舍饲散栏卷帘奶牛舍温热环境年动态研究

为了研究舍饲散栏卷帘奶牛舍温热环境年动态变化,试验采用现场检测的方法,对奶牛舍连续12个月的气温、相对湿度和风速进行检测,分析各参数及其综合指数的年变化规律。结果表明:夏季(6—8月份)舍内气温最高,每天约有12 h气温高于25℃,温湿指数每天有8.5~15.5 h超过72,奶牛遭受轻度热应激;冬季(12—2月份)舍内气温最低,但相对湿度最高(可达64.5%~81.2%)。各季节舍内的平均气温分别为8.6~15.0℃(春季)、23.1~25.3℃(夏季)、6.9~16.5℃(秋季)和-2.9~0.6℃(冬季),春、夏、秋、冬季平均风速分别为0.10~0.13,0.46~0.80,0.05~0.14和0~0.01 m/s。说明卷帘奶牛舍夏季应加强防暑降温,冬季加强通风换气。     

河北省北部寒区密闭奶牛舍夏季有害气体的时空分布规律研究

大跨度密闭奶牛舍越来越受到寒冷地区奶牛场的重视,通过检测牛舍空气中氨气(NH3)和二氧化碳(CO2)含量,对河北省北部寒区大跨度密闭奶牛舍夏季有害气体的时空分布规律进行分析。结果表明,夏季舍内NH3含量的日变化范围为3.1~6.6mg/m3,其中7∶00~8∶30和18∶30~21∶30达到高峰值;舍内CO2含量表现为早晚高中午低的规律,早晚含量均超过2 000mg/m3,且晚上舍内CO2含量与垂直空间高度密切相关,1.8m高度处的CO2含量显著高于0.6m(P0.01)和1.2m处(P0.05)。另外,早中晚舍内CO2含量均显著高于运动场和场中(P0.01),分别是舍外的4.7倍、3.7倍和4.1倍。该研究可为寒区密闭奶牛舍的设计和环境控制提供可靠的数据。     

北方地区大型钟楼式奶牛舍空气环境的评价

试验对北方地区某大型钟楼式奶牛舍一年内不同季节舍内、外的空气环境指标,包括温热环境指标、CO₂和NH₃含量、空气中的粉尘和微生物含量进行测定,旨在了解其变化规律,评价其是否满足奶牛健康生产的要求,以便为北方地区奶牛舍的设计和日常管理提供理论依据。结果表明,所测指标随季节或时间均呈现出一定的变化规律;所监测奶牛舍夏季舍内风速低于标准,中午（14∶00）舍内温度超过27 ℃,温湿指数（THI）>69,奶牛在夏季产生轻度的热应激;除此以外,在不同时间、不同位点监测的其他各项空气环境指标均符合奶牛的饲养标准。综合测定结果,试验所监测的钟楼式奶牛舍较适合北方地区的奶牛养殖,但建议增加防暑降温措施,以减少奶牛在夏季产生的热应激。     

冀中平原奶牛舍温热环境评价及温热参数与生理指标的相关性分析

试验旨在评价冀中平原地区四季奶牛舍的温热环境，并分析温热参数与奶牛生理指标的相关性。选择3栋不同建筑结构的奶牛舍，对各舍温湿度和奶牛的呼吸频率、直肠温度和体表温度等生理指标进行检测。结果显示，奶牛舍四季环境温湿度和温湿指数（THI）变化显著（P<0.05），其中夏季日均温最高，为28.59 ℃；冬季日均温最低，为1.55 ℃。奶牛夏季每天平均15.5 h遭受轻度热应激，6.0 h遭受中度热应激；冬季每天平均12.0 h遭受轻度冷应激。除冬季外，各季节不同牛舍的温度和THI均未表现出显著差异（P>0.05）。相比带矮墙或卷帘的棚舍，仅设顶子的棚舍夏季平均温度要高0.80~1.27 ℃，冬季低1.36~1.84 ℃。另外，夏季奶牛各项生理指标极显著高于其他季节（P<0.01），且夏季不同舍奶牛的呼吸频率和直肠温度均表现出显著差异（P<0.05），体表温度各季节差异均达显著水平（P<0.05）。从环境温湿参数与奶牛生理参数的相关性分析可看出，各项生理参数（呼吸频率、直肠温度和体表温度）与THI、环境温度均呈显著正相关（P<0.05），但与湿度未表现出显著相关性（P>0.05）。本研究可为奶牛舍环境的评价提供科学依据，并通过环境温热参数的检测推断奶牛生理状况，为应激的发生及预警提供数据。     

