隆抗体,为后续抗流感药物的研发提供新的思路和展望。     

抗A型禽流感病毒核蛋白特异性单克隆抗体研究

利用禽流感H9亚型病毒(AIV-H9)免疫Balb/c小鼠,取其脾细胞与骨髓瘤细胞进行融合,经免疫荧光试验(IFA)检测,以研制抗禽流感病毒(AIV)单克隆抗体。结果获得了5株特异性抗AIV核蛋白(NP)的单克隆抗体细胞株,分别命名为AIV-NP-2C3、AIV-NP-6A5、AIV-NP-3H9、AIV-NP-7B4、AIV-NP-2H4。这5株单克隆抗体能与所有试验的AIV-H9病毒反应,Western blotting方法鉴定结果表明,单克隆抗体仅识别60 ku的蛋白抗原,而不与新城疫病毒、禽网状内皮组织增殖症病毒、传染性法氏囊病毒等反应。初步应用结果显示,以这些单克隆抗体建立的间接免疫荧光试验或ELISA方法可迅速检测出禽流感病毒,这些单克隆抗体在禽流感的预防监测中将发挥重要的作用。     

Epitopes involved in antibody-mediated protection from Ebola virus

To determine the ability of antibodies to provide protection from Ebola viruses, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to the Ebola glycoprotein were generated and evaluated for efficacy. We identified several protective mAbs directed toward five unique epitopes on Ebola glycoprotein. One of the epitopes is conserved among all Ebola viruses that are known to be pathogenic for humans. Some protective mAbs were also effective therapeutically when administered to mice 2 days after exposure to lethal Ebola virus. The identification of protective mAbs has important implications for developing vaccines and therapies for Ebola virus.     

H1N1猪流感病毒广西分离株HA基因序列分析

【目的】了解H1N1猪流感病毒广西分离株的分子特征,为广西猪流感疫情监控提供参考依据。【方法】采用RT-PCR对2011年分离获得的H1N1猪流感病毒广西分离株（A/swine/Guangxi/1/2011）的HA基因进行扩增,然后利用DNASTAR分析软件对测序基因片段进行整个阅读框架的核苷酸序列及其推导氨基酸序列同源性比对分析,并用MEGA4.0绘制遗传进化树。【结果】广西分离株HA基因长1701bp,编码566个氨基酸,核苷酸序列与经典SIV的同源性为88.0%~99.6%,与季节性H1N1人流感病毒的同源性为76.3%~77.3%,与欧洲类禽SIV分离株的同源性为72.9%~75.4%,与2009甲型H1N1流感病毒的同源性为99.2%~99.6%;从核苷酸遗传进化树可知,广西分离株与类禽H1N1流感病毒和人H1N1流感病毒分离株的亲缘关系较远,而与2009甲型H1N1流感病毒分离株的亲缘关系最近。广西分离毒株HA基因的裂解位点序列为IPSIQSR↓G,具有典型低致病性流感病毒的分子生物学特征;共有8个糖基化位点,其中6个位于HAl区,两个位于HA2区;广西分离株HA蛋白RBS位点的氨基酸同时具有人和猪流感病毒的特点。【结论】广西分离株（A/swine/Guangxi/1/2011）属于2009甲型H1N1流感病毒。     

抗A型禽流感病毒核蛋白特异性单克隆抗体研究（英文）

Five monoclonal antibodies(Mabs)to nuclear protein of avain influenza virus(AIV)were developed by syncretizing SP 2/0 and the spleen cells from BALB of mice immuized with H9 subtype AIV.Specificity of these Mabs were identified by immunofluorescent assay(IFA)and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).These five Mabs which were named as AIV-NP-2C3,AIV-NP-6A5,AIV-NP-3H9,AIV-NP-7B4,AIV-NP-2H4 could react with all viruses of AIV-H9 strains in tests.The result of Western blotting showed that only the 60 ku protein antigen of AIV-H9 could be recognized by the Mabs but never recognized by New castle disease virus,REV and infectious bursa disease virus.The result of preliminary application showed that avian influenza viruses could be dectected by Mabs in IFA and ELISA.All these Mabs will probably play important roles in preventing and monitoring avian influenza viruses.     

