Evaluation of the biocontrol potential of Aspergillus welwitschiae against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

The root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola is considered one of the most devastating pests in rice-producing areas, and nematicides are neither ecofriendly nor cost effective. More acceptable biological agents are required for controlling this destructive pathogen. In this study, the biocontrol potential of Aspergillus welwitschiae AW2017 was investigated in laboratory and greenhouse experiments. The in vitro ovicidal and larvicidal activities of A. welwitschiae metabolites were tested on M. graminicola in laboratory experiments. The effect of A. welwitschiae on the attraction of M. graminicola to rice and the infection of rice by M. graminicola was evaluated in a greenhouse. The bioagent AW2017 displayed good nematicidal potential via its ovicidal and larvicidal action. The best larvicidal activity was observed at a concentration of 5×AW2017, which caused an 86.2% mortality rate at 48 h post inoculation. The highest ovicidal activity was recorded at a concentration of 5×AW2017, which resulted in an approximately 47.3% reduction in egg hatching after 8 d compared to the control. Under greenhouse conditions, the application of A. welwitschiae significantly reduced the root galls and nematodes in rice roots compared to the control. At a concentration of 5×AW2017, juveniles and root galls in rice roots at 14 d post inoculation (dpi) were reduced by 24.5 and 40.5%, respectively. In addition, the attraction of M. graminicola to rice roots was significantly decreased in the AW2017 treatment, and the development of nematodes in the AW2017-treated plants was slightly delayed compared with that in the PDB-treated control plants. The results indicate that A. welwitschiae is a potential biological control agent against M. graminicola in rice.     

浙江省水稻品种抗稻曲病自然诱发鉴定初步研究

在浙江省金华县稻曲病重发病区,对113个水稻品种进行了田间自然诱发抗性鉴定。结果表明:以稻曲病平均病级(X)为指标,X=0级、0级X≤Ⅰ级、Ⅰ级X≤Ⅱ级、Ⅱ级X≤Ⅲ级、Ⅲ级X≤Ⅳ级、Ⅳ级X≤Ⅴ级的品种数分别占品种总数的33.62%、20.35%、15.92%、8.84%、13.27%和7.96%。常规籼稻、常规粳稻、杂交籼稻和杂交粳稻,不发病或轻发病(平均病级小于Ⅰ级)的发生频率分别为100%、66.67%、54.04%和0%;重发病(平均病级大于Ⅲ级)的发生频率分别为0%、4.16%、20.26%和90.00%;粳稻发病明显重于籼稻,杂交稻明显重于常规稻,杂交粳稻发病最重。     

籼粳交后代亚种分类性状与经济性状关系的研究

在对水稻籼粳交F1、F2 代及籼粳杂交育成品种进行分类的基础之上 ,分析籼粳交F1、F2 代及籼粳杂交育成品种亚种分类性状与经济性状的相关关系。研究结果表明 :籼粳交F1、F2 代及籼粳杂交育成品种亚种分类性状与主要经济性状存在密切的相关关系 ,依据这些相关关系可以利用程氏指数亚种分类性状进行籼粳杂交亲本和杂交后代的适宜选择     

毛樱桃对花生根结线虫的抗性研究

以实生钵苗为试材,采用人工接种、根系次氯酸钠-酸性品红染色等方法研究了毛樱桃对花生根结线虫的抗性。结果表明:花生根结线虫的接种侵入率1.4%,根中雌成虫数量占接种量的0.3%,依据有无根结和雌成虫数量占接种线虫数量的百分比判定其高抗花生根结线虫;毛樱桃实生群体对花生根结线虫的抗性具有显著的株间分离现象,存在免疫、高抗和中抗3种抗性类型,3种抗性类型个体分别占群体总量的5.0%、86.7%和8.3%。毛樱桃对花生根结线虫具有极强的抗侵入与抗发育能力,是优异的抗花生根结线虫桃树砧木种质资源。     

