麦套花生花育22号超高产生育动态及生理特性研究

大田条件下,以花育22号为材料研究了麦套花生在7500 kg·hm^-2产量水平下植株的生育动态及生理特性。结果表明：麦套花生植株的营养生长主要集中在结荚前期,植株的叶龄数、分枝数、主茎高、侧枝长的净增长速率均在出苗后50-60 d达到高峰,出苗后70-90 d基本停止增长。叶面积指数、光合势、叶绿素含量及干物质积累量也均在结荚期（出苗后50-90 d）达到高峰。麦套花生叶片内SOD、POD、CAT 3种抗衰老酶活性及可溶性蛋白含量的变化基本一致,均呈先升高后降低的单峰变化趋势,MDA含量从结荚期开始呈逐渐上升的趋势。饱果期是麦套花生荚果干物质积累的关键时期,应加强该时期的田间管理以获得高产。     

豫南旱地花生开花及干物质积累规律研究

通过对豫南旱地花生开花及干物质积累规律的研究,结果表明:豫南地区旱地花生苗期短,有效花期短,前期生长发育快,产量形成分配系数高。旱地花生出苗后25 d左右始花,花期45 d左右,花后20d进入盛花期,单株平均开花量为120.1朵,初花期结果数占总果数的26.5%,盛花期结果数占总结果数的73.5%,末期开的花为无效花。干物质积累出现苗期和开花下针期增长慢、结荚期增产快,饱果成熟期又下降的趋势,干物质积累的高峰出现在苗后68 d,日增重量达0.92 g/株。     

不同生育期干旱对花生衰老特性及产量的影响

在防雨棚池栽和盆栽条件下,通过人工控水研究了不同生育期干旱对花生衰老特性和产量的影响。研究表明,不同生育期干旱均导致花生叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率、SOD、POD、CAT活性和花生根系活力的降低,致叶片MDA含量提高,其中花针期和结荚期干旱对花生衰老特性影响最大。干旱处理均导致荚果产量、生物产量降低,花针期和结荚期干旱对花生产量形成影响最大。     

施磷对花生根系生长发育和产量的影响

采用盆栽方式,研究了施磷对花生根系生长发育和产量的影响。结果表明,花生出苗45d后根系干物重、根系活力、根瘤数和根瘤鲜重逐渐增大,在出苗后85d（饱果初期）达到最大值,以后逐渐降低。增施磷肥有利于提高花生根系干物重、根系活力、根瘤数和根瘤鲜重,最终提高了荚果产量、生物产量和经济系数。     

旱地花生开花规律及有效花终止期的研究

旱地花生出苗后３０ｄ左右始花,花期６０ｄ。始花２０ｄ后进入盛花期,有７０％～８０％的花在始花至盛花期内开放。挂牌标记各期果针入土结实的结果表明：旱地花生有效花终止期为始花后３０ｄ,有效果针入土终止期在收获前６０ｄ。     

高产夏直播花生干物质积累动态与产量形成规律

系统研究了麦收后夏直播地膜覆盖花生在３０万株／ｈｍ２密度下６０００ｋｇ／ｈｍ２产量水平的植株干物质生产和产量形成的规律。植株干物重和荚果干重动态可拟合成Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ方程。植株干物重最快增长期为出苗后４３～５１ｄ，最大生长速率０．７６８ｇ／（株·ｄ），最终生物量４０．８６ｇ／株。植株干物质积累量，结荚期占６４．６％，饱果成熟期占１２％。荚果干重最快增长期是出苗后７２～８１ｄ，幼果形成后３６～４５ｄ，最大增长速率０．８６７ｇ／（株·ｄ）。荚果干重增长量，结荚期占６６．４％，饱果成熟期占３３．４％。经济系数０．６。分配系数结荚期０．６２５，饱果成熟期１．７０７，产量形成期平均０．７９５。与春花生相比，生育前期叶面积发展快，干物质积累速度高。生育后期分配系数显著高于春花生。干物质和荚果产量主要在结荚期形成。     

