德系西门塔尔牛与荷斯坦牛及其杂种后代育肥及屠宰性能研究

为研究德系西门塔尔牛与荷斯坦牛及其杂交后代的育肥及屠宰性能,实验选择5月龄、体重150~200kg的健康公牛15头,其中荷斯坦公牛、西×荷杂种一代公牛(简称西荷杂种牛)、德系西门塔尔公牛各5头,育肥372 d后屠宰测定。结果表明:德系西门塔尔与西荷杂种牛的全期增重、胴体重、净肉重显著高于荷斯坦(P0.05);西荷杂种牛屠宰率、皮率显著高于荷斯坦(P0.05),而德系西门塔尔与荷斯坦则达到极显著水平(P0.01);德系西门塔与西荷杂种牛净肉率均极显著高于荷斯坦(P0.01);德系西门塔尔的肉骨比显著高于荷斯坦(P0.05);德系西门塔尔、西荷杂种牛与荷斯坦三者皮厚之间两两比较均差异显著(P0.05),且德系西门塔尔与荷斯坦差异极显著(P0.01);德系西门塔尔牛的眼肌面积显著高于荷斯坦牛(P0.05);除胴体产肉率、肉骨比和皮厚外,其余生长、胴体性状各指标杂种优势率均为正值;除肉的pH、系水力外,其余肉质性状杂种优势率为负值。由此可见,西荷杂种一代的生长性能、胴体性能较其母本品种荷斯坦牛有较大程度提高。     

平凉红牛生长性状及胴体性状育种值预计趋势研究

为开展平凉红牛生长性状与胴体性状育种值预计趋势研究，本实验以296头平凉红牛（274头母牛、22头公牛）的育种值预计趋势数据为基础，与美国主要肉牛品种育种值预计趋势进行对比，并开展生长性状与胴体性状间相关性分析，绘制生长性状与胴体性状标准化评分雷达图。研究结果显示，平凉红牛RFI、ADG、WWT、YWT育种值的遗传趋势较安格斯牛、利木赞牛及西门塔尔牛逊色，即各项生长性状的发育较其他品种肉牛慢；平凉红牛Marb、Fat育种值的预计趋势评分高于利木赞牛，但较安格斯与西门塔尔牛低；REA育种值的预计趋势评分较安格斯、西门塔尔及利木赞牛高；HCW育种值的预计趋势评分较安格斯、西门塔尔及利木赞牛低；生长性状中除RFI与胴体性状育种值预计趋势呈一定程度的负相关外，其余指标与胴体性状均呈正相关。本实验研究结果表明，平凉红牛与其他品种肉牛相比，在胴体性状特别是眼肌面积方面表现优秀，因此今后平凉红牛选育工作重点可放在高档肉培育方面。     

肉牛的快速育肥技术

可选用夏洛来、利木赞、西门塔尔、皮埃蒙特等国外引进优良肉牛品种或肉乳兼用公牛与我国黄牛母牛杂交的后代,也可利用我国地方黄牛良种如秦川牛、南阳牛、晋南牛、鲁西牛、延边牛等进行育肥,这些牛具有良好的肉用性能,通过科学饲养和催肥,可以生产出高档牛肉。     

