北方地区大型钟楼式奶牛舍空气环境的评价

试验对北方地区某大型钟楼式奶牛舍一年内不同季节舍内、外的空气环境指标,包括温热环境指标、CO₂和NH₃含量、空气中的粉尘和微生物含量进行测定,旨在了解其变化规律,评价其是否满足奶牛健康生产的要求,以便为北方地区奶牛舍的设计和日常管理提供理论依据。结果表明,所测指标随季节或时间均呈现出一定的变化规律;所监测奶牛舍夏季舍内风速低于标准,中午（14∶00）舍内温度超过27 ℃,温湿指数（THI）>69,奶牛在夏季产生轻度的热应激;除此以外,在不同时间、不同位点监测的其他各项空气环境指标均符合奶牛的饲养标准。综合测定结果,试验所监测的钟楼式奶牛舍较适合北方地区的奶牛养殖,但建议增加防暑降温措施,以减少奶牛在夏季产生的热应激。     

Annual Dynamic Research of Thermal Environment of Dairy Cowshed in Free Stall-feeding with Window

The objective of this study was to investigate the annual dynamic of thermal environment of dairy cowshed in free stall-feeding with window. Through continuous detection of the dairy cowshed for 12 months of air temperature, relative humidity and wind speed, the annual variations in these 3 parameters were analyzed. The results indicated that the indoor air temperature was high at noon and low in both the morning and evening, while the opposite tendency in the relative humidity was observed. The indoor air temperature was above 25℃ for 7.5 to 10 h daily in summer, especially in June, the indoor air temperature was higher than outdoor air temperature. In December, the indoor wind speed was almost 0 m/s. From the comprehensive index analysis, during the period of 09:30~19:30 in summer, the temperature humidity index (THI) was above 72, which made dairy cows suffer from mild heat stress. The wind chill temperature (WCT) was not below -10℃ in winter, and the dairy cows did not suffer from cold stress. In conclusion, not only heatstroke prevention in summer but also ventilation enhanced in winter for this dairy cowshed should be paid more attention.     

舍饲散栏有窗奶牛舍温热环境的年动态研究

为研究寒区奶牛舍温热环境的年动态变化,试验选择河北省承德市某规模化奶牛场一栋散栏有窗奶牛舍,连续12个月监测舍内外的气温、相对湿度和风速并分析其规律。结果表明,全年奶牛舍内、外气温均表现为中午高、早晚低的规律性变化,相对湿度则表现出相反的规律。夏季（6~8月）每天有7.5~10 h舍内气温高于25℃,且在6月出现了舍内气温高于舍外气温的现象。12月舍内风速几乎全天为0 m/s。从综合指数分析,夏季每天09∶30~19∶30（10 h）舍内温湿指数（THI）均超过72,奶牛处于轻度热应激状态;冬季的风寒温度（WCT）均未低于－10℃,奶牛不遭受冷应激。综合以上结果,对于寒区散栏有窗奶牛舍,夏季应加强防暑降温措施,冬季加强通风换气。     

冀中平原奶牛舍温热环境评价及温热参数与生理指标的相关性分析

试验旨在评价冀中平原地区四季奶牛舍的温热环境，并分析温热参数与奶牛生理指标的相关性。选择3栋不同建筑结构的奶牛舍，对各舍温湿度和奶牛的呼吸频率、直肠温度和体表温度等生理指标进行检测。结果显示，奶牛舍四季环境温湿度和温湿指数（THI）变化显著（P<0.05），其中夏季日均温最高，为28.59 ℃；冬季日均温最低，为1.55 ℃。奶牛夏季每天平均15.5 h遭受轻度热应激，6.0 h遭受中度热应激；冬季每天平均12.0 h遭受轻度冷应激。除冬季外，各季节不同牛舍的温度和THI均未表现出显著差异（P>0.05）。相比带矮墙或卷帘的棚舍，仅设顶子的棚舍夏季平均温度要高0.80~1.27 ℃，冬季低1.36~1.84 ℃。另外，夏季奶牛各项生理指标极显著高于其他季节（P<0.01），且夏季不同舍奶牛的呼吸频率和直肠温度均表现出显著差异（P<0.05），体表温度各季节差异均达显著水平（P<0.05）。从环境温湿参数与奶牛生理参数的相关性分析可看出，各项生理参数（呼吸频率、直肠温度和体表温度）与THI、环境温度均呈显著正相关（P<0.05），但与湿度未表现出显著相关性（P>0.05）。本研究可为奶牛舍环境的评价提供科学依据，并通过环境温热参数的检测推断奶牛生理状况，为应激的发生及预警提供数据。     

