品种、体重和营养对猪背最长肌肌纤维组织学特性的影响

选用荣昌(RC)猪和杜×长×大(DLY)杂交猪为试验对象,研究猪背最长肌肌纤维直径和密度的发育性变化及品种与营养影响特点。结果表明:2个品种猪的背最长肌肌纤维直径和密度的发育规律较为类似,肌纤维直径随体重增加呈线性增长,而肌纤维密度则随体重增加呈乘幂方程式降低。相关分析表明,肌纤维密度与直径均存在极显著负相关(P≤0.003)。背最长肌肌纤维直径和密度在20～50kg阶段品种间差异不显著(P≥0.099),但在80kg,RC猪的肌纤维直径显著低于DLY猪(P=0.0043),而RC猪的肌纤维密度则显著高于DLY猪(P=0.0049)。饲粮营养水平对2个品种猪背最长肌的肌纤维直径和密度均无显著影响。以上结果提示,2个品种猪的背最长肌肌纤维的生长规律较为类似,但不同品种的肌纤维直径存在差异,主要表现在80kg,RC猪显著低于DLY猪,可能与其优良肉质有关。     

淮猪及杂交后代肌纤维直径变化及其与肉质关系的研究

对不同品种和杂交组合肥育猪(淮猪、长淮、大长淮)采用单因子试验设计,在相同条件下,研究不同血缘比例对淮猪肌纤维直径的影响。结果表明:淮杂猪的背最长肌和股二头肌肌纤维直径显著高于淮猪(P<0.05)。淮猪的肌纤维直径介于中国地方猪与国外瘦肉型猪之间。肌纤维直径与胴体性状(瘦肉率、眼肌面积、背最长肌全重、背最长肌率、脂肪)呈较强的相关性。淮杂猪肉质理化性状中(肉色评分、大理石纹评分、贮藏损失)3项指标明显变差(P<0.05),但pH值变化不显著。作者认为淮猪杂交后代的肌纤维直径较纯种淮猪粗,淮杂猪肉质也较纯种淮猪差。     

MyoG和c-fos基因多态性及其合并基因型与猪肌纤维性状的关联分析

旨在对MyoG和c-fos基因多态性及其合并基因型与猪肌纤维性状的关联性进行分析。本研究以大白猪(180头)和北京黑猪(170头)2个品种共350头猪作为试验动物,利用冰冻切片、H-E及SDH染色等技术对其进行了肌纤维性状的测定,采用PCR-SSCP技术对肌纤维性状候选基因MyoG与c-fos的外显子进行了SNPs检测,并对不同标记基因型与部分肉质性状和肌纤维性状进行关联分析。结果表明:(1)在MyoG基因外显子1上发现1个多态位点(A2512G),检测到3种基因型(AA、AB、BB);在c-fos基因外显子4上发现2个多态位点(G2650A与A2910G),并分别检测到3种基因型(AA、AB、BB);(2)对A2512G和G2650A2个位点进行分析表明,在2个猪种中,提高A2512G座位上等位基因A的频率可减小肌纤维面积与直径,增加肌纤维密度;提高G2650A位点等位基因B的频率可增加肌纤维密度与红肌纤维比例;而A2910G位点的等位基因A和B则分别具有增加肌纤维面积与肌纤维密度的效应;(3)在北京黑猪,有利合并基因型和不利合并基因型个体的各性状(背膘厚除外)间差异均达到了显著或极显著水平(P<0.05或P<0.01);在大白猪,有利合并基因型和不利合并基因型个体间肌纤维直径、密度、面积、红肌纤维比例、白肌纤维比例和眼肌面积间均达到了显著或极显著水平(P<0.05或P<0.01)。以上结果提示,MyoG和c-fos基因单核苷酸多态性及合并基因型对猪肌纤维性状有一定的影响,可以作为影响猪肌纤维性状的候选基因。     

