Effect of Trichoderma viride on activities of polygalacturonase of Rhizoctonia

The pectin is a backbone of the plant cell wall, its network structure will systemicly resolve when the plant cell splits up and forms. The pectinase produced by Rhizoctonia mainly acts on the pectin of cell wall, and causes the maceration of tissue and the death of protoplast. Polygalacturonase (PG) can decompose the galacturonic acid of disease tissue. The research defined the PG activities of extracellular metabolite of the different virulence Rhizoctonia isolates, and testifid the e…     

Efect of Auxinson Rooting of Appleinvitro

苹果（品种“Ｑｕｅｔｔａａｍｒｉ，“Ｋｕｌｕ”，“Ｋａｓｈｍｉｒｉａｍｒｉ”）幼芽（茎）培养在含不同水平（０～２．０ｍｇ／Ｌ）ＩＢＡ，ＮＡＡ或ＩＡＡ的１／２ＭＳ培养基上时，可以分化出根．与其它品种相比，“Ｋａｓｈｍｉｒｉａｍｒｉ”最易生根．各品种在低浓度生长素水平下的生根效果较好．ＩＢＡ比ＮＡＡ和ＩＡＡ对生根的促进作用大，在不含生长素的培养基上幼芽（茎）不能生根     

Advance of Study on Design Methods of Hydraulic System of Radio Remote Control of Construction Machinery

The working principle of radio remote controlling of construction machinery should be that signals of the radio wave from the transmitter obtained in the receiver were controlled and then changed into electronic analog or digital signals which can be used to drive different actuators and mechanisms of the vehicle. The vehicle could be acted by following the controlling instructions sent by the operator. The best operation mode of construction machinery is suitable not only to manual operating but also to remote controlling in the same vehicle. The design methods of the hydraulic system used for the radio remote controlling of construction machinery are discussed. The design methods of hydraulic circuits for the actuators controlled by solenoid on-off type valves ,hydro-electronic multi-way proportional valves,closed loop proportional servo driver or threeway proportional reducing valves are discussed in detail (with real example). The design methods of the power shift transmission of electro-hydraulic controlling,the devices of braking and the directional streering are discussed in this paper.     

Effect of increasing levels of nitrogen on yield of tea in different agro-ecological conditions of Pakistan

Field experiment was conducted on mature tea bushes of Qi-Men variety at two different altitudes from sea level i.e. at National Tea Research Institute Shinkiari （1000 m） and on farmer＇s field in Konsh valley at village Battal （1500 m）. Different levels of nitrogen with constant dose of phosphorus and potassium were applied to observe the optimal dose of nutrients for highest yield under local edaphic conditions. The experiment was repeated for three consecutive years. The highest yield of fresh tea leaves were obtained by the application of 420 kg ha^-1 N followed by the application of 360 kg ha^-1 N at 1000 masl. The highest dose of nitrogen also reduced significantly the soil pH in the upper （0-15cm） layer depth during 1998 and 1999. During the year 2000, the reduction in soil pH was observed by the application of highest dose of nitrogen but was non-significant at 5% level. The lower soil depth （15-30 cm） showed the reduction in pH with the highest dose of nitrogen during the experimental year but was statistically non significant. At the higher altitude of 1500 masl the highest yield of fresh tea leaves was obtained by the application of 420 kg ha^-1 during the experimental years but the increase was significant during the year 1999 and 2000. The yield of the fresh tea leaves was positively correlated with the amount of nitrogen application at both the altitudes. The increasing amount of nitrogen decreased the soil pH at both the depths of 0-15cm and 15-30cm. Unlike the lower altitude （1000 m） there was no any significant reduction in the soil pH during 1998 and 1999. A significant reduction in soil pH was found in the year 2000.     

Determination of Even Degree of Animal Population

The even degree of animal population is generlay measured by the coefficient of variation of major economic characters.Facing the coefficient of variation,a statistic with complex properties,we achieved indirectly the determination of confidence interval for even degree of an animal population by analysing the reciprocal of the statistic.The sample size which is suitable to the determination of the even degree of an animal population was probed into within the extent of permissive estimation error.     