Evaluation of Thermal Environment of Cowshed and Correlation Analysis Between Thermal Parameter and Physiological Parameter of Dairy Cows in Central Plain of Hebei

The purpose of this study was to evaluate thermal environment of cowshed in four seasons in central plain of Hebei,and analyze the correlation between the temperature parameters and physiological indexes of dairy cows.Three dairy cow houses with different building structures were selected,the thermal parameters (ambient temperature (Ta) and relative humidity (RH)) and physiological parameters (respiratory rate,rectal temperature and body surface temperature) were detected.The results showed that the Ta,RH and index of temperature and humidity (THI) changed significantly in four seasons (P<0.05),the average daily temperature in summer was the highest (28.59 ℃),and the average daily temperature in winter was the lowest (1.55 ℃).In summer,dairy cows were suffering from mild heat stress for 15.5 h every day,and from moderate heat stress for 6.0 h.In winter,dairy cows were under mild cold stress for an average of 12.0 h per day.The Ta and THI of three cowsheds in each season had no significant differece (P>0.05),except for that in winter.Compared with the cowshed with low wall or roller blind,the average Ta in the cowshed with only roof was 0.80-1.27 ℃ higher in summer and 1.36-1.84 ℃ lower in winter.In addition,the physiological parameters of dairy cows were extremely significantly higher in summer than those in other seasons (P<0.01).The respiration frequency or rectal temperature of cows among cowsheds in summer were significantly different (P<0.05),and the seasonal difference in body surface temperature was significant (P<0.05).Correlation analysis of thermal parameters and cow physiological parameters showed that the respiratory frequency,rectal temperature and body surface temperature were positively correlated with THI and Ta (P<0.05).However,there was no significant correlation between physiological parameters and RH (P>0.05).The results provided scientific basis for environment evaluation of cows,and physiological status of dairy cows were inferred according to environmental thermal parameters,which provided data for occurrence and early warning of stress.     

Evaluation of the Environmental Indices in a Beef Cattle Farm in the North of Xinjiang

In order to obtain the basic information of the environmental situation for beef cattle production in Yili area,the environmental indices detected from a typical collective beef cattle farm were evaluated.CO₂,NH₃ and CH₄,luminosity,temperature,humidity and noise,PM10 and TSP of the beef cattle cowshed were measured for consecutive 10 days in the spring.The results showed that in the spring,the daylight time was about 10 h from 08:00 to 18:00,and the average value of luminosity,temperature,humidity and noise were 105.61 Lux,16.30 ℃,49.56% and 64.59 dB,respectively;The average value of CH₄,CO₂ and NH₃ concentrations were 0.09,880.91 and 0.51 mg/m³,respectively;The average value of PM10 and TSP concentrations were 0.030 and 0.010 mg/m³,respectively.By zooming in the day and hour fluctuation of above measured environmental indices it was found that the average temperature in this cowshed was over the maximum limit of national standard from 11:00 to 24:00 lasting for about 13 hours.It was concluded that the general environment in this area was suitable for beef cattle production except the temperature in this cowshed needs to be improved for providing better welfare for beef cattle.     