野生樱桃李对北方根结线虫和花生根结线虫的抗性

为探明野生樱桃李抗根结线虫种质资源的价值,以实生钵苗为试材,采用人工接种等方法,研究其对北方根结线虫和花生根结线虫的抗性.结果表明:接种后30 d,野生樱桃李根系中北方根结线虫、花生根结线虫的雌成虫数量分别占2龄线虫接种量的0.16％和0.03％,依据抗性评价标准判定其高抗北方根结线虫和花生根结线虫;接种北方根结线虫的群体中包含免疫、高抗和中抗3种类型,分别占群体总数的46％、48％和6％;接种花生根结线虫的包含免疫和高抗2种类型,分别占群体总数的56％和44％;接种北方根结线虫和花生根结线虫的植株未被侵染率分别为46％和52％,所有供试植株根系表面均未发现线虫卵块.野生樱桃李高抗北方根结线虫和花生根结线虫,其对北方根结线虫、花生根结线虫的抗性均存在显著的株间分离现象;抗侵入、抗发育和抗繁殖是其对北方根结线虫和花生根结线虫的主要抗性机制;野生樱桃李是抗根结线虫核果类果树砧木种质资源树种.     

The Comparison in Tissue Culture Ability of Mature Embryo in Different Cultivars of Rice

In order to study the regeneration technology of mature embryos in different rice varieties,nine japonica,nine indica and eleven hybrid rice varieties of two line or three line or superiority combinations were selected as explants to study the callus induction,differentiation and regeneration rates on different media.The higher callus induction （61.7-89.2%） was observed in japonica rice,when cytokinin was added at lower concentration （0.3 mg L-1 6-BA） in M8 basal medium,supplemented with 30 g L-1 sucrose,8 g L-1 agar and 2 mg L-1 2,4-D.Further,the addition of two cytokinins （2 mg L-1 6-BA,0.5 mg L-1 KT） and 1 mg L-1 NAA in the M8 basal supplemented medium resulted in 9.1-100% of the callus induction in indica rice.The percent callus induction in hybrid rice varieties was 40-86.3% when addition of 1 mg L-1 6-BA and 1 mg L-1 KT was added,and the cytokinins was required by the japonica and indica rice varieties in the M8 basal supplemented medium.It was observed that when the 0.5 mg L-1 2,4-D and 1 mg L-1 6-BA were added in japonica rice,and 0.2 mg L-1 2,4-D and 0.5 mg L-1 6-BA were added in indica and hybrid rice in the MS different media,the regeneration rates were 9.2-59.5%,3.6-87.5% and 17.2-43.2% for japonica,indica and hybrid rice,respectively.Thus,the regeneration technology with higher output is established in the mature embryos of similar rice varieties.     

利用RFLP标记水稻亲本遗传差异及其在杂种优势中的利用

本研究以 17个杂交水稻亲本、3个新株型株系和 2 4个光壳稻、爪哇稻品种为DNA样品来源 ,通过RFLP(限制性片段长度多态性 ,RestrictionFragmentLengthPolymorphism ,简称RFLP)标记技术 ,研究光壳稻和爪哇稻及其与温带粳稻之间的关系 ,探索RFLP标记水稻亲本遗传差异在杂交稻育种中利用的可能性。研究结果表明 :42个探针共产生 6 9个不同的限制性片段 ,其中 2 0个 (占 47.6 % )探针显示 47个 (占 6 8.1% )多态性片段 ,至少在 2个基因型间存在差异。每个具有多态性片段分别以 1和0记录存在与否。由RFLP数据计算的Nei’s遗传距离 ,创建聚类树状图。聚类分析结果表明 ,籼稻和粳稻容易被分开 ,温带粳稻又容易与光壳稻、爪哇稻分开 ,但光壳稻和爪哇稻混合聚在一起 ,光壳稻与温带粳稻之间的遗传距离要比爪哇稻与温带粳稻之间的遗传距离大。根据聚类图发现温带粳稻亚群内杂种优势较弱 ,亚群间即生态群间的杂种优势较强 ,群间即籼、粳亚种间杂种优势更强。利用光壳稻、爪哇稻选育不同生态群方向的恢复系和不育系 ,已配组育成了强优势的杂交稻组合     

