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禽流感(avian influenza,AI)是由A型流感病毒引起的家禽或野禽的疾病综合征。根据禽流感病毒(AIV)的致病力通常分为高致病性禽流感(HPAI)和低致病性禽流感(MPAI),HPAI传播快,具有高度致死性;MPAI多呈隐性感染或症状较轻,不导致严重病变或死亡。AI历来被认为是人类流感的最大基因库,是人流感病毒发生变异的新基因来源。1997年,中国香港H5N1 AIV及1999年中国大陆和香港H9N2AIV首次突破种间障碍直接感染人甚至致死。不但打破了自然条件下仅有H1、H2和H3亚型流感病毒可以感染人和其他哺乳动物的常规,而且为人流感增添了新的毒株亚型(H5和H9)。由此赋予了AIV(禽流感病毒)全新的公共卫生意义。 相似文献
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禽流感(avian influenza,AI)是由A型流感病毒(Avian influenza virus,AIV)引起的一种禽类高度接触性传染病。禽流感的高致病力毒株对鸡有致病性,旧称“真性鸡瘟”,现名高致病性禽流感(HPAI),是OIE规定的通报疫病。禽流感病毒毒力有很大差异,高致病力毒株主要有H5N1和H7N7亚型的某些毒株。禽流感病毒能感染人,某些毒株甚至可不经混合重配再传染的过程而直接感染人。 相似文献
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禽流感(Avian influenza,AI)是由A型流感病毒(Avian influenzavirus,AIV)引起的严重危害养禽业的一种烈性传染病。禽流感病毒属正粘病毒科流感病毒属,病毒基因组为分节段的单股负链RNA,包含8个基因。AIV变异频繁,血清亚型众多,根据表面结构蛋白血凝素(HA)和神经氨酸酶(NA)的抗原性不同,分为不同血清亚型。H9N2亚型为中低致病力毒株,其特点是分布广泛,能造成宿主的免疫抑制,并且可与其它病原微生物通过协同作用引起禽类发病。H9N2虽然为中低致病力毒株,但它对养禽业的危害同样不容忽视。 相似文献
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禽流行性感冒,简称禽流感(Avian InfluenzaAI)是由A型流感病毒(AIV)引起的禽类的感染或疾病综合症。AIV已在世界各地普遍存在,尤其是H9亚型是目前影响养禽业的主要AIV亚型。世界各地相继发生了由各种亚型AIV引起的AI流行,已经先后从北美洲、欧洲、大洋洲、亚洲、非洲的众多地区的多种家禽和野禽中分离到H9N2禽流感病毒。禽流感可直接感染人并导致死亡,对人类健康构成了严重的威胁,使该病毒在公共卫生学上的意义更为突出。本文主要从病毒的分离与流行病学调查、禽流感的诊断、病毒分子生物学特性和分子结构、禽流感疫苗的研究方面介绍了国内外一些研究进展概况。 相似文献
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禽流感(AI)是由禽流感病毒(AIV)引起的一种高度接触性传染病,主要感染家禽和野禽,1966年首次分离得到H9N2。H9N2是AIV的一个亚型,经过长达数十年的遗传变异,已成为当前流行的禽流感病毒主要亚型之一。除了感染鸡、鸭等禽类,H9N2亚型AIV还可感染猪、水貂等哺乳类动物,甚至还可以感染人。虽然H9N2亚型AIV是低致病性的,但它能与其他病毒或细菌引起共感染,还能与其他亚型流感病毒进行重排,形成新型重组病毒,对公共卫生安全造成了不容忽视的潜在危害。文章就H9N2亚型AIV的遗传变异、重组、致病力和跨种传播等方面进行了简要论述。 相似文献
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魏静 《四川畜牧兽医学院学报》2009,(4):28-32
在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。 相似文献
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本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。 相似文献
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以国际标准强毒R株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离MG,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离MG。结果表明,人工感染48小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,96小时气囊已被感染,120小时输卵管已能分离到MG,卵巢始终分离不到MG。人工感染鸡自144小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出MG。药物治疗能在72小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需24天后逐渐降低蛋内MG分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内MG,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。 相似文献
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REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air. 相似文献
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Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF
Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo. 相似文献