黄粉虫蛹不同处理对人工繁育管氏肿腿蜂的影响

以黄粉虫蛹为寄主,开展人工繁育管氏肿腿蜂技术研究。结果表明:在28℃、相对湿度70%的条件下,黄粉虫1日龄蛹经过酒精浸泡或冷藏不同处理后再接蜂,可显著提高出蜂率及子代蜂产量。用75%酒精浸泡黄粉虫1日龄蛹2 h后接蜂,平均出蜂率达47.37%,出蜂管子代蜂平均产量达44.56头,其2∶3的虫蜂比为接蜂最佳组合;冷藏黄粉虫1日龄蛹3个月,平均出蜂率达48%,出蜂管子代蜂平均产量达45.92头。未经处理的黄粉虫1日龄蛹,肿腿蜂无法成功寄生。因此在适宜条件下,利用处理过的黄粉虫1日龄蛹人工繁育管氏肿腿蜂是可行的。     

黄粉虫蛹不同温度处理对人工繁育川硬皮肿腿蜂的影响

为了探究黄粉虫蛹不同温度处理对人工繁育川硬皮肿腿蜂的影响,该研究设置了5个处理温度(-10,-4,0,4,10℃)和3个处理时间(1,4,7d)。通过比较川硬皮肿腿蜂在不同处理蛹上的寄生率、繁蜂成功率、单管繁蜂量和出蜂效率4个繁育指标,筛选最适于繁蜂的寄主处理温度和处理时间。试验结果表明,相较于对照组,低温处理能够显著提高川硬皮肿腿蜂的繁殖效率。其中-4℃处理黄粉虫蛹7d后繁育的川硬皮肿腿蜂的寄生率、繁蜂成功率、单管繁蜂量和出蜂效率均显著高于其他处理,分别为76.67%,66.67%和8.15,10.89头,可显著提高川硬皮肿腿蜂的繁育效果。因此,推荐以-4℃处理黄粉虫蛹7d为最佳处理。     

黄粉虫蛹不同处理对繁育管氏肿腿蜂的影响

研究了麻醉、低温处理黄粉虫蛹对繁育管氏肿腿蜂的影响。肿腿蜂寄生率、产卵量、出蜂量等随麻醉时间的增加而减少;在-4℃贮存1,5,10,20,30,45,60 d后,上述各项生物学指标以20 d和30 d为最优;在4,0,-4,-8℃分别低温贮存20 d后接蜂,生物学指标以-4℃最高。     

不同寄主繁殖管氏肿腿蜂及低温储存时间对其子代影响

为研究不同寄主繁殖管氏肿腿蜂Sclerodermus guani Xiao et Wu及低温储存对其子代的影响,选择黄粉甲Tenebrio molitor蛹、蜜蜂Apis cerana幼虫、蜜蜂蛹、双条杉天牛Semanotus bifasciatus幼虫作为寄主繁殖管氏肿腿蜂,观测其子代出蜂量,雌雄比和体质量,比较低温储存不同时间后不同寄主繁殖的管氏肿腿蜂的死亡率和寄生率。结果表明:不同寄主繁殖的管氏肿腿蜂雌雄比差异不显著,双条杉天牛幼虫繁殖的子代蜂出蜂量最多,而黄粉甲蛹繁殖的子代雌蜂平均体质量明显高于其它寄主繁殖的雌蜂;在3℃和6℃下,由双条杉天牛幼虫繁殖的管氏肿腿蜂储存时间最长,而黄粉甲蛹繁殖的管氏肿腿蜂储存时间最短;同种寄主繁殖的管氏肿腿蜂在6℃下比在3℃下的储存时间长。随着低温储存时间的延长,管氏肿腿蜂的寄生率呈下降趋势,双条杉天牛幼虫繁殖的管氏肿腿蜂最长可储存70 d,而黄粉甲蛹、蜜蜂幼虫和蛹繁殖的管氏肿腿蜂最长可储存45 d。     

管氏肿腿蜂及其带菌室内防治松墨天牛幼虫试验

利用管氏肿腿蜂及其携带球孢白僵菌进行室内防治松墨天牛幼虫试验,结果表明:管氏肿腿蜂对松墨天牛幼虫的寄生死亡率随着接蜂量的增加而提高。在一定的接蜂量(虫蜂比1∶2~1∶5)下,松墨天牛龄期越大,被寄生效果越低,对3龄幼虫的平均寄生死亡率为90%,4龄虫平均为77.5%,5龄虫平均为52.5%。每只管氏肿腿蜂携带球孢白僵菌约1×107个孢子时,对4~5龄松墨天牛幼虫按虫蜂比1∶1、1∶2和1∶3接蜂,寄生感染死亡率分别为55%、75%和100%;管氏肿腿蜂携带球孢白僵菌防治木段内的松墨天牛幼虫寄生感染死亡率为87.13%。     