Studies of the Ripe Characteristics of Pear

The picked pear is often ripened naturally or artificially in ethylene solution to put the pear into market earlier.When Qiuxiang pear are ripened,a great deal of ethylene is produced,the content of soluble solid,total sugar and titrable acidity are increased.The flesh is softened,the skin of fruit turns yellow,and the fruits are of aromatic favor.At differnet harvest time,respiration intensity appears different changing trends;the fruit qualities and the storage period are influenced too.Artificial ripening promotes fruit ripe and has a better effect than natural ripening.And Qiuxiang pear ripened artificially in earlier the middle or late of August can achieve better fruit qualities and higher economic value.     

Effects of Chinese herbs on lactation of rat and performance of offspring

An experiment was conducted to study the effects of different Chinese herbs on lactation in the rat. Seventy-two Sprague Dawley female rats at gestation day 18 were assigned to 9 groups randomly, with 8 rats each. Control rats were offered basal diets until the end of the weaning period. Rats in the other 8 groups were administered diets supplemented with 1% Medulla tetrapanacis (MT), Astragalus membranacens(AM), Vaccaria segetalis(VS), Leonurus heterophyllus sweet (LHS), Radix rehmanniae preparata (RRP), Squama manitis (SM), Schisandra chinensis (SC), Ligustrum lucidum (LL), respectively. After parturition, the litter size was culled to 8 pups per dam. Pup weight and milk yield were significantly higher in the VS, LHS, AM and SM groups than these in the control group during middle and late lactation (P<0.05 or P<0.01). The weight and feed intake were not different in the dams fed either diet.     

The Special Expression and Comparison of the c-kit Protein in Spermatogenesis of Three Species of Locusts of Arcypteridae

The aim of this study was to elucidate the expression and regulation of the c.kit protein in spermatogenesis of locusts. Immunohistochemistry and biological statistics were used to investigate the expression of the c-kit protein in four representative phases of spermatogenesis of three dominant species of locusts of Arcypteridae （Orthoptera： Acridoidea）, namely, Omocestus viridulus （Linnaeus）, Euchorthippus unicolor （Ikonn.）, and Euchorthippus vittatus Zheng, and so on, in Siping area of Jilin Province, China. The results revealed the following： （1） There was weak positive expression of the c-kit protein in spermatogonia and the positive granules were thinner; （2） there was a strong positive expression of the c-kit protein in primary spermatocyte and the positive granules became the largest than in all developmental stages; （3） the c-kit protein positive expression became stronger in secondary spermatocyte, while the positive granules became thinner; （4） there was strong positive expression of the c-kit protein and the positive granules were thinner in mature sperm, which were distributed on its head and tail; （5） there were strong positive protein granules massing at the end of spermary; （6） the positive intensity of the c-kit protein in spermatogenesis was significantly different among different species of locusts. The data suggested that the c-kit protein may play a crucial role in spermatogenesis as well as maintain the physiological action of sperms and fertilization, regulate the developmental speed of spermatogenesis, and/or maintain species isolation, etc.     

Suitability of Stem Diameter Variations as an Indicator of Water Stress of Cotton

Water stress effects on stem diameter variations （SDV） were studied in a pot experiment on cotton （Gossypium hirustum L. Meimian99B）. Water restriction was imposed at the flowering stage and were compared with a well-watered control treatment. The volumetric soil water content （0v） and SDV were monitored continuously. The objective was to determine the feasibility of using the parameters derived from stem diameter measurements, including maximum daily stem shrinkage （MDS）, maximum daily stem diameter （MXSD）, and minimum daily stem diameter （MNSD） as indicators of plant water stress. The different behavior of SDV was founded at different growth stages. At stem-maturing stage, MDS increased and MNSD decreased in deficit-irrigated plants compared with the control plants, therefore, it appeared that MDS and MNSD ccould be used as available indicators of plant water status. At stem growth stage, there were no significant differences in MDS values between treatments but MXSD and MNSD responded sharply to soil water deficits. Thus, for rapidly growing cotton, the course of MXSD or MNSD with time offered a consistent stress indicator. SDV was also closely related to atmospheric factors, solar radiation （Rs） and vapor pressure deficit （VPD） were found to be the predominant factors affecting MDS, followed by the relative humidity （RH）, while air temperature （Ta） and wind velocity had the least effect. A good linear relationship was founded （r^2 = 0.921） between MDS and environmental variables （Rs, VPD, RH, and θv）, which can be used to establish a reference value for detecting plant water stress based on the MDS patterns.     