H9N2亚型禽流感病毒单克隆抗体的制备及其表位鉴定

[目的]制备H9N2亚型禽流感病毒单克隆抗体和鉴定表位。[方法]选取H9N2亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)WD-1株的纯化抗原免疫BALB/c小鼠,对获得2株抗H9N2亚型禽流感病毒的特异性单抗4C10和6E3表位进行鉴定。[结果]单抗4C10和6E3分别属于IgG1和IgG2b亚型,ELISA检测效价分别为1∶10~3和1∶10~5;HI效价分别为2~(15)和2~(14);2株单抗均具有鸡胚中和活性。利用噬菌体展示表位技术对2株单抗的抗原表位进行鉴定,结果显示均为针对HA蛋白的1个线性表位。[结论]该研究为禽流感病毒快速诊断方法的建立提供了依据。     

Predicting the evolution of human influenza A

Eighteen codons in the HA1 domain of the hemagglutinin genes of human influenza A subtype H3 appear to be under positive selection to change the amino acid they encode. Retrospective tests show that viral lineages undergoing the greatest number of mutations in the positively selected codons were the progenitors of future H3 lineages in 9 of 11 recent influenza seasons. Codons under positive selection were associated with antibody combining site A or B or the sialic acid receptor binding site. However, not all codons in these sites had predictive value. Monitoring new H3 isolates for additional changes in positively selected codons might help identify the most fit extant viral strains that arise during antigenic drift.     

表达H3N2亚型猪流感病毒HA基因重组腺病毒对小鼠免疫原性的研究

【目的】构建一株表达H3N2亚型猪流感病毒(SIV)HA基因的复制缺陷型重组腺病毒,并测定其对小鼠的免疫效力。【方法】以含有SIV A/Swine/Guangdong/9/2005(H3N2)HA基因的重组质粒pMD18-H3HA为模板,利用带特定酶切位点的引物PCR扩增HA基因,将其亚克隆入质粒pIRES2-EGFP中,再次将含有H3HA及EGFP的基因片段克隆到腺病毒的穿梭质粒pDC315,构建重组穿梭质粒pDC315-H3HA-EGFP。利用脂质体转染方法将穿梭质粒pDC315-H3HA-EGFP和腺病毒骨架质粒pBHGloxΔE1,E3Cre共转染HEK293细胞,基于腺病毒感染后形成的典型细胞病变及EGFP基因在细胞中的表达筛选重组腺病毒rAd-H3HA-EGFP。将重组病毒rAd-H3HA-EGFP以108TCID50两次接种6周龄的Balb/c小鼠,时间间隔为3周,通过检测免疫小鼠的抗体水平及对病毒攻击的保护情况评价该重组病毒的免疫原性。【结果】HA基因已被重组到腺病毒的基因组中,并能够伴随病毒的复制而表达,表达蛋白具有良好的生物性活性。重组腺病毒rAd-H3HA-EGFP经增殖、纯化后其TCID50可达1.58×1010.mL-1,以108TCID50的剂量免疫小鼠后,能够诱导产生高水平的特异性抗体,并对H3亚型SIV的攻击提供有效保护。【结论】构建了一株具有良好免疫原性的复制缺陷型重组腺病毒,为H3亚型SI活载体疫苗的研制奠定了基础。     

抗A型禽流感病毒核蛋白特异性单克隆抗体研究

禽流感（AI）是由A型禽流感病毒（AIV）引起的一种发生于禽类的病毒性传染病。笔者以杂交瘤技术研制抗AIV共同抗原的特异单克隆抗体，旨在建立一种双抗体夹心ELISA方法快速检测AIV，以便为A型AIV的快速诊断技术的研究提供理论依据。     