利用RFLP标记水稻亲本遗传差异及其杂种优势中的利用

本研究以17个杂交水稻亲本、3个新株型株系和24个光壳稻、爪哇稻品种为DNA样品来源，通过RFLP（限制性片段长度多态性，Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism,简称RFLP）标记技术，研究光壳稻和爪哇稻及其与温带粳稻之间的关系，探索RFLP标记水稻亲本遗传差异在杂交稻育种中利用的可能性。研究结果表明：42个探针共产生69个不同的限制性片段，其中20个（占47.6%）探针显示47个（占68.1%）多态性片段，至少在2个基因型间存在差异。每个具有多态性片段分别以1和0记录存在与否。由RFLP数据计算的Nei‘s遗传距离，创建聚类树状图。聚类分析结果表明，灿稻和粳稻容易被分开，温带粳稻又容易与光壳稻、爪哇稻分开，但光壳稻和爪哇稻混合聚在一起，光壳稻与温带粳稻之间的遗传距离要比爪哇稻与温带粳稻之间的遗传距离大。根据聚类图发现温带粳稻亚群内杂种优势较弱，亚群间即生态群间的杂种优势较强，群间即灿、粳亚种间杂种优势更强。利用光壳稻、爪哇稻选育不同生态群方向的恢复系和不育系，已配组育成了强优势的杂交稻组合。     

Compact plant type rice has higher lodging and N resistance under machine transplanting

To identify the major factors that contribute to the difference in lodging among different rice varieties under machine transplanting and their responses to nitrogen(N), field experiments were conducted at Danyang County(a representative eco-site of the Lower Yangtze River) in Jiangsu Province, China in 2017 and 2018, 22 hybrid indica varieties(HIs), 22 inbred japonica varieties(IJs) and two indica japonica hybrid varieties(IJHs) were transplanted by machine with three N rates(N0, N150 and N300, 0, 150 and 300 kg ha–1, respectively). Lodging-related physical parameters, morphological characteristics and apparent transport rates of dry matter were examined. Significant difference in yield was observed among different types of rice, and followed by IJsHIsIJHs. The average lodging index(LI) of hybrid varieties(HIs and IJHs) was higher than that of the inbred varieties(IJs) with higher plant height; moreover, lower apparent export rate of dry matter resulted lower LI in IJHs than in HIs. The HIs had a large difference in the LI, which came from the difference in bending stress(BS) induced by the difference in the apparent export rate of dry matter, varieties with lower leaf angle of upper three leaves possess strong lodging resistance capacity; however, the gap among the IJs was due to the difference in the cross section modulus(Z). The LI in the IJs or IJHs increased slightly with the increased N application, and there was no lodging incidence under the high N level, which was due to the low leaf angle and barely changed under high N; there was a significant interaction between varieties(HIs) and N rates in lodging rate and LI, varieties with lower leaf angle of upper three leaves were resistant to high N. These results suggest that compact plant type rice has higher lodging and N resistance at machine-transplanting method.     

不同水稻品种对稻纵卷叶螟生长发育、存活、生殖及飞行能力的影响

系统研究了稻纵卷叶螟在6种不同水稻品种(常规粳稻武育粳3号,杂交粳稻宁粳1号,常规籼稻TN1,杂交籼稻汕优63,超级杂交籼稻两优培九,超级杂交籼粳稻甬优9号)上取食后的发育历期、存活率、卵巢发育进度、繁殖力和飞行能力。结果表明,武育粳3号和宁粳1号能显著延长稻纵卷叶螟未成熟期的发育历期,降低其存活率,延缓卵巢发育进度,降低成虫繁殖率,并提高成虫的飞行能力;不同水稻品种间的影响存在显著差异,其影响从大到小排列为杂交粳稻>常规粳稻>常规籼稻>杂交籼稻>超级杂交稻。这说明,幼虫期营养对稻纵卷叶螟的生长发育、存活、生殖和飞行能力具有显著影响。     