膜下滴灌氮肥运筹对花生光合和抗氧化特性的影响

为研究膜下滴灌氮肥运筹对花生光合和抗氧化特性的影响，在氮肥总量不变的情况下，以花生品种青花7号为材料，设置了6种氮肥运筹方案。各处理基施∶花针期追肥∶结荚期追肥的氮肥比例分别为5∶0∶0(T2),3∶1∶1(T3),2∶2∶1(T4),1∶2∶2(T5),1∶3∶1(T6),0∶3∶2(T7),以不施氮肥处理(T1)为对照。结果表明：与其他处理相比，T6处理显著提高了不同生育时期叶片的光合速率、气孔导度、叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性，显著降低了叶片丙二醛含量。特别是在花生生长发育后期仍然使叶片保持较高的光合速率和抗氧化酶活性，降低膜脂过氧化程度，延缓叶片衰老，从而利于产量的形成。综上，本研究条件下，青花7号以基施∶花针期追肥∶结荚期追肥按1∶3∶1比例为最优氮肥运筹方案。     

不同施肥处理花生反射光谱与产量相关性研究

了解不同施肥条件下花生叶片光谱反射率与产量的相互关系,设计包含7种施肥处理、3次重复的田间试验,在主要生育期测定叶片光谱反射率和功能叶叶绿素的相对含量。结果表明,随生育期推进不同施肥处理叶片SPAD值呈现相似的先升后降的变化趋势;不同施肥条件花生叶片的光谱曲线相似,但不同波段光谱反射率大小存在一定程度的差异;"低肥+钙肥+锌肥+根瘤菌"施肥处理产量高于其他施肥处理,其中钙肥增产效果明显;开花下针期、结荚期、饱果成熟期花生叶片光谱与产量相关性较好,其中在结荚期花生叶片光谱与产量相关性最好。花生叶片光谱特征波段与产量之间具有较密切的关系,可利用叶片光谱反射率监测花生营养状况。     

德化县马铃薯高产配套栽培技术试验

试验研究了马铃薯不同品种、免耕栽培稻草覆盖、不同培土次数等栽培技术对产量、块茎性状、商品率等的影响;经方差分析和差异显著性测验,结果表明:泉引1号、白花仔、泉引2号可作为我县春秋种的优良品种;采取马铃薯稻草覆盖免耕栽培不同处理:开穴5cm播种后覆土+稻草覆盖3cm免耕栽培,稻草覆盖10cm+免耕栽培,既提高马铃薯的产量和商品率,又能省工省本,减轻劳动强度,值得大面积推广应用;增加培土次数,于出苗10d、20d和30d各培土1次,有助于提高马铃薯的产量和商品率,经济效益和社会效益明显。     

钙肥对旱地花生生育后期生理特性和产量的影响

以大花生品种花育25号为材料,研究了不同施钙量对旱地花生生育后期的生理特性、植株性状、产量及其构成因素的影响。结果表明,不同钙肥处理均显著提高了旱地花生在饱果期和成熟期的叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率、NR活性、SOD、POD和CAT活性,以及根系活力,能显著降低叶片MDA含量。增施钙肥使旱地花生饱果期的Y(Ⅱ)、ETR、qP和qL显著增高,使qN和NPQ显著降低。钙肥能延缓旱地花生的植株衰老,有利于花生在干旱条件下保持较高的光合速率和延长光合时间。增施钙肥显著提高了旱地花生荚果产量,原因是显著增加了单株结果数、提高了双仁果率和籽仁饱满度。本试验条件下,以每667m~2施用14kg CaO增产效果最好。     

Analysis of nutritional components of eight famine foods of the Republic of Niger

In the western Sahel, indigenous plants become important staples when cereal harvests are inadequate to support populations inhabiting that region of Africa. The purpose of this study was to assess the nutrient content of several of these edible wild plants. The leaves of the following seven plant foods were analyzed: Ziziphus mauritiana, Cerathotheca sesamoides, Moringa oleifera, Leptadenia hastata, Hibiscus sabdarifa, Amaranthus viridi, and Adansonia digitata. The fatty acid, vitamin E, carotenoid, selected mineral and amino acid contents of these plant foods were determined. These same analyses were performed on the fruit of the Adansonia digitata. In quantitative and qualitative terms, Amaranthus viridis was found to be an excellent source of protein. Its amino acid composition compared favorably to that of a World Health Organization (WHO) protein standard. It also contained considerable amounts of the two fatty acids that are essential in humans (linoleic and -linolenic) and a number of minerals including iron, magnesium, calcium and zinc. The leaves of Hibiscus sabdarifa contained an appreciable quantity of protein the composition of which was comparable to the WHO standard. The mineral content of the leaves of this plant was also exceptionally high; noteworthy was its high zinc content. H. sabdarifa also contained significant quantities of the two essential fatty acids. Ziziphus mauritiana was an excellent source of the essential fatty acid linoleic acid and several of the metals including iron, calcium, magnesium and zinc. Its content of other essential nutrients, however, was rather low. In general, Adansonia digitata leaves were nutritionally superior to the fruit of the tree; however, the fruit did contain useful quantities of potassium, phosphorus, zinc and -linolenic acid. The Leptadenia hastata leaves were an especially good source of lutein and -carotene. These data should be useful to the people who inhabit the western Sahel in helping them devise healthy diets during times when cereal staples are in short supply.     