饲粮添加L-肉碱对生长育肥母猪生长性能、胴体品质和肉品质的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮添加L-肉碱对生长育肥母猪生长性能、胴体品质和肉品质的影响。选取体重[(30.42±3.24) kg]相近的PIC商品母猪420头,随机分为2组,每组7个重复,每个重复30头。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组在基础饲粮的基础上添加100 mg/kg L-肉碱。试验期共计105 d。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,试验组生长育肥母猪各阶段平均日增重、平均日采食量、料重比和存活率均无显著差异(P0.05)。2)与对照组相比,饲粮添加L-肉碱显著提高生长育肥母猪背膘厚度、背最长肌长度和重量(P0.05),显著降低下颌脂肪指数(P0.05),显著降低背最长肌剪切力、滴水损失、肌纤维直径和面积(P0.05),显著提高背最长肌肌纤维密度(P0.05)。3)与对照组相比,饲粮添加L-肉碱提高生长育肥母猪背最长肌肌内脂肪含量(P0.05),但显著降低背最长肌亚油酸、花生酸和花生三烯酸含量(P0.05)。4)与对照组相比,饲粮添加L-肉碱显著提高生长育肥母猪背最长肌脂肪酸合成酶(FAS) mRNA相对表达量(P0.05),显著降低背最长肌肌球蛋白重链Ⅱb(MyHCⅡb) mRNA相对表达量(P0.05)。综上所述,饲粮添加100 mg/kg L-肉碱对生长育肥母猪生长性能无显著影响,但可以影响背最长肌肌内脂肪沉积和肌纤维性状,并改善胴体品质和肉品质。     

饲粮蛋白水平对肥育猪不同部位肌纤维发育增生的影响

试验比较研究了接近等氨基酸模式下,饲粮蛋白水平对肥育猪不同部位肌肉肌纤维发育增生的影响。饲粮蛋白水平分别为10%、18%、26%,试验选用平均体重约53kg的长×大二元杂交去势公猪54头。试验采用单因子完全随机区组设计,随机分为3个处理,每个处理3个重复(圈),每个重复6头猪,在接近等氨基酸模式TD-Lys:TD-Met:TD-Thr:TD-Trp=100:34.6:71.7:19.2,且在等能(14.2MJ/kg)条件下进行试验。采用石蜡切片方法,测定了肥育猪肌纤维横截面积、直径与密度,探讨在接近等氨基酸模式下饲粮蛋白水平对肥育猪肌纤维发育增生的影响。结果表明,通过提高饲粮蛋白质水平,进而提高动物体蛋白质的沉积效率,机体蛋白质含量的增加导致不同部位肌纤维横截面积和直径增大,即肌纤维体积增大,随着肌纤维的增粗,导致单位面积内肌纤维密度下降。     

生长肥育猪胴体品质和瘦肉生长指数的研究

为验证NRC( 1998)生长猪营养需要模型 ,进而建立我国生长猪营养需要模型 ,本试验在较高营养水平下研究测定了生长肥育猪生产性能、胴体品质和瘦肉生长指数。全期试验结果表明 ,在一定营养水平和环境条件下 ,公、母猪日增重、采食量、饲料转化率差异不显著 (P >0 .0 5) ,但公猪日增重有高于母猪日增重的趋势。胴体品质上 ,公、母猪热胴体重、瘦肉重、背脂、瘦肉脂肪含量差异不显著 (P >0 .0 5)。通过测定热胴体重、最后肋背脂得到瘦肉生长指数为 :去势公猪 2 78g/d ,母猪 2 82g/d ,公母平均 2 81g/d。通过测定热胴体重 ,第 10肋背脂、第 10肋眼肌面积得到的瘦肉生长指数为 :去势公猪 2 56g/d ;母猪 2 72g/d ;公母平均 2 64g/d。将瘦肉生长指数、温度、饲养密度等参数输入NRC( 1998)模型得到的营养需要量估测值有一定实际意义 ,但在实践中的应用情况有待进一步评估验证     