西门塔尔牛、和牛与荷斯坦牛杂种优势预测及实际杂交效果分析

旨在利用覆盖全基因组和性状的特异性SNPs标记预测和牛、西门塔尔牛与荷斯坦牛杂种优势,为牛杂种优势利用和选种选配提供参考依据。本研究分别利用牛Illumina Bovine HD 770 K和GGP Bovine 100 K芯片对464头和牛、1 222头西门塔尔牛和43头荷斯坦牛3个亲本群体进行基因型分型,并通过牛QTLs数据库筛选与目的性状对应的QTLs,对比牛参考基因组映射得到与初生重、周岁重、胴体重性状相关的特异性SNPs;然后构建覆盖全基因组和性状特异性SNPs两种标记状态同源矩阵,通过计算杂交组合亲本间的遗传距离来预测品种间杂种优势,并利用配合力分析验证较优组合的实际杂交效果。结果表明,基于全基因组和性状特异性SNPs计算的各杂交组合遗传距离差异不显著。在全基因组水平上,西门塔尔牛♂×荷斯坦牛♀（S×H）与和牛♂×荷斯坦牛♀（W×H）亲本间杂交组合遗传距离分别为0.346 1和0.338 9;在初生重、周岁重和胴体重性状上,S×H亲本间遗传距离分别为0.343 1、0.348 7和0.336 7,而W×H遗传距离分别为0.337 6、0.340 7和0.329 2;两种SNPs标记计算的遗传距离均为S×H较大,W×H次之。因此,在初生重、周岁重、胴体重性状上,S×H为较优杂交组合。通过分析德系西门塔尔牛♂×荷斯坦牛♀实际杂交群体的配合力,发现10个父系在初生重性状上一般配合力和特殊配合力均为正效应,最高效应值分别达到3.760 9和8.931 2。西门塔尔牛与荷斯坦牛杂交可在初生重、周岁重和胴体重获得较高的杂种优势。     

夏季高温对不同品种种公牛精液生产指标的影响

选择荷斯坦、夏洛来、利木赞、西门塔尔、皮埃蒙特种公牛各2头作为实验牛,研究夏季高温对各品种种公牛精液生产指标的影响差异。结果表明:①从采精量来看,夏洛来的每次采精量极显著(P<0.01)高于西门塔尔、利木赞和皮埃蒙特,显著(P<0.05)高于荷斯坦。②从原精液的密度来看,利木赞的原精液密度极显著(P<0.01)高于夏洛来、西门塔尔、皮埃蒙特。荷斯坦的原精液密度极显著(P<0.01)高于夏洛来、西门塔尔、皮埃蒙特。③从冻精生产数来看,荷斯坦与夏洛来、西门塔尔、利木赞、皮埃蒙特存在极显著(P<0.01)差异。夏洛来与皮埃蒙特差异极显著(P<0.01)。     

不同品种牛肉用性能与经济效益比较分析

试验旨在比较分析德系西门塔尔牛、荷斯坦牛及其杂种后代牛的肉用性能与育肥经济效益。选择5月龄左右、体重在150~200 kg之间的健康公牛15头,其中荷斯坦公牛、西荷杂种一代公牛、德系西门塔尔公牛各5头,分组育肥后称重、屠宰并测算。结果显示:德系西门塔尔牛、西荷杂种牛的全期增重、平均日增重、胴体重、净肉重均显著高于荷斯坦牛(P0.05);西荷杂种牛屠宰率显著高于荷斯坦牛(P0.05),而德系西门塔尔牛屠宰率与荷斯坦牛之间差异极显著(P0.01);在净肉率指标上,也表现为德系西门塔尔牛与西荷杂种牛极显著高于荷斯坦牛(P0.01)。在同等条件下,不考虑人工、设备折旧、水电及市场等因素影响,德系西门塔尔牛与西荷杂种牛的收益要远高于荷斯坦牛。综上所述,德系西门塔尔牛、西荷杂种后代牛与荷斯坦牛相比,具有更优的肉用性能,且屠宰后的综合收益更高,德系西门塔尔牛改良中低产荷斯坦牛的杂交模式可以推广应用。     

肉牛的快速育肥技术

1 肥育牛的选择 1.1 品种 可选用夏洛来、利木赞、西门塔尔、皮埃蒙特等国外引进优良肉牛品种或肉乳兼用公牛与我国黄牛母牛杂交的后代,也可利用我国地方黄牛良种如秦川牛、南阳牛、晋南牛、鲁西牛、延边牛等进行育肥,这些牛具有良好的肉用性能,通过科学饲养和催肥,可以生产出高档牛肉.     