黄粉甲饲养方式对川硬皮肿腿蜂人工繁育的影响

以花鸟市场购买的普通黄粉甲幼虫和湖南省林业科学院培养的川硬皮肿腿蜂为试材,就黄粉甲的饲养方式对川硬皮肿腿蜂人工繁育的影响进行了研究。结果表明:20、24、28℃3种温度条件下培养的黄粉甲的老、熟、幼虫体长、初化蛹时间及蛹个体大小均有差异,随着饲养温度的降低,黄粉甲老、熟、幼虫体形变长、蛹的个体变大、初化蛹时间延长;3种温度下所化黄粉甲蛹按蜂蛹比1∶1接入川硬皮肿腿蜂后,其寄生率有显著性差异,而子代出蜂量无显著差异,20℃条件下所化蛹的寄生率和出蜂量分别较其它处理组提高了12%~22%和3~5头;在相同温度下饲喂葡萄糖的黄粉甲组与没有饲喂葡萄糖组相比,其肿腿蜂寄生率和子代数量均无显著性差异。     

川硬皮肿腿蜂携带白僵菌主动传染松墨天牛探索试验

进行了川硬皮肿腿蜂携带白僵菌主动传染松墨天牛的室内探索试验,结果表明,松墨天牛个体大小对川蜂能否成功寄生影响很大,在4龄天牛幼虫上,川蜂不能寄生;3龄幼虫中,以每头10蜂处理的寄生率达到70%,以每头5蜂处理的寄生率为40%,寄生成功后川蜂能在寄主上完成生活史。Bxs菌株对川蜂的毒力不强,可以忽略白僵菌对川蜂的毒力影响。     

管氏肿腿蜂替代寄主黄粉甲培育条件标准化探讨

从饲料种类、培育密度及其对繁育商品蜂效果的影响等方面,探讨了管氏肿腿蜂Scleroderma guani替代寄主黄粉甲Tenebrio molitor标准化培育技术以期稳量供应适寄生的黄粉甲蛹用于肿腿蜂大规模的工厂化生产。结果表明:在4头/cm2密度下,采用麦麸+白菜组合培育的黄粉甲存活率、总化蛹率和可用蛹率最高,幼虫历期最短,蛹体的适寄生性较好,能获得最适繁蜂效果,最有利于工厂化生产;生产中须在黄粉甲分级培育得到9龄左右幼虫后的16 d内以足量麦麸+白菜饲料组合饲喂,之后可适减;在分级培育后的1~16 d,20~23 d这两个时间段将黄粉甲连同培育盒置于10℃储藏可延缓其生长和发育进度,以满足工厂化生产商品蜂的需要。     

利用松褐天牛转管繁育管氏肿腿蜂研究初探

利用松褐天牛Monochamus alternatus幼虫转管繁育管氏肿腿蜂Scleroderma guani,研究转管对发育历期、繁蜂量等的影响.结果显示:转管繁育缩短了管氏肿腿蜂的产卵前期,对管氏肿腿蜂的寄生成功率、产卵量、子代蜂的数量有较显著影响,第1次转管时这3项指标较为理想.综合比较了发育历期、寄生率、寄生成功率、产卵量、子代蜂数量和性比等各项指标后认为:转管繁育是提高管氏肿腿蜂繁蜂量的一种优良技术,繁蜂量比不转管增加3.97倍.     

利用白蛾周氏啮小蜂生物防治美国白蛾研究

2018—2019年在徐州市铜山区房村镇,于美国白蛾各代蛹期释放白蛾周氏啮小蜂开展生物防治示范,系统调查了释放天敌不同种类、不同释放量和美国白蛾不同世代的防治效果.结果表明,利用白蛾周氏啮小蜂与白蛾黑基啮小蜂2种天敌混合释放,对美国白蛾第2代蛹的寄生率和天敌总寄生率分别为49.10％和54.12％,均显著高于释放1种天敌(白蛾周氏啮小蜂),表明释放2种天敌可显著提高寄生效果.释放45枚/hm2柞蚕蛹所繁出的白蛾周氏啮小蜂对第1代蛹的寄生率和天敌总寄生率分别为55.23％,65.79％,与75枚/hm2释放量处理均无显著差异,表明增加天敌释放量未能提高寄生效果.放蜂后,白蛾周氏啮小蜂对美国白蛾越冬蛹的寄生率高达61.04％,极显著高于第1代蛹(46.75％),第1代蛹又极显著高于第2代蛹(28.75％),表明该蜂对第1代蛹和越冬蛹的寄生效果显著优于第2代蛹;第1代蛹、第2代蛹、越冬蛹的天敌总寄生率分别为66.99％,38.18％,70.18％,总寄生率均极显著高于相应世代白蛾周氏啮小蜂的寄生率,表明其他寄生性天敌对害虫具有较好的自然寄生作用.因此,利用白蛾周氏啮小蜂生物防治美国白蛾的最佳时期为第1代蛹期,经济释放量为45枚/hm2.     