Regulation of leptin in involution of mammary gland

Leptin,a protein hormone produced and secreted predominantly by white adipose tissue,has a critical role in the regulation and coordination of energy metabolism.Leptin is produced in the mammary gland by the fat tissue or by the mammary epithelium.In vitro study has shown that leptin triggers apoptosis in mammary epithelial cells.Mammary gland involution is characterized by extensive apoptosis of the epithelial cells.At the onset of involution,STAT3 is specifically activated.Various studies show that leptin act as a paracrine and autocrin factor to influence mammary epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation.This paper reviewed the function of leptin to the involution of mammary gland.     

葎草中多糖微波提取工艺研究

采用单因素和正交实验法,以葎草多糖提取率为考察指标,对葎草叶中多糖的提取条件进行优化。结果表明,葎草叶中多糖的微波提取工艺中各因素影响程度为：液料比〉微波时间〉微波功率,葎草叶中多糖成分提取的最适宜工艺为：液料比40∶1,微波功率：425 W,微波时间：90 s。微波提取葎草叶中多糖,所需时间短、提取率高,多糖提取率达12.3556%。     

响应面法优化葫芦多糖提取条件

【目的】采用响应面法优化葫芦多糖提取工艺,为葫芦多糖的深入研究提供参考依据。【方法】以葫芦为原材料,在单因素试验的基础上,以提取温度、水料比及提取时间为自变量,采用响应面法进行3因素3水平的中心组合试验,分析3个因素及其交互作用对多糖提取率的影响,确定最佳提取工艺条件。【结果】二次元回归方程为:Y=5.54+0.14A+0.43B+0.36C+0.016AB-0.081AC-0.13BC-0.34A2-0.23B2-0.21C2(R2=0.9956;A为提取温度,B为水料比, C为提取时间,Y为葫芦多糖提取率)。葫芦多糖提取率影响因素排序为:水料比>提取时间>提取温度,3个因素及水料比与提取时间的交互作用对多糖提取率影响极显著(P<0.01),提取温度与提取时间的交互作用影响显著(P<0.05)。葫芦多糖最佳提取工艺条件为:提取温度82℃、水料比24∶1(mL/g)、提取时间2.3 h、提取次数2次,在此条件下,多糖提取率可达(5.810±0.240)%,与模型预测值5.820%接近。【结论】通过响应面法优化的葫芦多糖提取工艺模型具有可行性,优化后的工艺条件可提高葫芦多糖提取率。     

金钱草醇提残渣中多糖的提取工艺研究

[目的]研究中药金钱草醇提残渣中多糖的提取工艺。[方法]以多糖提取率为考察指标,采用单因素试验研究浸提温度、料液比、浸提时间、醇沉倍数和提取次数对多糖提取率的影响。[结果]水提法最佳工艺为:浸提温度100℃,料液比1∶12(W/V,g/ml,下同),浸提3 h,醇沉倍数4倍,提取3次;在此条件下,多糖提取率为80.8%。[结论]该工艺多糖提取率较高,可用于金钱草醇提残渣中粗多糖的提取,为综合开发和利用金钱草提供理论依据。     

响应面法优化-超声辅助提取黄芪多糖工艺

为优化超声辅助提取黄芪多糖工艺，研究了超声功率、温度、液固比、提取时间对黄芪多糖得率的影响。结果表明，优化后的最佳工艺条件为：超声功率80 W，温度55 ℃，液固比50 mL·g^-1，提取时间20 min。在此条件下，黄芪多糖得率为5.40%。进一步在单因素试验基础上，采用Design-Expert 8.0.6 Trial分析因素间交互作用对黄芪多糖得率的影响，结果表明，超声功率与温度和提取时间交互作用不显著；温度与液固比和提取时间交互作用显著。试验模型适合度显著（F=31.99），试验操作可靠（CV=2.53%），黄芪多糖得率的实测值与预测值间拟合度较好（R²=0.938 8）。该方法工艺简单、节能环保、易于控制，可推广应用于黄芪多糖的生产实践。     

微波辅助提取火龙果花多糖的工艺研究

以干燥的火龙果花为原料,采用微波辅助提取火龙果花多糖,通过考察微波功率、微波时间、料水比等3个单因素对提取火龙果花多糖的影响,在此基础上进行正交试验,结果表明在微波炉功率为高火,微波时间40s,料水比1∶40的条件下提取效果最好,火龙果花多糖的提取量为（65.61±0.10）mg·g-1,表明该工艺稳定,重复性好。     