牛DGAT2基因第6内含子MspI-RFLPs和TaqI-RFLPs及其与牛经济性状相关性研究

利用PCR-RFLPs方法分析牛DGAT2基因第5、6和7内含子内部的MspI和TaqI等11种酶切多态性,并在第6内含子检测到MspI-RFLPs和TaqI-RFLPs 2个多态位点。分析表明,该MspI-RFLPs普遍存在于鲁西牛、晋南牛、秦川牛、利木赞×鲁西牛、西门塔尔×延边牛、夏洛来×延边牛、安格斯×延边牛和三河牛、中国荷斯坦牛等9个试验群体中,TaqI-RFLPs只在鲁西牛、晋南牛和秦川牛3个地方品种和利木赞与鲁西牛的杂交群体中检测到,而且等位基因B(T碱基)在除鲁西牛外的群体中分布频率很低。统计分析表明,MspI-RFLPs与肉牛的体脂没有相关,但显著影响屠宰率,AA型个体的屠宰率显著高于AB和BB型(P<0.05)。DGAT2基因第6内含子MspI酶切多态性与三河牛群体平均乳脂率和平均干物质含量有极显著或显著的相关性(P<0.01和P<0.05),AA型个体的平均乳脂率和平均干物质含量均高于BB型个体的均值,但在荷斯坦牛群体中却没有得到相同的结果。研究分析了鲁西牛中TaqI-RFLPs的AA型与AB型个体之间屠宰性能的差异,结果表明这2种基因型与鲁西牛的屠宰性能没有显著的相关(P>0.05),有待在更大的鲁西牛群体中检验TaqI-RFLPs是否影响屠宰性状。     

德系西门塔尔×荷斯坦公牛的屠宰性能和肉质性状分析

为探讨德系西门塔尔牛冻精改良荷斯坦奶牛的后代西荷杂公牛（西门塔尔×荷斯坦）育肥后的生长和屠宰性能、肉质性状的差异,为该品种改良荷斯坦奶牛杂交模式提供基础,本试验分别选取9头22月龄的西荷杂公牛和荷斯坦奶牛公牛,在相同日粮水平和相同饲养管理条件下饲养166 d后屠宰,分别测定2组公牛的生长性能、屠宰性能及肉质性状。结果表明：西荷杂公牛在空体重、胴体重、净肉重、肉骨比、屠宰率和净肉率上较荷斯坦牛有较大幅度提高,尤其是西荷杂交公牛的特级肉块、高档肉块、优质肉块和一般肉块重高于荷斯坦公牛（P<0.05）,但2种牛的一般肉块总重占总肉重的比例差异不显著;在肉质性状方面西荷杂交公牛的背最长肌和股二头肌的蛋白质含量和肌纤维密度高于荷斯坦公牛(P<0.05),肌纤维剪切力低于荷斯坦公牛(P<0.05)。西荷杂交公牛在胴体性状方面杂交优势明显,在净肉重、屠宰率、净肉率上较荷斯坦牛有较大幅度提高,尤其是肌肉的蛋白质含量增加较为突出,此外,西荷杂交公牛背最长肌和股二头肌肉质较嫩。     

种公牛阴囊周径与其体重、体高间的相关性研究

测定了山东银香伟业集团中大种公牛站1998～2003年引进的西门塔尔(XM)、盖普威(德国黄牛GL)、利木赞(LM)、荷斯坦(HS)四个品种62头种公牛阴囊周径(SC)、体高,体重,并对SC与体重、体高、年龄进行相关性分析.结果表明:西门塔尔、盖普威(德国黄牛)、利木赞、荷斯坦这四个品种的SC与体重、体高呈正相关,并且同品种不同年龄阶段SC与体重、体高呈高度正相关,同品种不同年龄阶段以及不同品种的同一年龄阶段,SC表现为差异显著(P＜0.05).为引进牛品种的选育工作提供依据.     