狗牙根诱变后代抗寒性评价

通过电解质外渗法和匍匐茎恢复试验对‘阳江’狗牙根及其12个通过形态鉴定选出的坪用价值高且花序密度低的诱变后代进行抗寒性鉴定。电解质外渗法结果表明:诱变后代间的抗寒性具有较大差异,其叶片半致死温度(LT₅₀)的变异范围为-7.6～-0.2℃(最低值与最大值相差7.4℃);参试材料抗寒性由强到弱依次为M18>M4>M26>M28> M22>阳江>M29>M31>M10>M37>M16>M1>M25,其中,有5个诱变后代抗寒性优于亲本,分别是M18、M4、M26、M28、M22。匍匐茎恢复实验结果表明:诱变后代M1、M22、M26、M31、M25在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫后的恢复生长率都高于亲本,恢复能力均优于亲本;M10、M37、M28在-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长能力低于亲本,抗寒性相对较弱,M16和M4在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长率都低于亲本,抗寒性明显弱于亲本。综合2种方法鉴定结果显示:诱变后代M1、M25的恢复能力较强;M4、M28的叶片抗寒性较好,青绿期较长;M22、M18、M26的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较强;M29,M31的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力与亲本相似;M10、M16、M37的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较弱,整体抗寒性较弱。     

芦笋枯萎病病原鉴定

对造成福建省漳州市东山县的芦笋枯萎病病原菌进行分子鉴定,以期确定病原菌的属、种名,为防治该病害寻求理论依据。试验对分离纯化的病原菌核糖体DNA的ITS区进行测序,在Genbank中搜索其同源性并构建它们的系统发育树,结果表明：引起芦笋枯萎病的病原菌是镰刀属中的尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum),且病原菌之间的同源性高达89%,遗传差异不显著。     

橡胶树丛枝病病原的抗血清制备与应用

以感染橡胶树丛枝病病原的长春花为材料,制备得到橡胶丛枝病病原菌抽提液,以抽提液为抗原免疫家兔,制备抗血清,经微量沉淀测定,抗血清效价为１：２０４８。应用橡胶丛枝病抗血清检测橡胶褐皮病,无症苗木检出率达３０％－３７％,可疑的褐皮病树检出率达８５．７％。     

Mechanism of action of insecticidal secondary metabolites of plant origin

Insect pest management is facing the economic and ecological challenge worldwide due to the human and environmental hazards caused by majority of the synthetic pesticide chemicals. Identification of novel effective insecticidal compounds is essential to combat increasing resistance rates. Botanicals containing active insecticidal phytochemicals appear to be promising to address some of these problems. Therefore, there is a continuous need to explore new active molecules with different mechanisms of action. Secondary metabolites present in plants apparently function as defense (toxic), which inhibits reproduction and other processes. The phytochemical biomolecules could be used for maximizing the effectiveness and specificity in future insecticide design with specific or multiple target sites, while ensuring the economic and ecological sustainability. In this article, the current state of knowledge on phytochemical sources and insecticidal activity, their mechanism of action in insects, resistance, and promising advances made in phytochemical research are reviewed.     

蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因表达模式分析及敲除载体构建

为深入研究昆虫病原真菌蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因的功能,根据蝉拟青霉基因组信息克隆疏水蛋白PChyd基因,对该基因序列进行生物信息学分析,使用qRT-PCR技术对其在不同培养条件或阶段下的表达模式进行分析,并通过酶切酶连的方法构建了该基因的敲除载体。结果表明：PChyd基因的开放阅读框序列全长303 bp,编码100 aa,包含22 aa的信号肽序列和70 aa疏水蛋白功能区域。系统发育分析显示该基因与粗糙虫草菌亲缘关系最近。qRT-PCR结果显示PChyd基因在PDA培养的菌丝体、诱导的附着胞、诱导的芽生孢子中表达量显著高于另外2个样品,其中芽生孢子表达量最高,暗示该基因在蝉拟青霉侵染初期和在昆虫血腔中定殖阶段可能具有重要作用。凝胶电泳结果表明,成功构建了该基因的敲除载体,扩增出含有上臂、HPH、下臂的3356 bp左右的片段。本研究为进一步探究蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因的致病机理、生防工程菌的改造奠定了基础。     

Size and frequency of occurrence of pre-roost gatherings of starlings

One hundred and fifty-six pre-roost gatherings of starlings were observed at 28 sites around a roost in west Norfolk during winter. Pre-roost gatherings occurred more frequently at individual farmyards compared with individual fields, but 82% of the sites where gatherings occurred were on fields. The size of gatherings was greater, the closer to the roost. Birds in pre-roost gatherings on fields of autumn-sown winter wheat spent most of the time feeding and had a diet composed almost exclusively of wheat seeds. Birds in gatherings on grass fields also fed intensively whereas only 31% of birds at farmyards were feeding. The implications that these results have with regard to potential damage to fields of winter wheat and around farmyards are discussed.     

中耕方式对土壤理化特性及玉米生长发育影响研究Ⅰ.中耕方式对玉米生长发育的影响

2002～2003年在0～3次中耕条件下研究了中耕方式对玉米生长发育和产量形成的影响。结果表明,多次中耕增大了玉米倒伏率,降低了玉米最大叶面积指数、株高及各时期叶片叶绿素含量,对花粒期玉米净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率也产生一定的负面影响。少中耕有增产的趋势,并且可以降低生产成本、增加经济效益。     

波罗蜜叶片突变体叶绿素含量测定和超微结构观察

波罗蜜（Artocarpus heterophyllus）是一种热带果树,至今对其突变体的研究少有报道。本研究以波罗蜜叶片为试验材料,探究其叶片出现白化和返绿现象的可能原因。（1）用分光光度计法、比色法测定波罗蜜叶片突变体和正常绿叶的叶绿素及叶绿素前体物质含量;（2）用叶绿素酶Elisa试剂盒测定叶绿素酶活性;（3）用透射电子显微镜对叶绿体的超微形态结构进行观察。研究结果表明：（1）不同叶色所产生的叶绿素a含量、叶绿素b含量、叶绿素总含量、类胡萝卜素含量均存在显著差异;（2）波罗蜜叶片突变体和正常绿叶的叶绿素合成前体物质含量之间并没有出现显著性差异;（3）对波罗蜜叶片的叶绿素酶活性进行测定时,发现其活性出现显著差异,但对其叶绿素含量的差异性并没有产生较大影响;（4）观察波罗蜜叶片内叶绿体超微形态结构时,发现正常绿叶的叶绿体形态完好且数量较多,白化叶和返绿叶的叶绿体内部结构存在缺陷,其原因是叶绿体基粒构建阶段受阻;基于测定波罗蜜叶片中的叶绿素、叶绿素前体物质含量和叶绿素酶活性,并观察波罗蜜叶片内叶绿体的超微形态结构,对得到的数据结果进行比较分析。本研究推测是在叶绿素合成阶段,原脱植基叶绿素合成叶绿素时受阻及叶绿体发不良导致波罗蜜出现白化和返绿现象,为今后进一步综合研究波罗蜜突变体提供理论依据。     

农杆菌注射法瞬时转化荔枝果实组织的研究

为了寻找一种高效的荔枝果实瞬时基因表达方法,本研究以荔枝品种‘新球蜜荔’（Litchi chinensis Sonn. var. ‘Xinqiumili’）为试材,利用农杆菌注射法对荔枝果实组织进行转化,研究了果实发育时期、菌株种类、注射部位、取样时间、菌液浓度等对转化效率的影响。结果表明：选择果肉已完全包裹种子的Ⅱb期果实进行连体注射,在果柄、果皮、种子、果肉分别注入OD₆₀₀值为2.4的农杆菌菌株GV3101,4 d后取样进行检测,4个组织的GUS染色率较高。本研究成功建立了适用于荔枝果实的基因瞬时表达系统,为今后快速鉴定荔枝果实相关基因功能提供了基础。