Measurement of the dynamic modulus of elasticity of wood panels

This study investigated the dynamic modulus of elasticity (DMOE) of wood panels of Fraxinus mandshurica, Pinus koraiensis, and Juglans mandshurica using the natural frequency measurement system of fast Fourier transform (FFT). The results were compared with the static modulus of elasticity (E _S) tested by a mechanical test machine. The results show a significant correlation between E _S, transverse vibration DMOE (E _F), and longitudinal vibration DMOE (E _L). For all of these species, the correlation between E _S, E _F and E _L is more significant than the individual species, which indicated that the FFT method is universal. The correlations between E _S and sample’s density (ρ) are significant, but the correlation coefficient of E _S and ρ is lower than those between E _F, E _L and E _S. The E _S of wood is more accurately tested by the analysis based on FFT measurement than by the estimation based on density. __________ Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2005, 41(6): 126–131 [译自: 林业科学, 2005, 41(6): 126–131]     

Effects of flooding on growth of seedlings of woody riparian species

The effects of flooding on growth of seedlings were compared over a 7-month period (April–November) among six different woody species: Aesculus turbinata, Cercidiphyllum japonicum, Fraxinus platypoda, Pterocarya rhoifolia, Pterostyrax hispida, and Quercus mongolica var. grosseserrata. Flooding reduced the shoot length of F. platypoda, P. rhoifolia, C. japonicum, P. hispida, and Q. mongolica var. grosseserrata seedlings but did not affect that of A. turbinata seedlings. Among control seedlings, shoot elongation occurred once in A. turbinata and twice in F. platypoda and Q. mongolica var. grosseserrata; the other species continued to grow from April to August. Among the flooded plants of all species, shoot elongation occurred only once at the beginning of the growing season. On August 25, flooding significantly reduced the number of developed leaves as compared with control plants except for A. turbinata. In the flooded plants except for F. platypoda, leaf fall began on June 30; in controls, by contrast, the number of developed leaves increased until August 25. Flooding reduced the total dry weight increment in all species. The survival ratio of flooded plants after the experiment differed with species. All of the F. platypoda and A. turbinata seedlings survived the flooding treatment, while only 20% of P. hispida and 30% of Q. mongolica var. grosseserrata survived. Flooding seriously affected the growth of riparian pioneer species including P. rhoifolia, C. japonicum, P. hispida, and Q. mongolica var. grosseserrata. The effects of flooding on growth of the seedlings differed with the tree species because of differences in leaf-emergence pattern and physiological flood tolerance. The responses of tree seedlings to flooding reflected species habitats and growth patterns.     

大花葵花色苷抑菌功能研究

本项研究通过采用固体培养和液体培养的试验方法,进行大花葵花(Malvasylvestris)色苷对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和黑曲霉的抑菌试验。结果表明:大花葵花色苷对金黄色葡萄球菌有很强的抑制作用,而对大肠杆菌和黑曲霉没有抑制现象发生。在固体培养试验中大花葵花色苷随着浓度的增加,对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制程度越大,当大花葵花色苷浓度为10g/L时抑菌圈平均直径为6mm,当浓度增加至30g/L时,抑菌圈平均直径为16mm。而且,高浓度的大花葵花色苷溶液对金黄色葡萄球菌有长时间的抑制作用。     

Technologies of liquefaction of bamboo and preparation of adhesive

The technology of liquefying processed-waste bamboo with phenol is investigated by single factor trials and an orthogonal design. We studied the preparation technology and properties of adhesives from this phenol-liquefied bamboo with formaldehyde (BPF). The results show that temperature has a significant effect on liquefaction. The effect of the mass ratio of phenol to bamboo comes second and the catalyst dosage within the range of 2%–4% is the least effective. The optimum conditions of liquefaction are as follows: a mass ratio of phenol to bamboo 3.5, a catalyst dosage of 4%, liquefying temperature 145°C and liquefying time 60 min. The liquefaction rate of bamboo reached 99.1%. For the preparation of the adhesive, a mass ratio of liquefied bamboo products to formaldehyde (37%) is 100 to 164.8–199.5, while the ratio 100 to 108.2 is the best. This adhesive has a lower curing temperature than that of normal PF resin. At a hot-press temperature of 130 or 140°C, this new adhesive provides excellent bonding strength of plywood. The most favorable temperature for hot-pressing is 140°C. __________ Translated from Chemistry and Industry of Forest Products, 2007, 27(6): 65–70 [译自: 林产化学与工业]     