抗AIV(H9)独特型杂交瘤细胞株检测方法的建立

采用兔抗AIV IgG作为检测抗原,通过预试确定了包被抗原的工作浓度为800μg／mL,以间接ELISA 方法检测融合细胞培养上清液,筛选到产生抗AIV鸡和兔种间共有独特型抗体的杂交瘤细胞,间接ELISA试 验中P／N值达12,证明杂交瘤细胞分泌目的单克隆抗体旱现强阳性。运用该检测方法,排除了分泌抗鸡同种 型表位以及超变区其他表位抗体的杂交瘤细胞,从而为筛选分泌抗H9亚型AIV独特型单克隆抗体的杂交瘤 细胞确定了可靠的方法。     

一株鸭源H4N8亚型禽流感病毒的全基因测序及遗传进化分析

【目的】禽流感病毒(avian influenza virus, AIV)根据其表面糖蛋白血凝素(hemagglutinin, HA)和神经氨酸(neuraminidase, NA)的不同,可分为16种HA和9种NA亚型。根据其致病力的差异可分为高致病性禽流感病毒(highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, HPAIV)和低致病性禽流感病毒(low pathogenic avian influenza virus, LPAIV)。虽然H4亚型禽流感病毒为低致病性AIV,感染家禽表现为无症状感染,但其对禽类甚至是哺乳动物是一个潜在的威胁,因此必须要加强对H4亚型禽流感病毒的调查监控。【方法】为了探讨H4亚型禽流感病毒的分子特征及遗传演化规律,对2010年在中国华东地区某活禽市场进行流行病学监测时分离到的一株H4N8亚型禽流感病毒A/duck/Nanjing/1102/2010（简称DK/NJ /1102）进行了全基因组序列测定及遗传进化分析。通过常规的血清学试验确定其HA亚型,提取病毒总RNA,并通过RT-PCR方法分别扩增出其各基因片段,连接 pGEM-Teasy载体上后进行序列测定。利用GenBank中的BLAST工具进行核苷酸序列的同源性分析,并与GeneBank 中的H4亚型流感病毒及其它相关序列进行遗传进化分析。【结果】DK/NJ/1102的HA基因与Mongolia 分离株A/duck/Mongolia/274/2007(H4N3)的核苷酸同源性最高,为98.9%。推导的氨基酸剪切位点序列为“P-E-K-A-S-R-G”,符合典型的低致病性禽流感病毒特征;NA基因与华东地区分离的鸭源毒株A/Duck/Eastern China/n91/2009(H3N8)核苷酸同源性最高,达99.4%;PB1、PA和NP基因均与H1亚型禽流感病毒亲缘关系最近;M基因与A/wild duck/Korea/CSM4-12/2009(H5N1)核苷酸同源性最高,高达99.9%;NS基因与韩国2009年分离的H7N7亚型流感病毒遗传距离最近。NS1蛋白的80-84处氨基酸没有发生氨基酸缺失。【结论】该H4N8亚型禽流感病毒基因组构成比较复杂,可能是一株多基因重组病毒。     

禽流感病毒H5N1亚型血凝素基因在昆虫细胞中的表达

[目的]研究禽流感病毒H5N1亚型血凝素基因在昆虫细胞中的表达。[方法]将禽流感病毒H5N1亚型HA基因以BamHI和NotI双酶切插入pFastBacI载体构建pFast-H5HA转移载体质粒,然后将pFast-H5HA转入含有穿梭质粒的感受态DH10Bac中发生转座作用,在含有X-gal、IPTG、庆大霉素、卡那霉素和四环素的琼脂平板上筛选白色菌落,通过连续传代4次后获得稳定的重组质粒reBac-mid-H5HA。[结果]将重组质粒reBacmid-H5HA转染Sf9昆虫细胞,获得含有禽流感病毒H5N1亚型HA基因的重组杆状病毒,经间接免疫荧光和Western-blot证实HA基因在昆虫细胞中获得表达。重组杆状病毒表达产物能够凝集鸡红细胞,并能被抗H5N1 HA单抗所抑制。[结论]重组血凝素蛋白在杆状病毒中能获得正确表达,为研制AIVH5亚型检测抗原和亚单位疫苗奠定基础。