江西双季晚稻不同纬度产量、生育期及温光资源利用的差异

【目的】研究明确江西不同纬度不同类型双季晚稻产量、生育期及温光资源利用差异,为江西双季晚稻适宜粳稻品种的科学选用提供依据与参考。【方法】以籼粳杂交稻、杂交粳稻、常规粳稻、杂交籼稻(CK)4种类型品种为材料,在江西乐平市(29.00°N,117.12°E)、上高县(28.27°N,115.12°E)、赣州市(25.81°N,114.96°E)3个试验点进行试验,比较研究双季晚稻不同类型品种在纬度上的产量、生育期及温光资源利用的差异特征。【结果】随着纬度升高,3种类型粳稻产量均增加,2013年(2014年)平均纬度每增加1°,籼粳杂交稻、杂交粳稻、常规粳稻分别增产0.36(0.32)、0.18(0.22)、0.25(0.20)t·hm~(-2)。同一纬度下,除赣州试验点杂交粳稻与常规粳稻的产量低于杂交籼稻外,其余各点均表现为籼粳杂交稻、杂交粳稻与常规粳稻产量显著高于杂交籼稻。各试验点3种类型粳稻均能安全成熟,随着纬度升高,各类型水稻播种至拔节期显著延长,全生育期天数增加;同一试验点3种类型粳稻全生育期均极显著长于杂交籼稻,主要表现在抽穗至成熟期天数的增加。3种类型粳稻光照与积温及其利用效率表现为籼粳杂交稻杂交粳稻常规粳稻杂交籼稻,在安全成熟条件下,双季晚稻生育期越长,温光资源利用率越高。【结论】江西不同纬度地区实行双季晚稻"籼改粳",可显著提高当地温光资源利用率与稻谷产量。与大面积种植的籼型杂交稻相比,在乐平与上高地区选种籼粳杂交稻、杂交粳稻与常规粳稻均具有显著的产量及温光资源利用优势;在赣州地区选种籼粳杂交稻的优势明显。双季晚稻"籼改粳"可能是提高双季稻区水稻产量的现实途径之一。     

毛桃对北方根结线虫的抗性研究

以实生钵苗为试材,采用人工接种、根系次氯酸钠-酸性品红染色等方法研究了毛桃对北方根结线虫的抗性。结果表明:毛桃的根结指数为24.67,接种侵入率2.6%,根中雌成虫数量占接种量的0.16%,依据有无根结和雌成虫数量占接种线虫数量的百分比标准判定其高抗北方根结线虫;毛桃实生群体对北方根结线虫的抗性具有显著的株间分离现象,免疫、高抗和中抗3种基因型个体分别占13.3%、80%和6.7%。毛桃对北方根结线虫具有极强的抗侵入与抗发育能力,是极优异的抗北方根结线虫桃树砧木树种和种质资源。     

Analysis of Indica-Japonica Differentiation in Rice Parents and Derived Lines Using ILP Markers

Revealing the indica-japonica differentiation in parents of hybridization between indica and japonica rice and their derived lines can provide theoretical and practical bases for the breeding of practical inter-subspecific hybrid rice. Using subspeciesspecific molecular markers ILP （intron length polymorphism） and Cheng＇s index, the indica-japonica differentiation was analyzed with special materials including 18 indica-japonica hybrid parents and 39 derived lines, which accumulated different wide compatibility and restoring genes by convergent cross method in 21 years spanning four breeding phases. The indica-japonica differentiation was detected on all tested loci in 57 materials. Among the 18 parental lines, 4 were japonica type, 5 japonicaclinous type, 8 indicaclinous type and one indica type. The japonica proportion indexes in indica restorer lines Minghui 63 and 9308 were 12.50 and 33.33 %, respectively, while that in japonica restorer line C418 was only 31.25%. Among the 39 derived lines from indica-japonica hybridization, one was japonica type, 11 japonicaclinous type, 20 indicaclinous type and 7 indica type. The japonica proportion index in Minghui 502 was only 10.42%. The results of indica and japonica classification by ILP molecular markers and Cheng＇s index were relatively consistent. The correlation coefficient between the japonica proportion index and morphology index was 0.794＊＊, while that between the indica proportion index and morphology index was -0.7662＊＊. ILP markers could be used to accurately detect the proportion of indica/japonica content in the genome of a rice variety. The results of indica-japonica differentiation analysis could make reasonable explanation for that the hybrids obtained from indica-japonica type restorer lines had obvious heterosis. This conclusion would provide important guidance in efficient use of beneficial genes of inter-subspecific hybrid rice.     