黄河小浪底库区山地栓皮栎人工林土壤呼吸的季节动态

[目的]分离并量化土壤自养呼吸和异养呼吸,探讨各自贡献率及其随季节变化的动态特征。[方法]采用壕沟法和气体红外分析法,研究黄河小浪底库区山地栓皮栎人工林土壤总呼吸、自养呼吸和异养呼吸速率的季节动态变化、贡献率和环境影响因子。[结果]表明:栓皮栎人工林总土壤呼吸、自养呼吸和异养呼吸均呈夏季速率高、冬季速率低。栓皮栎土壤总呼吸、自养呼吸及异养呼吸速率与5 cm土壤温度均呈极显著指数相关,温度敏感性系数Q_(10)值大小为自养呼吸(3.40)异养呼吸(2.90)土壤总呼吸(2.45);栓皮栎土壤总呼吸、自养呼吸、异养呼吸速率与0 10 cm土壤体积含水量均显著线性相关;土壤总呼吸、自养呼吸速率与0 10 cm土壤电导率显著相关。土壤总呼吸和异养呼吸的温度敏感系数Q_(10)值均在冬季最大,夏秋季最小;而自养呼吸的Q_(10)值则呈相反的变化趋势。栓皮栎人工林自养呼吸和异养呼吸对土壤总呼吸的月贡献率为13.23%37.33%和62.67%86.76%,且自养呼吸的贡献率与土壤温度的季节变化规律相似。土壤总呼吸、异养呼吸与自养呼吸的CO2年通量分别为1 616.41、1 199.39、417.02 g·m~(-2)·a~(-1)。[结论]经过区分与定量化土壤总呼吸及其组分,确定异养呼吸为本研究区栓皮栎人工林土壤总呼吸的主要组分,作用于异养呼吸的生物与非生物因子均能显著影响整个森林生态系统表层CO_2总排放通量的大小,进一步为该研究区森林生态系统碳循环与能量流动的进一步量化研究提供参考。     

对印度亚热带潮湿气候中的多种用途树叶作为草料的质量评价(英文)

多种用途树种和灌木在农业系统中有重要的作用,在减少饲料供求矛盾和补充世界各地饲料赤字,提高动物生产力方面有很大的潜力。同时,评价草料各种营养特性,利于生产定量平衡的饲料。评价12种多种用途树种(Acacia auri-culiformis,Albizzia procera,Dalbergia sissoo,Gliricidia macu-lata,Leucaena leucocephala,Samanea saman,Azadirachta in-dica,Eucalyptus hybrida,Gmelina arborea,Michelia champaca,Morus alba,和Tectona grandis)的树叶的营养特性,其中分别包括6种豆科和非豆科树种,指标包括:常规成分,细胞壁成分,总鞣质含量,大量(Ca和P)与微量元素(Fe,Cu,Zn,Mn和Co)含量,干物质体外消化率与有机物消化率以及代谢能量值。结果表明上述各参数都有明显的差异。有机物,粗蛋白质含量,石油醚提取物总量,粗纤维含量,无氮浸出物,总灰分的平均值分别为:(92.02±0.30)%,(16.00±0.74)%,(3.05±0.13)%,(18.97±1.07)%,(54.00±1.12)%和(7.98±0.30)%。豆科树种较非豆科树种有更高的粗蛋白质含量(18.30%和13.70%)。细胞壁成分中的中性洗涤纤维素,酸性洗涤纤维,半纤维,纤维素,酸性木质素含量平均值分别为:(52.48±1.05)%,(31.72±0.97)%,(20.76±0.88)%,(16.97±0.70)%和(9.57±0.62)%。总鞣质含量为(4.22±0.32)%。Ca与P之比合理,多种树种叶中Fe和Mn含量丰富,P,Cu,Zn和Co水平低于标准水平含量。干物质体外消化率与有机物消化率平均值分别为(48.96±1.30)%和(50.69±1.36)%。代谢能量值为(6.95±0.11)MJ·kg-1。粗蛋白质含量与干物质体外消化率与有机物消化率和代谢能量值成正相关;而这三个参数与中性洗涤纤维素,酸性洗涤纤维,和酸性木质素含量成负相关。结果表明:银合欢可作为优良饲料的树种,因为它具有最高的干物质体外消化率与有机物消化率以及代谢能量值(65.20%,67.66%和7.95MJ·kg-1),而Gliricidia maculata,Morus alba,Azadirachta indica,Dalbergia sissoo和Samanea saman可做较好类型饲料的树种,其它树种做饲料质量差。     