超声-微波辅助提取桦褐孔菌多糖的工艺研究

[目的]探讨超声-微波辅助技术提取桦褐孔菌多糖的最佳工艺条件。[方法]以水作为提取溶剂,用超声-微波辅助提取桦褐孔菌多糖,通过响应面分析法考察微波功率、微波处理时间和料水比对桦褐孔菌多糖得率和纯度的影响,优化超声-微波提取桦褐孔菌多糖的工艺参数,并和传统水浴浸提法进行比较。[结果]超声-微波辅助技术提取桦褐孔菌多糖的最佳工艺条件为:提取时间18.45～24.50 min,料液比1∶20,微波功率88.3～96.7 W。与传统的水浴浸提法相比,超声-微波提取法可大大缩短提取时间,得率由2.12%增加到3.25%,纯度由64.03%增加到73.16%。[结论]与传统的水浴浸提法相比,超声-微波提取法不仅缩短了提取时间,而且提高了桦褐孔菌多糖的得率和纯度。     

微波技术辅助浸提乌龙茶多糖工艺的研究

采用微波技术开展乌龙茶多糖提取工艺研究．选用单因素试验分别考察料水比、微波功率、微波时问、浸提温度等因素对茶多糖得率的影响,在此基础上,开展正交试验进一步对提取工艺进行优化。结果表明,四因素对茶多糖得率影响排序为微波功率〉微波时间〉浸提温度〉料水比：最佳提取工艺条件为微波功率420W、微波时间40min、浸提温度65℃、料水比1：50,验证试验乌龙茶多糖得率为3．14％。     

响应面法优化近江牡蛎多糖提取工艺

【目的】优化近江牡蛎多糖提取工艺,为不同海域牡蛎多糖含量对比及其结构分析打下基础。【方法】以近江牡蛎为原料,通过单因素试验考察液料比、提取温度、提取时间、提取次数4个因素对其多糖提取率的影响,并在此基础上选取液料比、提取时间及提取温度3个因素为变量,近江牡蛎多糖提取率为考察指标,采用Box-Behnken试验设计方法建立回归模型,以优化近江牡蛎多糖提取工艺条件。【结果】通过响应面法建立近江牡蛎多糖提取率(Y)与液料比(A)、提取时间(B)、提取温度(C)的二次多项式数学模型为:Y=9.65-0.18A-0.071B+0.080C-0.27AB-0.24AC-0.52BC-2.6A2-1.34B2-1.35C2,该模型拟合度好;最佳提取工艺条件为:液料比90∶1、提取温度90℃、提取时间3 h、提取次数1次,在此条件下的近江牡蛎多糖提取率为9.72%,与预测值(9.66%)相对偏差为0.62%。【结论】采用响应面分析法优化近江牡蛎多糖提取工艺具有可行性,可用于实际生产,以提高多糖提取率。     

泰山灰树花菌丝体多糖的微波辅助提取

利用微波辅助提取灰树花菌丝体多糖。以粗多糖的得率为考察指标,以时间、微波功率、液料比为考察因素,通过单因素实验和正交实验,确定微波辅助提取灰树花菌丝体多糖的最佳实验条件;采用硫酸-苯酚法对多糖含量进行了测定。微波辅助提取灰树花多糖正交实验优化结果为:时间6 m in,功率:200 W,料液比150:1,多糖得率为13.1%。微波辅助提取灰树花多糖与传统水提取法相比可缩短时间,提高粗糖产率,是一种有前景的多糖辅助提取方法。     

超声波辅助提取双孢菇多糖的研究

【目的】对超声波辅助提取双孢菇多糖的工艺进行研究,为双孢菇罐头加工过程中废弃物的综合利用提供支持。【方法】以盐渍双孢菇罐头废弃物为原料,通过单因素及正交试验探讨了液料比、超声波功率、超声波处理时间及处理温度对双孢菇多糖提取率的影响,并对超声波辅助提取双孢菇多糖的工艺参数进行了优化。【结果】优化得到超声波辅助提取双孢菇多糖的最佳工艺参数为:超声波功率560 W,超声波处理时间120 min,超声波处理温度60 ℃,液料比40 mL/g。【结论】在优化的最佳工艺条件下,双孢菇多糖的提取率为3.65%,较无超声波促进作用下普通工艺的多糖提取率提高了96.24%。