寒区奶牛舍环境温湿度、粉尘和气载细菌的季节性变化及其相关性研究

本试验旨在研究奶牛舍环境参数的季节性变化及参数间的相关性。选择河北省寒区4种建筑形式的奶牛舍,对温湿度、粉尘浓度和气载细菌总数分别采用连续记录法、定点定时测定法以及培养计数法进行4个季节的检测与分析。结果表明,4个季节牛舍温度均表现出中午高、早晚低的规律性变化,而相对湿度则表现为相反的规律,夏季所有牛舍温湿指数均超过72,寒区奶牛舍的夏季防暑需重视。牛舍内粉尘PM10和PM2.5浓度分别达28.5~211.5和1.9~44.2μg·m-3,在任何季节4种牛舍的粉尘(PM10和PM2.5)浓度之间差异均达显著水平(P0.05),PM10季节性明显,夏季最高,冬季最低,且PM10与温度间表现出显著正相关关系(P0.05,r=0.60),与相对湿度不存在显著相关性(P0.05)。4种牛舍的气载需氧菌总数达1 804~4 944CFU·m-3,在任何季节各舍间差异均达到显著水平(P0.05),且与温度、相对湿度间均呈显著正相关关系(P0.05,温度r=0.49,相对湿度r=0.56)。从需氧菌与粉尘的相关性可知,需氧菌总数与PM10浓度表现出显著正相关关系(P0.01,r=0.80)。可见,改善牛舍环境需综合考虑温湿度、粉尘和气载细菌等环境参数间的相关关系。     

河北省不同地区肉牛场的环境检测与分析

选择了河北省4个地区6种有代表性建筑类型的肉牛舍,对夏季和冬季舍内外的环境因素(空气温度、相对湿度、风速、光照和噪音)进行了检测。结果表明,夏季平原丘陵地区牛舍的温度均达到29℃以上,各地区牛舍内和牛舍外均未表现出显著性差异(P0.05),冬季各牛舍的舍内平均温度显著高于舍外(P0.05)。冬季燕北山区牛舍的湿度较高,接近或超过80%,而平原丘陵地区的牛舍湿度只有59%,除敞棚式牛舍(沧州)均表现出差异显著(P0.05)。舍内光照和噪音基本符合我国的相关标准,但夏季舍内风速偏低。综合分析牛舍的各项环境参数,建议河北省肉牛舍夏季配置防暑降温设施,且冬季要尽量减少舍内的湿度。     

冀北山区散栏奶牛舍夏季风机降温效果的研究

试验旨在研究冀北山区夏季奶牛舍风机的降温效果。选择结构和饲养工艺相似的两栋舍饲散栏牛舍,分析安装风机对舍内温热环境、奶牛生理指标及产奶性能的影响。结果表明,安装风机舍的昼夜均温比对照舍低1.5℃,平均风速比对照舍高0.49 m/s,可达0.66 m/s。风机开启期间安装风机舍温湿指数(THI)显著低于对照舍(P<0.05)。此外,安装风机舍的奶牛直肠温度和呼吸频率显著低于对照舍(P<0.05),且每头牛每天产奶量比对照舍显著提高了17.0%(P<0.05),但乳脂率、乳蛋白和乳糖与对照舍相比差异均不显著(P>0.05)。由此可见,冀北山区奶牛舍安装风机可改善舍内温热环境,缓解奶牛热应激,提高奶牛的产奶性能。     