南北样带温带区栎属树种幼苗功能性状的变异研究

植物功能性状由生境条件和遗传因素共同决定,田间控制实验能够揭示植物功能性状在种内和种间的变异程度.采集南北样带温带区8个地点6种栎属树种的种子,通过田间栽培试验,以均一环境下1年生幼苗为对象,研究比较种内及种间比叶重、单位叶面积光合速率、单位叶重量光合速率、总干物质含量和根冠比5种功能性状的变化差异,并且分析幼苗功能性状与种子性状的关系.结果发现:栎属树种种间幼苗的功能性状变异系数高于种内,并且种内功能性状的差异较小,种间差异性较大,而比叶重和叶片光合速率无论在种间还是种内,其变异率都较小;总干物质量和根冠比与种子质量显著相关,随种子质量增加幼苗的总干物质量和根冠比呈现增加的趋势,比叶重和叶片光合速率与种子质量的相关性较小.     

海南尖峰岭两类人工林中天然更新群落特征研究

25-years-old Cunninghamia lanceolata forests and 18-years-old Acacia mangium forests in Jianfengling of Hainan Province were surveyed to assess the structures and species diversity of naturally-regenerated plants. The results showed that there were 131 species in C. lanceolata forests, attributed to 100 genera and 51 families. The dominant species were Gironniera subaequalis, Schima superba, Pertusadina metcalfii and Polyspora hainanensis. There were 62 species in A. mangium forests, attributed to 59 genera and 33 families. The dominant species were Acronychia pedunculata, Tetradium glabrifolium, Machilus chinensis, Gironniera subaequalis and Toxicodendron succedaneum. The species richness, Simpson index and Shannon-Wiener index for naturally-regenerated plants in C. lanceolata forests were 76.67±11.02, 0.94±0.04 and 3.50±0.49,while those in A. mangium forests were 39.00±8.54, 0.91±0.04 and 3.05±0.27. The Sørensen species similarity for naturally-regenerated plants of the two forests was 0.50, with a increasing age structure. The mean density, height and dbh for adult trees of naturally-regenerated components of C. lanceolata forests were significantly lower than A. mangium forests; while the mean density and height of small tress of naturally-regenerated components of C. lanceolata forests were significantly higher than A. mangium forests. The study indicated that the naturally-regenerated plant species increased, and the forest structures became complex with the regeneration of both C. lanceolata and A. mangium forests. These two pure plantations will become old-growth natural forests with the forest succession.     

Possibility of grouping of Cyclobalanopsis species (Fagaceae) grown in Japan based on an analysis of several regions of chloroplast DNA

Four regions of chloroplast DNA were sequenced as a prospective genetic marker to identify Japanese representatives of Cyclobalanopsis: Quercus acuta, Q. sessilifolia, Q. salicina, Q. myrsinaefolia, Q. glauca, and Q. gilva. We found that Q. gilva was distinguished from other species based on both the trnL-trnF and trnT-trnL intergenic spacers. The evidence shows good coincidence with the fact that Q. gilva has several peculiar morphological features distinguishable from those of other species. There was no difference in trnL intron and matK. Both trnT-trnL and trnL-trnF intergenic spacers are capable of being used as genetic markers to identify Q. gilva among Cyclobalanopsis species.Part of this paper was presented at the 48th annual meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Shizuoka, April 3–5, 1998     

落叶松水浸液对胡桃楸幼苗生长的影响

A study was conducted to detect the effect of water extracts from different parts such as root, bark, branch and leaf, of adult larch, Larix gmelini, trees on growth of Manchurian walnut, Juglans mandshudca, seedlings and the allelopathy between the two tree species. Four concentrations （100 g. kg i, 50 g. kg^-1, 25 g. kg^-1 and 12.5 g. kg^-1） were prepared for each kind of extracts. Result showed that the water extracts with low and moderate concentrations accelerated the growth of collar diameter and increased biomass and root/shoot ratio of walnut seedlings. The water extracts from branches and barks with low and moderate concentrations accelerated the height growth of the seedlings, while those from leaves and roots slightly decreased the height growth of seedlings. The fact that application of water extracts of larch improved the growth of Manchurian walnut attributes possibly to the allelopathy between the two tree species.