Genetic parameters for carcass traits and their live animal indicators in Simmental cattle

The objective of this study was to estimate parameters required for genetic evaluation of Simmental carcass merit using carcass and live animal data. Carcass weight, fat thickness, longissimus muscle area, and marbling score were available from 5,750 steers and 1,504 heifers sired by Simmental bulls. Additionally, yearling ultrasound measurements of fat thickness, longissimus muscle area, and estimated percentage of intramuscular fat were available on Simmental bulls (n = 3,409) and heifers (n = 1,503). An extended pedigree was used to construct the relationship matrix (n = 23,968) linking bulls and heifers with ultrasound data to steers and heifers with carcass data. All data were obtained from the American Simmental Association. No animal had both ultrasound and carcass data. Using an animal model and treating corresponding ultrasound and carcass traits separately, genetic parameters were estimated using restricted maximum likelihood. Heritability estimates for carcass traits were 0.48 +/- 0.06, 0.35 +/- 0.05, 0.46 +/- 0.05, and 0.54 +/- 0.05 for carcass weight, fat thickness, longissimus muscle area, and marbling score, respectively. Heritability estimates for bull (heifer) ultrasound traits were 0.53 +/- 0.07 (0.69 +/- 0.09), 0.37 +/- 0.06 (0.51 +/- 0.09), and 0.47 +/- 0.06 (0.52 +/- 0.09) for fat thickness, longissimus muscle area, and intramuscular fat percentage, respectively. Heritability of weight at scan was 0.47 +/- 0.05. Using a bivariate weight model including scan weight of bulls and heifers with carcass weight of slaughter animals, a genetic correlation of 0.77 +/- 0.10 was obtained. Models for fat thickness, longissimus muscle area, and marbling score were each trivariate, including ultrasound measurements on yearling bulls and heifers, and corresponding carcass traits of slaughter animals. Genetic correlations of carcass fat thickness with bull and heifer ultrasound fat were 0.79 +/- 0.13 and 0.83 +/- 0.12, respectively. Genetic correlations of carcass longissimus muscle area with bull and heifer ultrasound longissimus muscle area were 0.80 +/- 0.11 and 0.54 +/- 0.12, respectively. Genetic correlations of carcass marbling score with bull and heifer ultrasound intramuscular fat percentage were 0.74 +/- 0.11 and 0.69 +/- 0.13, respectively. These results provide the parameter estimates necessary for genetic evaluation of Simmental carcass merit using both data from steer and heifer carcasses, and their ultrasound indicators on yearling bulls and heifers.     

贵州不同杂交肉牛生产性能的研究

为了探讨西门塔尔牛、安格斯牛、利木赞牛改良本地黄牛的效果,选取18～20月龄,体重280±15.8 kg的西本杂、安本杂及利本杂F1代公牛各20头,按品种分为3组;以青贮玉米和白酒糟为基础粗料,经过6个月的集中肥育,研究杂交肉牛肥育效果与品种的关系,进而分析各项屠宰指标.结果表明：西本杂的平均日增重和料肉比最高,利本杂的日增重和料肉比最低;西本杂、安本杂的宰前活重、胴体重、屠宰率和高档肉重与利本杂相比,差异极显著（P＜0.01）,净肉率和骨肉比值差异显著（P＜0.05）;3组试验牛的大理石纹等级和背膘厚度差异不显著（P＞0.05）.     

湘西黄牛杂交组合育肥及肉质性能研究

选取18月龄湘西黄牛、西本（西门塔尔牛×湘西黄牛）、利本（利木赞牛×湘西黄牛）、西西本（西门塔尔牛×西本）、利西本（利木赞牛×西本）共24头,于舍饲条件下补饲精料,进行70d的育肥试验。结果表明：利西本三元杂交牛的增重水平和育肥效益明显优于其他组合和湘西黄牛,利西本三元杂交牛的日增重1.21 kg;屠宰率58.44%,净肉率47.68%;胴体质量与产量等级评定表明：利西本三元杂交牛牛肉指标达到了特级标准;产量达到了国内优质高档牛肉的重量标准。肉质特性测定表明：利本杂交牛肉品大理石纹较为丰富,利西本杂交牛肉品较细嫩、柔软;各组合间氨基酸含量差异不显著（P〉0.05）,而利西本和湘西黄牛臀肌总氨基酸含量、必需氨基酸含量显著高于背肌（P〈0.05）,其他组合间差异不显著（P〉0.05）。     