兰尼定受体基因在新荣昌猪中的分布及其对胴体和肉质性状的效应分析

运用PCR RFLPs法对新荣昌猪I系群体中兰尼定受体(RYR1)基因分布及其对肌纤维面积、胴体性能和肉质性状的效应进行了分析。结果表明新荣昌猪肉质优异,保持了原有地方品种肉质优良的特性。猪群中存在T基因的分布,且其遗传分布符合哈迪温伯格平衡。T基因表现出显著增加肌纤维面积、提高胴体品质和降低肉质性状表现的遗传效应。但RYR1基因在新荣昌猪中的外显率不完全,并证明肌纤维面积的增大与胴体品质间具有正相关,而与肉质性状间则呈负相关。     

豁眼鹅、皖西白鹅和浙东白鹅肌纤维特性的比较

研究旨在通过测定豁眼鹅、皖西白鹅、浙东白鹅肌肉纤维直径、横切面积和肌纤维的密度,探讨不同鹅品种的肌纤维特性差异.结果表明,豁眼鹅胸肌肌纤维直径、横切面积显著大于浙东白鹅、皖西白鹅(P< 0.05),而肌纤维密度表现为相反的趋势.豁眼鹅的腿肌肌纤维直径和横切面积显著大于皖西白鹅(P< 0.05),而豁眼鹅的腿肌肌纤维密度显著小于皖西白鹅(P< 0.05).品种内不同性别之间部分指标也存在显著差异,主要表现在皖西白鹅和浙东白鹅的肌纤维横切面积和直径上.相关性分析表明,肌纤维的直径与肌纤维横切面积呈极显著正相关(P< 0.01),肌纤维直径和横切面积与肌纤维密度呈极显著负相关(P< 0.01).由此可知,不同品种间肌纤维特性存在差异,同品种间不同性别间的肌纤维特性也存在差异.     

汉沽黑猪和北京黑猪肌肉组织学特性的研究

用冰冻切片测定了汉沽黑猪和北京黑猪背最长肌单位面积内肌纤维所占比例、单根肌纤维横截面积和肌纤维密度,并与大约克夏猪和长白猪做对照。结果：单根肌纤维横截面积,北京黑猪小于长白猪和大约克夏猪（Ｐ＞００５）;汉沽黑猪接近于长白猪和大约克夏猪;肌纤维密度北京黑猪大于长白猪和大约主克夏猪（Ｐ＜００５）,汉沽黑猪小于大约克夏猪而与长白猪相近;单位面积内肌纤维所占比例从大到小依次为长白猪、大约克夏猪、汉沽黑猪和北京黑猪。用剪纸称量法测定了它们肌肉肌纤维、结缔组织和脂肪组织所占面积比。结果表明：肌肉结缔组织所占面积比,汉沽黑猪明显小于大约克夏猪和长白猪,北京黑猪小于大约克夏猪和长白猪;肌纤维所占面积比汉沽黑猪明显大于大约克夏猪（Ｐ＜００１）和长白猪（Ｐ＜００５）,北京黑猪大于大约克夏猪和长白猪（Ｐ＞００５）;肌肉脂肪组织所占面积比四个猪种间结果相近。     

青海互助八眉猪不同杂交组合对二元及三元初生仔猪肌纤维的影响

为了筛选出最佳青海互助八眉二元母猪及三元商品猪生产方式,试验以长白猪、大约克和白色杜洛克为起端或终端父本与青海互助八眉猪杂交,研究不同杂交组合方式对二元及三元杂交的初生仔猪臂三头肌、背最长肌、股二头肌和半腱肌肌纤维直径、面积和密度的影响.结果表明:二元杂交中,白杜八和长八二元初生仔猪肌纤维直径和面积较大(P＜0.05),改善效果较好;三元杂交中,以白杜长八初生仔猪的臂三头肌、背最长肌、股二头肌和半腱肌肌纤维直径和面积均较大(P＜0.05),杂交改善效果最好.建议在生产中大力推广长八二元母猪及白杜长八三元杂交模式生产商品猪.     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1983

In late December 1983, 2 800 veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of heartworm disease in Canada in 1983 and 26% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 59 504 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 771 dogs (1.30% of those tested) were found with Dirofilaria immitis. Heartworm disease was diagnosed in all provinces except New Brunswick and Newfoundland but most (733) of the cases were in Ontario.