Potassium sulphate induces resistance of rice against the root-knot nematode Meloidogynegraminicola

Potassium (K), an important nutrient element, can improve the stress resistance/tolerance of crops. The application of K in resisting plant-parasitic nematodes shows that the K treatment can reduce the occurrence of nematode diseases and increase crop yield. However, data on K₂SO₄ induced rice resistance against the root-knot nematode Meloidogynegraminicola are still lacking. In this work, K₂SO₄ treatment reduced galls and nematodes in rice plants and delayed the development of nematodes. Rather than affecting the attractiveness of roots to nematodes and the morphological phenotype of giant cells at feeding sites, such an effect is achieved by rapidly priming hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) accumulation and increasing callose deposition. Meanwhile, galls and nematodes in rice roots were more in the potassium channel OsAKT1 and transporter OsHAK5 gene-deficient plants than in wild-type, while the K₂SO₄-induced resistance showed weaker in the defective plants. In addition, during the process of nematode infection, the expression of jasmonic acid (JA)/ethylene (ET)/brassinolide (BR) signaling pathway-related genes and pathogenesis-related (PR) genes OsPR1a/OsPR1b was up-regulated in rice after K₂SO₄ treatment. In conclusion, K₂SO₄ induced rice resistance against M. graminicola. The mechanism of inducing resistance was to prime the basal defense and required the participation of the K⁺ channel and transporter in rice. These laid a foundation for further study on the mechanism of rice defense against nematodes and the rational use of potassium fertilizer on improving rice resistance against nematodes in the field.     

2001～2005年江苏省水稻区试品种(系)抗病性鉴定和评价

2001~2005年,对江苏省水稻区试和预试品种(系)808份进行稻瘟病、白叶枯病和纹枯病抗性鉴定。鉴定结果表明:在被测的各种水稻类型中,籼稻品种(系)对稻瘟病的抗性比粳稻好;在粳稻类品种(系)中杂交粳稻对稻瘟病的抗性又略比常规粳稻好;粳稻品种(系)对白叶枯病的抗性比籼稻好;常规稻对白叶枯病的抗性明显比杂交稻好;大部分被测水稻品种(系)对纹枯病的抗性较差。     

Resistance of barley varieties to Heterodera avenae in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau,China

The cereal cyst nematode, Heterodera avenae, is one of the most economically important pathogens impacting the worldwide production of cereals and is widely distributed in more than 16 regions in China. The present study used the numbers of nematodes inside the plant roots to evaluate the resistance/susceptibility of different subpopulations of barley Hordeum vulgare (QH2R, QH6R and TB2R) to H. avenae under field and pot conditions. Nematode development in two highly resistant varieties was also evaluated by in vivo experiment and microscopic observation. Analyses of 186 selected varieties showed the numbers of susceptible varieties identified with the number of females/cysts per plant (NFP) method were significantly higher than those identified with the Pf/Pi ratio (PPR) method, which indicated that the NFP method rather than the PPR method is more reliable to evaluate the resistance of barley. The field and pot experiment results indicated that the QH2R subpopulation had lower females/cysts numbers than QH6R and TB2R subpopulations, and eight HR varieties (Sunong 7617, Sunong 7635, Dongyuan 87-14, Rudong 14-46, Rudong 87-57, Rudong 87-8-45, Rudong 88-14-2, and Rudong 88-67-1) were identified in QH2R, with the NFP numbers below 4.2. Further microscopic observation of nematode development suggested that H. avenae often penetrated less into highly resistant varieties (Sunong 7635 and Dongyuan 87-14) and more frequently failed to develop into females than the susceptible barleys. The promising resistant varieties identified in the present research might be helpful for breeders to develop CCN-resistant cultivars and control H. avenae populations effectively at low costs.     