Evaluation of performance characteristics in a diallel among Simmental, Limousin, Polled Hereford and Brahman beef cattle. II. Carcass traits

Evaluations of steer and heifer progeny from a diallel mating design of Simmental, Limousin, Polled Hereford and Brahman beef cattle over 5 yr are presented. Traits evaluated included final weight, hot carcass weight, ribeye area, 12th rib fat thickness, marbling score, yield grade, dressing percentage and percentage of kidney, pelvic and heart fat. Progeny of Simmental sires were heavier at slaughter than those with Brahman sires (P less than .05), but no differences were found for carcass weight. Dressing percentage was higher for Limousin crosses compared with progeny of other sire breeds (P less than .05). Similar results were found for dam breeds, except that progeny of Limousin dams had heavier carcasses with a higher dressing percentage (P less than .05) than Brahman crosses. Crosses of Limousin and Simmental had larger ribeye areas (P less than .05) compared with calves of the other breeds. Progeny of Polled Hereford dams had higher marbling scores and were fatter than progeny of dams of other breeds (P less than .05). Heterosis estimates were significant for all Brahman crosses for final weight, carcass weight and ribeye area, but these contrasts were negligible for other traits. Estimates of general combining ability were positive and significant for Simmental for final weight, carcass weight, ribeye area and marbling score and were significant and negative for Limousin for final weight, fat thickness and yield grade. Maternal values were generally small.     

Genetic parameters for EUROP carcass traits within different groups of cattle in Ireland

The first objective of this study was to test the ability of systems of weighing and classifying bovine carcasses used in commercial abattoirs in Ireland to provide information that can be used for the purposes of genetic evaluation of carcass weight, carcass fatness class, and carcass conformation class. Secondly, the study aimed to test whether genetic and phenotypic variances differed by breed of sire. Variance components for carcass traits were estimated for crosses between dairy cows and 8 breeds of sire commonly found in the Irish cattle population. These 8 breeds were Aberdeen Angus, Belgian Blue, Charolais, Friesian, Hereford, Holstein, Limousin, and Simmental. A multivariate animal model was used to estimate genetic parameters within the Holstein sire breed group. Univariate analyses were used to estimate variance components for the remaining 7 sire breed groups. Multivariate sire models were used to formally test differences in genetic variances in sire breed groups. Field data on 64,443 animals, which were slaughtered in commercial abattoirs between the ages of 300 and 875 d, were analyzed in 8 analyses. Carcass fat class and carcass conformation class were measured using the European Union beef carcass classification system (EUROP) scale. For all 3 traits, the sire breed group with the greatest genetic variance had a value of more than 8 times the sire breed group with least genetic variance. Heritabilities ranged from zero to moderate for carcass fatness class (0.00 to 0.40), from low to moderate for carcass conformation class (0.04 to 0.36), and from low to high for carcass weight (0.06 to 0.65). Carcass weight was the most heritable (0.26) of the 3 traits. Carcass conformation class and carcass fatness class were equally heritable (0.17). Genetic and phenotypic correlations were all positive in the Holstein sire breed group. The genetic correlations varied from 0.11 for the relationship between carcass weight and carcass fatness class to 0.44 for the relationship between carcass conformation class and carcass fatness class. Carcass weight and classification data collected in Irish abattoirs are useful for the purposes of genetic evaluation for beef traits of Irish cattle. There were significantly different variance components across the sire breed groups.     