冀北不同建筑类型奶牛舍夏季环境质量研究

为客观评价河北省北部寒区不同建筑类型奶牛舍夏季舍内外环境状况,指导奶牛场牛舍设计改造,本试验测定了冀北寒区3种典型奶牛舍夏季舍内外的温热因素(温度、相对湿度)和环境质量评价指标(风速、空气中PM2.5、PM10、细菌、CO_2、NH_3含量、光照、噪音强度)。结果表明,不同建筑类型奶牛舍舍外温度、相对湿度、温湿指数(THI)日变化规律基本一致,环境质量相当。各舍内环境质量存在一定差异,其中各舍内温度日变化规律相近,日平均温度相互之间差异不显著(P0.05);舍1日平均湿度最低(P0.05),每日高湿(相对湿度80%)、高THI(THI72)持续时间最短;风速最高(P0.05),PM10、NH_3、细菌含量均为最低(P0.05),舍内环境质量最优,但该舍噪音最大(P0.05);舍2日平均湿度、日平均THI最高(P0.05),每日高湿、高THI持续时间最长;风速最低(P0.05),PM2.5、PM10、NH_3、CO_(2、)细菌含量均为最高(P0.05),舍内环境质量最差,但该舍自然光照强度最高(P0.05),采光最好;舍3环境质量居中,人工光照强度最低(P0.05),存在夜间照明不足的问题。试验结果提示,该地区奶牛舍设计和改造应根据夏季舍内通风、降温、采光、噪音等因素进行综合考虑,可采用高举架、大纵跨的有窗结构,同时增加天窗、屋顶通风系统、檐下通风孔、门斗、通气缝等通风结构,屋顶材料可选择酚醛泡沫板和阳光板,结合养殖实际合理安装空调、喷淋和风机设备,配合使用。     

冀北不同建筑类型奶牛舍冬季环境质量比较

旨在研究河北省北部寒区不同建筑类型奶牛舍冬季舍内外环境质量状况,为该地区奶牛舍设计改造及环境改善提供借鉴.选择冀北寒区3种典型建筑类型奶牛舍(高举架、纵跨大、封闭性差的有窗舍A,低举架、纵跨小、封闭性好的有窗舍B,高举架、纵跨大、封闭性一般的有窗舍C),检测各舍内外环境温度、相对湿度、风速、围护结构(墙壁、地面、屋顶)...     

采用物理降温措施对奶牛夏季产奶性能影响的研究

本研究采用物理方法对奶牛舍实施降温,以达到改善饲养环境条件,保证夏季奶牛健康,提高产奶性能的目的。试验选取10头产奶性能稳定的荷斯坦奶牛随机分成2组,每组5头,分别置于2栋牛舍内,试验组所有牛舍安装通风与喷水装置,对照组不安装。每天11点、14点、16点定时测定舍内平均温度和相对湿度。试验结果表明,试验组牛舍内温度比对照组分别降低10%、12%、9.2%,经检验差异极显著（P<0.01）,试验组舍内相对湿度比对照组高1.9%,经检验,差异不显著（P>0.05）,试验组产乳量比对照组提高4.5%,经检验差异显著（P<0.05）。试验组乳脂率降低0.33%,对照组乳脂率降低0.16%,经检验差异不显著（P>0.05）。研究结果显示,在常规饲养及管理模式基础上,采用物理降温措施,有助于夏季奶牛生产性能改善。     

Annual Dynamic Research of Thermal Environment of Dairy Cowshed in Free Stall-feeding with Window

The objective of this study was to investigate the annual dynamic of thermal environment of dairy cowshed in free stall-feeding with window. Through continuous detection of the dairy cowshed for 12 months of air temperature, relative humidity and wind speed, the annual variations in these 3 parameters were analyzed. The results indicated that the indoor air temperature was high at noon and low in both the morning and evening, while the opposite tendency in the relative humidity was observed. The indoor air temperature was above 25℃ for 7.5 to 10 h daily in summer, especially in June, the indoor air temperature was higher than outdoor air temperature. In December, the indoor wind speed was almost 0 m/s. From the comprehensive index analysis, during the period of 09:30~19:30 in summer, the temperature humidity index (THI) was above 72, which made dairy cows suffer from mild heat stress. The wind chill temperature (WCT) was not below -10℃ in winter, and the dairy cows did not suffer from cold stress. In conclusion, not only heatstroke prevention in summer but also ventilation enhanced in winter for this dairy cowshed should be paid more attention.     

Evaluation of Thermal Environment of Cowshed and Correlation Analysis Between Thermal Parameter and Physiological Parameter of Dairy Cows in Central Plain of Hebei