夏季减轻奶牛热应激的几项基本措施

热应激对奶牛生产有着极其重大的影响,直接导致采食量减少,产奶量下降,繁殖性能降低,本文从生产实际出发,分别从夏季搭建凉棚,保证充足饮水,提高日粮中精料比值,包括精料中能量、蛋白水平和矿物质的补充,调整饲喂时间及方法,注意牛舍通风,搞好牛体及环境卫生等措施,减少奶牛的热应激。     

新疆北疆地区某集约化肉牛养殖场春季环境指标评价

为了解新疆伊犁地区昭苏县肉牛养殖环境状况,评价其环境质量,本研究对该县某典型集约化肉牛养殖场的相关环境指标进行了测定。采用DT-8820四合一多功能环境表(光照强度、温度、湿度、噪音)、智能气体检测报警仪(二氧化碳(CO₂)、氨气(NH₃)、甲烷(CH₄))和LD-5C微电脑激光粉尘仪(可吸入颗粒物(PM10)和总悬浮颗粒物(TSP))对新疆昭苏县某集约化肉牛养殖场肉牛舍春季(4月下旬)上述环境指标进行为期10 d的测定。结果表明,该牛舍春季每天采光时间为08:00~18:00,约10 h;光照强度、温度、湿度和噪音平均值分别为105.61 Lux、16.30 ℃、49.56%和64.59 dB;CH₄、CO₂和NH₃浓度平均值分别为0.09、880.91和0.51 mg/m³;PM10和TSP浓度平均值分别为0.030和0.010 mg/m³。通过对上述指标的日周期和时周期变化可发现牛舍平均温度超过国标最高限值,持续时间为11:00~24:00,约13 h。综上所述,除牛舍温度指标外,该牛舍测定的各项环境指标参数均符合畜禽养殖环境标准,该牛舍春季环境较适宜肉牛生产,但需要采取相应措施对牛舍温度进行调节以保证动物的福利需求。     

Study on Fans Cooling of Dairy Cowshed with Free Stall in Northern Mountainous Region of Hebei in Summer

The present objective of the study was to investigate the effect of fans cooling on dairy cow in northern mountainous region of Hebei in summer.Two cowsheds with the same structure and feeding technics were used to investigate the effect of fans on indoor temperature and humidity, physiological parameters and milking performance of dairy cow.The results showed that the average ambient temperature in cowshed with fans was 1.5℃ lower than that of the control cowshed, and the average wind velocity was 0.49 m/s higher than that of the control cowshed, reaching to 0.66 m/s.Temperature-humidity index (THI) of cowshed with fans was significantly lower than that of the control shed during the period of fans running (P<0.05).Besides, the rectal temperature and respiration rate of dairy cows in cowshed with fans were significantly lower than of the control cowshed (P<0.05), and the milk yield per cow per day was 17.0% higher than that of the control cowshed (P<0.05), however, the milk fat, milk protein and milk sugar were no significant difference from the control (P>0.05).Overall, fans could decrease indoor environment, moderate heat stress and increase performance and health of dairy cows in northern mountainous region of Hebei.     

冀北山区散栏奶牛舍夏季风机降温效果的研究

试验旨在研究冀北山区夏季奶牛舍风机的降温效果。选择结构和饲养工艺相似的两栋舍饲散栏牛舍,分析安装风机对舍内温热环境、奶牛生理指标及产奶性能的影响。结果表明,安装风机舍的昼夜均温比对照舍低1.5℃,平均风速比对照舍高0.49 m/s,可达0.66 m/s。风机开启期间安装风机舍温湿指数(THI)显著低于对照舍(P<0.05)。此外,安装风机舍的奶牛直肠温度和呼吸频率显著低于对照舍(P<0.05),且每头牛每天产奶量比对照舍显著提高了17.0%(P<0.05),但乳脂率、乳蛋白和乳糖与对照舍相比差异均不显著(P>0.05)。由此可见,冀北山区奶牛舍安装风机可改善舍内温热环境,缓解奶牛热应激,提高奶牛的产奶性能。     

