碱性纤维素酶发酵条件的研究

采用芽孢杆菌Bacillus sp.AC-2作为碱性纤维素酶的生产菌株，对其发酵条件进行了研究。适宜的种子茵龄为24h；适于产酶的培养温度为37℃，培养基初始pH值10．5；在碳源和氮源分别为1％的淀粉和2％的豆饼粉时，碱性纤维素酶活力可达到76．04U／mL。该酶反应的最适温度为60℃；酶液在70℃以下、pH值6．0～10．0范围内稳定。该酶制剂在棉织物洗涤和纸浆脱墨方面具有良好的应用前景。     

板栗腐烂机理及防腐保鲜技术的研究

板栗腐烂由生理病变和微生物侵染所致.研究了由病理引起板栗腐烂的原因及防腐保鲜方法.试验结果表明,引起板栗腐烂的原因是,一方面,泡囊假单胞杆菌Pseudomonas vesicularis Galarneault & Leifson和多主小穴壳菌Dothiorella ribis Gross et Duggar分泌的纤维素酶和淀粉酶使板栗果壳的纤维素和果仁的淀粉分解产生各种糖,为泡囊假单胞杆菌和多主小穴壳菌的生长和蔓延提供营养并破坏其组织结构,使板栗变褐变黑并发出腐臭味;另一方面板栗的不同品种与腐烂有密切关系,含水量高或贮藏期失水率大,含糖多,淀粉酶活性强,是导致栗果腐烂的内在原因.板栗贮藏环境对致腐微生物的感染、繁殖有密切关系,从而影响栗果防腐保鲜.多主小穴壳菌在低温条件下生长受到抑制,淀粉和纤维素作碳源时生长不快;紫外线处理和黑暗培养都生长不好;在pH值为6.2时适合其生长且菌丝干质量最大.泡囊假单胞杆菌能很好的利用各种糖.防腐保鲜措施的研究表明,杀菌剂以75%托布津500倍液抑制多主小穴壳菌生长的效果最好,抗生素以庆大霉素2 000 mg/L和链霉素160 mg/L抑制泡囊假单胞杆菌生长效果最好.对9个板栗品种进行贮藏试验,筛选出锥栗、铁栗它、和韶栗18号为耐贮藏品种,防腐保鲜方法以5℃低温贮藏和75%托布津+木屑瓶装贮藏两种方法较好.     

耐碱性木聚糖酶高产菌的分离、鉴定及其酶学性质的研究

从造纸废液中筛选得到一株耐用性木聚糖酶高产菌,经初步鉴定为类黄假单胞菌,其木聚糖酶活力达３８７ＩＵ／ｍＬ培养基。酶学性质的初步研究表明：酶作用最适温度为６０℃,６５℃和７０℃时的半衰期分别为１０５和１０ｍｉｎ,该日作用最适ｐＨ值为１０．０,酶的ｐＨ值稳定范围在８．０～１０．５之间。     

竹炭固定化紫外诱变假单胞菌处理间甲酚废水的研究

用紫外光对假单胞菌株进行诱变,以竹炭为载体,将紫外诱变假单胞菌固定在竹炭上,用竹炭固定化紫外诱变假单胞菌处理间甲酚水样。考察竹炭固定化紫外诱变假单胞菌投加量和水样pH值对间甲酚去除的影响以及进水浓度随反应时间的变化关系,研究竹炭固定化紫外诱变假单胞菌去除间甲酚的反应动力学。结果表明:相对于原菌株,菌株经紫外诱变后,生长周期缩短了6h。经紫外照射120s的假单胞菌可以在竹炭表面及内部孔隙形成明显菌胶团,诱变菌在竹炭上所成的生物量明显较未经诱变菌增加。竹炭固定化紫外诱变假单胞菌能有效地去除水样中间甲酚。竹炭固定化紫外诱变假单胞菌投加量和水样pH值影响到间甲酚的去除效果,pH值在4～6时,间甲酚的去除效果较好。20g竹炭固定化紫外诱变假单胞菌处理100mL初始浓度50,100,120,150,180mg·L-1间甲酚模拟水样42h,去除率依次为90.9%,76.4%,72.9%,64.6%和49.7%。竹炭固定化紫外诱变假单胞菌对间甲酚的去除能较好地符合零级反应方程。     

轻木萌发条件、低温耐受性及最适pH值条件探索

轻木（Ochroma lagopus）是木棉科多年生木本植物，其木材主要用于制造风力发电机叶片；然而我国轻木完全依赖进口。为保障新能源产业稳定发展，轻木国产化刻不容缓；本研究探索轻木种子的最佳萌发条件、轻木对低温的耐受性以及苗木生长的最适pH值，完善轻木种植技术，指导轻木国产化种植。(1)轻木种子浸泡过夜后分别置于45℃、 50℃、 55℃、 60℃、 65℃、 70℃、 75℃、 80℃水浴中处理50min后，置于培养基上萌发；(2)轻木幼苗分别在0℃、2℃、4℃、6℃、8℃低温条件下处理3 d后，比较损伤率和恢复指数；(3)轻木植株用不同pH值的水持续浇灌调节土壤pH值，设置4.0、4.5、5.0、5.5、6.0、6.5、7.0七个pH值进行持续处理，并统计轻木幼苗120 d的生长量。轻木种子55℃处理后萌发率最高，可达80%；而未处理的种子萌发率仅34%，热处理提高了轻木种子的萌发率。低温处理结果显示4℃、6℃、8℃处理幼苗几乎不受损伤，0℃和2℃幼苗叶片损伤严重；0℃、2℃和4℃处理后幼苗死亡率分别为79.24%、35.83%和6.28%。5℃和4℃低温处理土培苗3 d后死亡率...     