The purpose of this study was to evaluate thermal environment of cowshed in four seasons in central plain of Hebei,and analyze the correlation between the temperature parameters and physiological indexes of dairy cows.Three dairy cow houses with different building structures were selected,the thermal parameters (ambient temperature (Ta) and relative humidity (RH)) and physiological parameters (respiratory rate,rectal temperature and body surface temperature) were detected.The results showed that the Ta,RH and index of temperature and humidity (THI) changed significantly in four seasons (P<0.05),the average daily temperature in summer was the highest (28.59 ℃),and the average daily temperature in winter was the lowest (1.55 ℃).In summer,dairy cows were suffering from mild heat stress for 15.5 h every day,and from moderate heat stress for 6.0 h.In winter,dairy cows were under mild cold stress for an average of 12.0 h per day.The Ta and THI of three cowsheds in each season had no significant differece (P>0.05),except for that in winter.Compared with the cowshed with low wall or roller blind,the average Ta in the cowshed with only roof was 0.80-1.27 ℃ higher in summer and 1.36-1.84 ℃ lower in winter.In addition,the physiological parameters of dairy cows were extremely significantly higher in summer than those in other seasons (P<0.01).The respiration frequency or rectal temperature of cows among cowsheds in summer were significantly different (P<0.05),and the seasonal difference in body surface temperature was significant (P<0.05).Correlation analysis of thermal parameters and cow physiological parameters showed that the respiratory frequency,rectal temperature and body surface temperature were positively correlated with THI and Ta (P<0.05).However,there was no significant correlation between physiological parameters and RH (P>0.05).The results provided scientific basis for environment evaluation of cows,and physiological status of dairy cows were inferred according to environmental thermal parameters,which provided data for occurrence and early warning of stress.     

Study on Fans Cooling of Dairy Cowshed with Free Stall in Northern Mountainous Region of Hebei in Summer

The present objective of the study was to investigate the effect of fans cooling on dairy cow in northern mountainous region of Hebei in summer.Two cowsheds with the same structure and feeding technics were used to investigate the effect of fans on indoor temperature and humidity, physiological parameters and milking performance of dairy cow.The results showed that the average ambient temperature in cowshed with fans was 1.5℃ lower than that of the control cowshed, and the average wind velocity was 0.49 m/s higher than that of the control cowshed, reaching to 0.66 m/s.Temperature-humidity index (THI) of cowshed with fans was significantly lower than that of the control shed during the period of fans running (P<0.05).Besides, the rectal temperature and respiration rate of dairy cows in cowshed with fans were significantly lower than of the control cowshed (P<0.05), and the milk yield per cow per day was 17.0% higher than that of the control cowshed (P<0.05), however, the milk fat, milk protein and milk sugar were no significant difference from the control (P>0.05).Overall, fans could decrease indoor environment, moderate heat stress and increase performance and health of dairy cows in northern mountainous region of Hebei.     

Evaluation on Air Environment of a Large Tower Type Cowshed for Dairy Cattle in Northern China

In this study, the air environment quality indicators of a large tower type cowshed for dairy cattle in North China were monitored and evaluated at all seasons of one year, including the indicators of thermal environment, the content of ammonia (NH₃), carbon dioxide (CO₂), microbe and the dust in the air. The objective was to study the change rules of the mentioned indicators, to evaluate whether this type of cowshed could meet the production requirements, and to provide theoretical basis for the design and daily management of the cowshed in the Northern region of China. The results showed that all the indicators mentioned above varied with seasons and time to some extent. The wind speed inside was below the standard of dairy cattle cowshed in summer, and the temperature in 14∶00 of summer was above 27 ℃, and THI was beyond 69, so the dairy cattle suffered slight heat stress in summer. The other air environment quality indicators monitored in any time and any space all met the standard. In conclusion, the tower type cowshed monitored was suitable for dairy cattle in North China, but some facilities should be added to decrease the temperature and the heat stress in summer.     