浅谈热应激对奶牛的影响及调控措施

在炎热的夏季,热应激会导致奶牛生理机能发生紊乱,采食量下降,生产性能降低,甚至导致奶牛发病,严重者造成死亡。预防夏季奶牛热应激的发生,为奶牛创造适宜的、良好的饲养环境,可使奶牛安全、顺利地度过炎热的夏季,防止热应激造成不必要的损失。笔者等从奶牛热应激发生的原因与生理机制入手,综合论述热应激对奶牛的危害和预防热应激的调控措施。     

西北地区冬季肉牛养殖环境控制及管理措施研究

为了改善西北地区冬季肉牛养殖的环境、福利状况,提高肉牛生产水平,试验将环境控制(控制牛舍通风、铺加垫料、增加清粪次数)和管理措施(饮用温水)应用于实际生产,并通过检测牛舍环境、牛体清洁度、日增重等指标来评价改进措施的综合应用效果。结果表明:控制牛舍通风、铺加垫料、增加清粪次数能显著提高牛舍内最低气温和地面温度,对牛舍内日平均气温没有显著影响;降低舍内风速的同时增加了湿度、二氧化碳和氨气浓度,但总的来说在一定程度上改善了牛舍内的环境状况;对牛体清洁度、日增重没有显著影响。说明给牛饮10℃的温水能显著提高肉牛日增重,值得推广。     

新疆阿克苏地区初冬时节肉牛舍环境空气质量的测定与评价

[目的]为了解新疆阿克苏地区初冬时节肉牛舍的环境空气质量情况,对肉牛舍的环境空气质量进行了评价。[方法]对阿克苏地区具有代表性的肉牛养殖场的1栋牛舍中的CO2、NH3、CH4和H2S4种主要有害气体以及空气中的PMl0、TSP进行现场测定,并对牛舍的环境空气质量进行分析评价。[结果]测定结果显示,肉牛舍的环境空气质量指标中CO：平均浓度为404mg/m3;NH3平均浓度为4.0mg/m3;CH4和H2S平均浓度〈0mg/m3;PMl0平均浓度为0.04mg／m3;TSP平均浓度为1.222mg/m3;C02、NH3、CH4、H2S、PMl0、TSP最高浓度和日平均浓度均低于：畜禽舍的环境空气质量标准。[结论]该肉牛舍的空气质量属于清洁级别,符合肉牛养殖环境标准。     

LPCV牛舍夏季湿帘风机系统运行模拟分析

为研究LPCV牛舍夏季舍内环境变化规律,为LPCV牛舍提供合理的湿帘风机运行方案,本文以沈阳地区某六排低屋面横向通风牛舍为研究对象,采用计算流体动力学(Computational fluid dynamics,CFD)方法,分别在沈阳夏季设计工况和极端最热工况下对舍内环境进行三维数值模拟,分析两种工况条件下舍内的温度和...     

北方农牧交错区奶牛场舍内外温热环境指标的监测与评价

本试验选择内蒙古西部农牧交错区某奶牛场作为试验地点,对泌乳牛舍一年四季空气温热环境指标进行了监测与评价,以供牛舍设计与管理者参考。测定结果显示,北方农牧交错地区建造封闭式牛舍,夏季应考虑增加通风降温措施,而冬季则应考虑如何解决保温与通风之间的矛盾。     

南方地区发酵床奶牛舍四个季节舍内环境卫生指标比较

试验旨在比较分析南方地区发酵床奶牛舍四个季节舍内环境卫生指标。主要测定了舍内温度、相对湿度、噪音、细菌密度、氨气浓度和温湿度指数等指标并分析了其间的相关性。结果表明:温度在四季间差异显著(P<0.05),夏季高达32.43℃,冬季低至1.53℃;春季、夏季和秋季的相对湿度显著高于冬季(P<0.05);温湿度指数(THI)在四季间差异显著(P<0.05);夏季和冬季的噪音显著高于春季和秋季(P<0.05);春季和秋季的细菌密度显著高于夏季和冬季(P<0.05);夏季氨气浓度为3.92 mg/m^3,显著高于其他季节的(P<0.05)。相关分析表明,一年中,牛舍温度与THI呈正高度相关关系(P<0.01),其余指标间相关性不高(|r|<0.70)或不相关(P>0.05)。另外,季节内的环境指标相关性分析表明:秋、冬季的温度和THI间皆呈正相关(P<0.01),冬季的温度与细菌密度呈正相关(P<0.05);春季的THI、噪音和细菌密度三者之间均呈正相关(P<0.05);秋季的氨气浓度与噪音高度也呈正相关关系(P<0.01)。综上,南方地区发酵床奶牛舍内,四季的环境卫生指标均达到了卫生标准,但夏季THI较高为85.36,奶牛易处于中度热应激状态。     