桦树枯枝病病原菌的生物学特性研究

桦树枯枝病病原茵拟茎点霉Phomopsis sp.生物学特性的研究表明,该茵在8～30℃范围内均能生长,最适温度为20～30℃;在pH值5.8～8.2间均能生长,偏酸环境最佳;不同光照条件和碳源对生长无显著影响,但光照有利于产孢;在无碳源条件下也能生长,以蔗糖为最佳碳源;茵丝体在生长发育时,以蛋白胨为最佳有机氮源,以硝酸钙为最佳无机氮源;在尿素中几乎不生长.     

不同培养条件对树干毕赤酵母戊糖发酵的影响

研究了不同培养条件下，树干毕赤酵母(Pichia stipitis)P2生长和发酵戊糖(主要是木糖)生成酒精的规律。单独采用尿素作氮源，树干毕赤酵母P2生长和发酵木糖情况良好，与以蛋白胨为单一氮源相接近。研究表明，树干毕赤酵母P2生长最适温度是25～30℃，最佳pH值范围是4．6～5．8。当温度分别为25和35℃时，树干毕赤酵母P：发酵木糖的最适pH值范围分别为3．4～4．2和3．8～5．0。     

科尔沁沙地南缘樟子松人工林主要外生菌根真菌的最适培养条件

在实验室条件下模拟环境因子进行沙地樟子松林下常见3种外生菌根真菌的纯培养试验,探讨培养基、pH值、水分和温度对外生菌根真菌生长的影响,以期得到3种外生菌根真菌的最适生长条件.结果表明:外生菌根真菌在含有松针汁、马铃薯汁、酵母粉和维生素的培养基里生长较好;pH值对外生菌根真菌的生长影响较小,L.deliciosus 和B.sp.的最适生长pH分别为6.0和5.0,L.sp.在较广的pH范围内均可生长得良好,且在中性和弱碱性的培养基中长势均好于另外两种;水分对实验菌株的影响较大,在较低的PEG浓度(100 g PEG·kg-1 H2O)下,三种菌株生长良好,最适得生长PEG浓度为10%;高温容易导致外生菌根真菌死亡,3种外生菌根真菌的最适生长温度范围是25-28℃.     

松材线虫(Bursaphelenchus xylophilus)耐久型幼虫(L_Ⅳ)携带的香茅醇假单胞杆菌(Pseudomonas citronellolis)分离与鉴定

[目的]目前有关松材线虫与伴生细菌的关系及伴生细菌的病原作用是松树枯萎病研究的重点。为了揭示松材线虫与伴生细菌之间存在的密切关系,作者对松材线虫L_Ⅳ幼虫携带的细菌进行了分离鉴定。[方法]根据培养性状和16S rDNA序列同源性以及系统发育学等方面进行分析鉴定。[结果]确定L_Ⅳ幼虫携带的是香茅醇假单胞杆菌(Pseudomonas citronellolis),携带率为100%;每条L_Ⅳ幼虫携带量在1.4×10~5~4.5×10~5。L_Ⅳ幼虫生活在松褐天牛体内,是引起松材线虫病侵染流行的唯一虫态;新发现的香茅醇假单胞杆菌能分解纤维素及降解或合成萜烯和酚类化合物。[结论]L_Ⅳ幼虫携带香茅醇假单胞杆菌的发现,揭示了松树、松褐天牛、松材线虫、细菌同为一体的紧密关系,并为揭示松树枯萎病机制提供了一种新病原和重要的研究思路。     

杉木林土壤中固氮功能细菌的生长特性研究

[目的]研究固氮功能菌株的生长特性,探索适地适菌原则。[方法]本研究以103株固氮功能细菌为研究对象,以p H值及培养温度为考量指标,分别研究了8个温度梯度、10个p H值梯度对菌株生长的影响。[结果]表明:经检测,含有nif H基因的菌株有103株;菌株的最适生长条件为温度28℃、p H=7,各菌株的温度适宜生长区为20、28、37℃,大量菌株生长的适宜p H值为4、5、7、8;在低温、碱性土中的适用菌株为6003,在高温、碱性土中的适用菌株有09ul27、1010、2024、2029、7002、lk2-1c(2)和zk3-1,在酸性及碱性土中均适宜生长的菌株为1012和2025。根据菌群不同生长特性,对所有菌株进行非层次聚类,使用SSI算法得出最优分类为9类,其中,第5类和第7类全部属于伯克霍尔德属,第2类基本为芽孢杆菌属,其它类别中各菌属没有出现明显的聚类现象,且生长条件分类与菌种的初步鉴定分类没有明显的相关性。[结论]固氮功能菌株的适宜生长环境较一致,最适宜的生长条件为温度28℃、p H=7。筛选出适合在特殊环境生长的固氮功能细菌10株,各菌株初步鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌、巨大芽胞杆菌、Chitinophaga pinensis、Burkholderia xenovorans、Burkholderia phymatum、Burkholderia bannensis。通过生长条件聚类分析及所有菌株的16S r DNA鉴定比对得出,菌株的生长特性与其生物学特征不完全相关。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.