Heartworm disease was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 31% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 64% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continues to be the focus of the infection and most of the dogs there had not left the province previously.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1985

In late December 1985, 1485 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1985 and 44% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 137,300 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1210 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 36 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number diagnosed in 1985 as 1247 (0.91%).

Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Saskatchewan but most (1126) of the cases were in Ontario. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. From Quebec, 91 cases were reported mostly from and around Montreal. From Manitoba, 19 cases were reported from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 28% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 78% had a history of not having left Canada.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1988

In late November 1988, 1581 small and mixed animal clinics and institutional veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1988, and 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 181,577 dogs were blood-tested for heartworm disease and 367 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 60 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1988 as 441 (0.24%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1984

In late December 1984, 1853 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1984 and 35% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 97,794 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1417 dogs (1.45% of those tested) were found with heartworm. Another 34 dogs were amicrofilaremic, but were diagnosed as having heartworm disease, to give the total number diagnosed in 1984 as 1451 (1.48%). Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland but most (1310) of the cases were in Ontario. In Quebec, 126 cases were reported mostly from west of Montreal.

Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 27% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 72% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1991

In late November 1991, 1883 clinics in Canada were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs in 1991 and there was a 60.0% response. There were 344,031 dogs tested for heart-worm (HW), 627 were found infected and the prevalence of HW infection was 0.18%. There were 417 dogs with HW in Ontario, 116 in Manitoba, 38 in Quebec, 53 in British Columbia, three in Alberta, and one in Nova Scotia. In British Columbia, all of the infected dogs but one were from the Okanagan valley which, as from 1991, is a new focus of infection in Canada. Most dogs with HW had not been on preventive medication in 1990, and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 0.59%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Companion dogs, over three years of age and maintained primarily outdoors in rural areas, were most frequently infected. One cat was diagnosed with D. immitis and 33 dogs had Dipetalonema reconditium.     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1989

In late November 1989, 1732 clinics and institutional veterinarians were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis, and 51.7% responded. Of 247,716 dogs tested, 394 had D. immitis microfilariae and 51 were amicrofilaremic for a total of 445 cases and heartworm prevalence of 0.17%. Most (408) of these dogs had no preventive medication and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 1.01%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Thirty-seven dogs with heartworm had preventive medication. Heartworm was most frequent in companion dogs over three years of age maintained outdoors in rural areas. About 75% of the cases had never left Canada, 26% had clinical signs and 125 were not treated.

Heartworm was reported from British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, but 383 cases were in Ontario. South-western Ontario was the primary focus of infection. There were 33 cases in Quebec and 24 in Manitoba, mainly found in and around Metropolitan Montreal and Winnipeg respectively.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1987

In late November 1987, 1246 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1987, and 50% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 165,428 dogs were blood tested for heartworm disease and 511 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 78 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1987 as 589 (0.35%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1986

In late December 1986, 1224 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1986; 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 150,989 dogs were blood-tested for microfilariae and 869 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 65 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease and one was found with heartworm at necropsy to give the total number diagnosed in 1986 as 935 (0.62%).

Heartworm was reported from Manitoba, New Brunswick, Ontario and Quebec, but most (810) of the cases were from Ontario. South-western Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. There were 103 cases reported from Quebec, mostly from and around Montreal, and 21 cases from Manitoba, from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 33% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 81% had a history of not having left Canada.