西门塔尔牛与我国地方黄牛的杂种优势预测分析

旨在利用覆盖全基因组和与性状相关的SNPs标记分析西门塔尔牛和地方黄牛两个亲本群体的遗传结构,通过亲本种群之间的遗传距离预测不同杂交组合在生长、胴体和肉质性状上的杂种优势。本研究选择来自内蒙古锡林郭勒盟乌拉盖管理区牧场的1 222头西门塔尔牛和8个地方黄牛品种190头共组成8个杂交组合,对亲本群体进行遗传结构分析。利用牛770K SNP芯片对两个亲本群体进行基因型分型,通过牛QTL数据库筛选与目的性状对应的QTLs,对全基因组SNP位点进行映射分析得到与性状相关的SNP标记。利用两种SNP标记构建状态同源矩阵,计算各杂交组合亲本间的遗传距离。结果,所有亲本群体聚成3类,西门塔尔牛聚成一类,北方黄牛（蒙古牛、西藏牛和柴达木牛）聚成一类,南方黄牛（昭通牛、平武牛、南丹牛、文山牛和凉山牛）聚成一类。西门塔尔牛与北方黄牛在PCA图上的距离较近,说明两者之间亲缘关系相对较近,遗传背景差异较小。在各性状中,遗传距离最大的亲本组合都是西门塔尔牛与南丹牛杂交组合。除了大理石花纹评分性状是西门塔尔牛与昭通牛之间的遗传距离最小,其余性状遗传距离最小的亲本组合都是西门塔尔牛与平武牛杂交组合。据此推测,各性状杂种优势较优的可能组合是西门塔尔牛与南丹牛杂交组合。     

母牛难产的原因及解决方法

[目的]为了寻求本地黄牛母牛难产的原因和解决方法。[方法]2013年对5081头母牛的产犊情况进行统计分析。[结果]在统计产犊的母牛中,本地母牛为4018头,西本杂母牛为1063头,难产率最高的是本地母牛×西门塔尔,难产率为7.98%,其后依次为本地母牛×利木赞（6.55%）,西本杂母牛×西门塔尔（4.65%）,本地牛×安格斯（3.1%）,难产率最低的是本地母牛×本地公牛,难产率为0.85%。[结论]可采取科学选配、控制营养等方法来减少难产的发生率;采取科学的接产方法,能有效解决难产问题。     

Genetic and Environmental Influences on Semen Traits in A.I. Bulls

Contents: Repeatability and heritability coefficients were estimated for ejaculate volume, mass movement, individual motility, sperm concentration, first and second post-freezing control of motility, number of doses frozen, total number of spermatozoa and total number of motile spermatozoa per ejaculate in the first ten ejaculates of 175 Swiss Holstein and 673 Simmental young bulls (200 pure Simmental, 473 Simmental x Red Holstein crosses). Data were analysed using the univariate individual animal model with effects of interval between consecutive collections, age of bull at collection, season of collection, breed group of Simmental bulls according to percentage of Red Holstein genes, bull (within breed group) and permanent environment. Crossbred bulls had a better performance in all traits. Repeatability coefficients ranged from 0.28 to 0.46. They indicate that the prediction of semen quality in young bulls of the Swiss Holstein and the Simmental breed is possible to some extent. Heritabilities in Swiss Holstein bulls were generally very low and did usually not exceed 0.10, but standard errors of these estimates were high. Relatively high heritabilities (0.18–0.30) were found for Simmental bulls, Differences in heritabilities between these two breed groups were probably a consequence of the low number of Swiss Holstein bulls.     

鲁西牛不同杂交组合生产性能比较分析

试验旨在探索鲁西黄牛与不同优良肉牛品种的杂交效果，提高鲁西黄牛的生产性能。选取111头健康公牛分为4组：A组为29头利木赞牛×鲁西牛杂交牛（利鲁牛）；B组为26头西门塔尔牛×鲁西牛杂交牛（西鲁牛）；C组为27头和牛×鲁西牛杂交牛（和鲁牛）；D组为29头纯种鲁西牛。在相同饲养管理条件下进行育肥及屠宰试验，并对育肥效果进行综合分析。结果显示，利木赞牛、西门塔尔牛、和牛对鲁西牛均有较好的杂交改良效果；平均日增重以西鲁牛最高，极显著高于其他3组牛（P<0.01）；宰前活重、胴体重、屠宰率均以西鲁牛最高，显著高于其他3组牛（P<0.05）；和鲁牛大理石花纹沉积能力最强；日平均采食量和日平均饲料成本在各组间差异均不显著（P>0.05）。综合分析，从产肉量来讲，西鲁牛最佳；从大理石花纹沉积能力来讲，和鲁牛最佳。