月季对根结线虫病抗性遗传研究

针对月季栽培过程中出现的最严重的根结线虫开门见山防治问题，开展了月季对根结线虫抗性遗传研究，研究结果如下：（1）对常用的4种月季砧木R.multiflora K1,K2,CE63及R.indica对左面种常见根结线虫即南方根结线虫（Meloidogyne incognita)、瓜哇根结线虫（M.javanica)、花生根结线虫（M.arenaria)及北方根结线虫（M.hapla)的抗性进行了测定，得出只有北方根结线虫能侵染月季，其余3种不能侵染。（2）根结指数与对数转化后的每克根中雌虫数、雄虫数、3-4龄幼虫数之和、2龄幼虫数、卵数、成虫有为3-4继幼虫数之总和、2龄幼虫与卵数之总和均呈线性相关关系，因此根结指数是进行抗性评价的可靠、简单及实用的指标，抗性划分标准如下：根结指数0.0-1.0，抗病；1.0-2.0，中等抗病；2.0-3.0，感病；3.0-4.0，比较感病；4.0-5.0，高度感病。（3）以根结指数为指标，通过对杂交所得74个子代的抗性评价试验表明；在2抗性亲本所得12个子代中，各子代抗性水平存在抗性分化，说明抗病基因不晨由单一显性基因控制；在所有的62个抗性亲本与感病亲本的杂交子代中，59个子代均比抗病亲本感病，表明抗病基因由隐性基因控制，因此，提出了月季对根结线虫的抗性遗传可能由2个基因决定。     

水稻籼粳交F_1、F_2代及杂交育成品种分类的研究

利用程氏形态指数分类法对水稻籼粳交F1、F2 代及籼粳杂交育成品种进行分类。研究结果表明 :程氏形态指数分类法能较好地对籼粳亚种及其杂交后代进行分类 :籼粳交F1代大多数分类性状均偏向于籼稻特性 ,类型上划分为偏籼型 ;F2 代呈正态分布 ,4种类型均有 ,以中间类型为最多 ,F2 代类型丰富 ;在参试杂交育成品种中 ,尽管各个品种 (系 )都或多或少地带有籼稻和粳稻的血缘 ,但就程氏指数 6个亚种特性而言 ,除穗节长外 ,其它 5个性状仍然基本保持典型粳稻特性 ,在分类地位上仍然属于粳稻     

云南地方稻种不同分类方法的比较研究

在中国的丁颖和程侃声栽培稻分类体系的基础上,按俞履祈的变种分类方法对云南搜集保存的5285份地方稻种资源进行分类研究表明：（1）云南是中国稻种最大的遗传变异中心。（2）云南地方稻分属58个变种,为中国栽培稻变种的总和,但品种数约占中国栽培稻的8.6%;其变种特点是以普通籼、红籼,红粳、普通粳、普通糯粳和红光壳粳为优势变种,粳稻变异大于籼稻,深色型、糯稻、光壳稻和有芒变种占有较高比较。（3）云南地方稻种分为籼粳2个亚种、6大生态群,其中热带粳群、光壳粳群和普通粳群的品种数分别占云南地方稻种的3.6%,18.1%,32.1%,分别为13,11和18个变种;早中籼群、冬籼群和晚籼群的品种分别占云南地方稻种的1.8%,0.5%,43.9%,分别为11,4和24个变种。（4）云南地方稻籼亚种26个变种和粳亚种32个变种。籼水稻和晚稻是籼亚种的基本型,籼陆稻和早中稻则是生态变异型。粳亚种中的水陆稻、粘糯稻、早中和晚稻之间均没有基本型与变异型之分,且与籼亚种中的有明显区别。这进一步揭示了云南地方稻种籼和粳为两个独立起源中心。（5）初步提出云南栽培稻分类体系为按“种－亚种－生态群－生态变种群－品种类型”的5级新型分类体系。