冀北寒区秋冬季节荷斯坦奶牛产奶性能及血液常规指标的变化规律研究

试验旨在探索奶牛对气候变化较为敏感的血液常规指标,为荷斯坦奶牛低温应激研究提供相关数据支撑及科学依据,并对该地区冬季奶牛饲养管理及耐应激个体选育提供理论依据。以河北省承德市围场县某规模化奶牛场的健康荷斯坦泌乳奶牛为研究对象,连续监测了秋季（2018年10月24日至2018年10月30日）、初冬（2018年12月4日至2018年12月10日）和深冬（2018年12月25日至2018年12月31日）牛舍温湿指数（THI）,并分别采集了15头荷斯坦奶牛血液样本,测定了9种血液常规指标,同时收集了试验牛群的8项产奶性能数据,分析荷斯坦奶牛在秋冬季节产奶性能及血液常规指标的变化规律,筛选气候变化较为敏感的血液常规指标。结果显示：秋季,牛舍平均温度为8.0 ℃,平均THI为49.38,说明试验牛群在该时期处于非低温应激状态;初冬,牛舍平均温度为－6.4 ℃,平均THI达到23.56,在168 h监测期,有92 h －8≤THI < 25,76 h 25≤THI < 39,试验牛群在该时期大部分时间处于中度低温应激状态;深冬,牛舍平均温度为－7.59 ℃,平均THI达到21.86,有43 h 25≤THI < 39,117 h 8≤THI < 25,试验牛群在该时期绝大部分时间处于中度低温应激状态。随着温度下降,奶牛直肠温度、呼吸频率显著降低（P < 0.05）;冬季奶牛血中白细胞计数（WBC）、红细胞计数（RBC）、血红蛋白（HGB）、红细胞压积（HCT）、血小板总数（PLT）、血小板压积（PCT）、单核细胞数（MO）、淋巴细胞数（LY）极显著或显著升高（P < 0.01;P < 0.05）;除红细胞压积（HCT）、白细胞计数外,其他各指标在初冬与深冬间差异不显著（P > 0.05）;红细胞平均体积（MCV）在各季节间变化不显著（P > 0.05）;与秋季相比,初冬、深冬奶牛平均日产奶量（AMY）分别下降0.71和1.17 kg/d（P < 0.01）;初冬乳脂率（FP）、乳蛋白率（PP）、脂蛋比（F/P）显著或极显著下降（P < 0.05;P<0.01）,深冬时期恢复至秋季水平（P > 0.05）;乳中非脂肪固体物质率（SP）在初冬显著下降,在深冬显著上升（P < 0.05）;初冬、深冬乳中体细胞数（SCC）分别比秋季高1.84×10⁵、1.63×10⁵ 个/mL（P < 0.05）;乳糖率（LP）及酸度在各时期均无显著差异（P > 0.05）。综合以上结果,冀北寒区荷斯坦奶牛在秋季处于非应激状态,在初冬和深冬处于中度低温应激状态,且牛群的生理指标和产奶性能受气候影响较为严重;奶牛血液红细胞、白细胞、淋巴细胞和单核细胞数为受气候影响变化较为灵敏的血液常规指标。     

南方地区发酵床奶牛舍四个季节舍内环境卫生指标比较

试验旨在比较分析南方地区发酵床奶牛舍四个季节舍内环境卫生指标。主要测定了舍内温度、相对湿度、噪音、细菌密度、氨气浓度和温湿度指数等指标并分析了其间的相关性。结果表明:温度在四季间差异显著(P<0.05),夏季高达32.43℃,冬季低至1.53℃;春季、夏季和秋季的相对湿度显著高于冬季(P<0.05);温湿度指数(THI)在四季间差异显著(P<0.05);夏季和冬季的噪音显著高于春季和秋季(P<0.05);春季和秋季的细菌密度显著高于夏季和冬季(P<0.05);夏季氨气浓度为3.92 mg/m^3,显著高于其他季节的(P<0.05)。相关分析表明,一年中,牛舍温度与THI呈正高度相关关系(P<0.01),其余指标间相关性不高(|r|<0.70)或不相关(P>0.05)。另外,季节内的环境指标相关性分析表明:秋、冬季的温度和THI间皆呈正相关(P<0.01),冬季的温度与细菌密度呈正相关(P<0.05);春季的THI、噪音和细菌密度三者之间均呈正相关(P<0.05);秋季的氨气浓度与噪音高度也呈正相关关系(P<0.01)。综上,南方地区发酵床奶牛舍内,四季的环境卫生指标均达到了卫生标准,但夏季THI较高为85.36,奶牛易处于中度热应激状态。     

肉牛舍温热环境对肉牛生理指标的影响

肉牛舍的温热环境指标如温度、相对湿度、风速,对肉牛的健康和增重有重要的影响,而且也影响着饲料的采食量及利用率。为了解肉牛舍气温、相对湿度和风速对肉牛直肠温度和呼吸率的影响,对肉牛舍温热环境指标和肉牛的生理指标进行了测定、分析。结果表明:肉牛舍内、外的6个测点,在同一时刻,温度、相对湿度指标均无显著差异(P>0.05),牛舍内、外不同测定点通风效果存在差异;新型牛舍与河南省的气候条件相适应,在豫南地区甚至河南省都可以推行。