陕西关中地区肉牛舍内外空气质量时空变化观测分析

[目的]旨在研究不同建筑类型肉牛舍空气中有害气体(NH_3、CO_2、H_2S)、细菌和真菌含量的时空分布变化情况,并分析微生物在舍内外(包括场内和场外)的空间分布规律。[方法]选择陕西省关中地区牛舍为分别为半开放式、开放式和封闭式的3个肉牛养殖场,对其舍内外不同时段的细菌和真菌以及有害气体、温度、湿度等进行同步检测分析。[结果]结果表明,测试期间,三类牛舍的氨气浓度、硫化氢浓度、二氧化碳浓度均在畜禽场环境质量标准允许范围内,而细菌与真菌在部分时间和地点超标,封闭式牛舍的空气质量要明显差于半开放式牛舍与全开放牛舍。[结论]不同建筑类型、不同时间段各牛舍空气质量基本符合国家标准,基本能满足肉牛生长育肥需求,封闭式牛舍需要制定合理的通风换气方案。     

卷帘舍环境参数与奶牛泌乳性能及行为的相关性分析

旨在分析卷帘舍环境参数与奶牛泌乳性能及行为的相关性。本研究选择南北纵墙安装自动卷帘的全舍饲奶牛舍,存栏约200头5～6岁经产的健康荷斯坦泌乳奶牛(3～4胎,体重(650±100) kg)。通过检测该卷帘舍一个自然年度的环境参数,研究温热参数(温、湿度和风速)、气载微生物(细菌和真菌)、粉尘(PM_2.5和PM₁₀)和有害气体(二氧化碳(CO₂)和氨气(NH₃))与泌乳性能和行为的相关性。结果表明：1)各项环境参数均表现出季节性规律。真菌(1 049.91 cfu·m^-3)和两种粉尘(PM_2.5=17.86μg·m^-3;PM₁₀=193.07μg·m^-3)含量夏季最高,细菌含量秋季最高(1.11×10⁴ cfu·m^-3),而CO₂和NH₃浓度冬季最高(1 302.85 mg·m^-3;2....     

乳牛舍内环境空气中细菌数量与乳房炎的关系研究

采用自然沉降法对规模化泌乳奶牛舍内消毒前后空气细菌含量进行检测,同时对泌乳牛群进行乳房炎调查,对乳房炎奶牛乳汁中病原菌分离鉴定。结果表明,不同的牛舍不同的培养基其结果均不相同,NA培养基菌落数最高达77.8×103cfu/m3,S.S培养基在多个分布点无细菌生长。牛舍经过消毒后环境空气中的细菌总数大幅度减少,运动场空气细菌总数明显低于舍内。奶牛乳房炎的发生率与牛舍环境空气中的细菌总数呈正相关,细菌总数多的牛舍奶牛乳房炎的发病率也高。环境空气中和乳房炎奶牛乳汁中同时分离到金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、伤寒沙门氏菌、肺炎克雷伯氏菌等。     

热应激对奶牛机体的影响及防控措施

随着全球气候变暖,以及奶牛产奶性能的提高,热应激成了影响我国奶牛生产的一大难题,尤其在南方高温高湿的夏季,奶牛极易发生热应激。本文就热应激对奶牛产奶量、乳品质和繁殖性能的影响等方面进行了综述,并提出了一些预防奶牛热应激的措施,以期指导生产实践,提高奶牛养殖的经济效益。