糯性小麦配粉对普通小麦淀粉品质特性和面条品质的影响

按照一系列梯度比例,将2种糯性小麦面粉分别添加到7种普通小麦面粉(分强筋组和中筋组)中,探讨不同配比对普通小麦面粉的淀粉品质特性(直链淀粉含量、膨胀势、RVA粘度曲线参数)和面条品质的影响。结果表明,配粉能明显降低普通面粉的直链淀粉含量、提高膨胀势,但由于混合粉中的糯麦面粉和普通面粉分别糊化,先后形成“糯麦高峰”和“普通小麦高峰”,混合粉的高峰粘度反而降低。添加糯麦面粉明显降低反弹值、延缓凝沉速度和程度,也能减小保鲜面条的评分降幅,从而能明显延长鲜湿面条的货架寿命。所用的糯麦品系属于中筋偏弱类型,因而可降低强筋组面粉的筋力,使面条软硬适中;但使中筋组面条变软、评分降低。因此,下一步工作需要选育适于面条配粉的中筋或中筋偏强型高白度糯性小麦。     

Mixolab参数与粉质、拉伸参数及面包烘烤品质的关系

根据仪器测定的面粉品质特性预测面包烘烤品质是进行小麦品质改良的重要方法。法国肖邦公司(Chopin Technologies, France)最新推出的Mixolab分析仪可以同时测定面粉加水后恒温揉混及面团升温后蛋白质弱化和淀粉糊化特性,明确其与现有相似仪器如粉质仪和拉伸仪等的关系对小麦品质测试具有重要意义。利用 Mixolab分析仪、粉质仪、拉伸仪测定了41份高代育种品系的有关参数和面包烘烤品质,并分析了Mixolab与粉质仪和拉伸仪相关参数的关系及预测面包品质的可靠性。结果表明,可以用Mixolab的形成时间、稳定时间、面团受热后蛋白质弱化值(C2值)和到达淀粉糊化反弹值的时间(C4时间)来预测粉质仪和拉伸仪的品质参数,可解释其变异的74%~90%;可以直接用C2值预测面包体积、外观、结构和总分,决定系数分别为52%、73%、70%和68%;预测面包质地和弹性的参数不仅包含Mixolab稳定时间和C2值,还有表示淀粉糊化特性的C3时间、C4和C5值及C5温度。用Mixolab分析仪既可以了解蛋白质特性和面包烘烤品质的关系,又明确了淀粉品质对面包品质的显著影响,在品质测试中有其独特之处。Mixolab、粉质仪和拉伸仪各参数对预测小麦面包体积、内部质地结构等烘烤品质性状的贡献不同。     

大豆分离蛋白对面团特性及馒头品质的影响

采用不同的配比将大豆分离蛋白加入到面粉中,通过测定一系列面粉指标和馒头指标,研究了大豆分离蛋白对面粉及馒头品质的影响。结果表明,随着大豆分离蛋白比例的增加,面团的吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、粉质指数逐渐增加,弱化度、湿面筋含量、沉降值呈下降趋势;糊化峰值黏度、最后黏度、回升值逐渐降低,而糊化温度变化不显著;馒头质量略呈下降趋势,但当添加比例不超过3.0%时,对馒头的质量影响不大。     

小麦面团粘度与面粉主要品质指标相关性研究

以山东省32个小麦品种为材料,进行面团粘度性状和蛋白质含量、面筋指数、面团流变学特性指标之间的相关性的研究。结果表明：(1)面团的粘度性状与面粉很多品质指标具有非常显著的相关性,可以使用面团粘度性状对面粉品质进行评价。(2)面团粘度与代表面团筋力强弱的品质指标都有非常显著的负相关,说明小麦面团粘度与小麦面团的筋力强度和面团的抗揉混强度之间具有非常显著的负相关性,表明降低面团的粘度,可以提高面筋质量、面团的抗揉混能力和面筋筋力强度。     

白扁豆粉对面团特性及馒头品质的影响

将白扁豆粉加入小麦粉中,以研究白扁豆粉对面团特性及馒头品质的影响。结果表明,添加白扁豆粉可使面团的吸水率增加,面团的形成时间和稳定时间延长,最大抗伸阻力降低,面团的延伸性、拉伸能量增加。面粉中添加不同比例的白扁豆粉,蒸制出馒头的比容、品质和风味等都有所改善,当白扁豆添加量为16%时馒头豆香味浓郁、口感良好、感官评分最高。     

盐胁迫对不同耐盐类型小麦花后光合特性及产量的影响

为研究盐胁迫对不同耐盐类型小麦花后光合特性及产量的影响,以‘青麦6号’、‘济麦22’为材料,以普通土壤为对照,研究了不同梯度NaCl胁迫对小麦旗叶光合特性和产量的影响。结果表明,不同耐盐类型小麦品种对盐胁迫的响应不同,‘济麦22’叶绿素含量、叶面积指数、净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率下降幅度大,而‘青麦6号’的这五项指标下降较为缓慢,胞间CO₂浓度升高幅度与‘济麦22’相比也较低;与对照比较,盐胁迫下2个品种公顷穗数、穗粒数、千粒重均减少,且降幅随盐浓度的增加而加大,但‘青麦6号’产量相对‘济麦22’下降幅度较小。盐胁迫仍能保持较高的光合特性的‘青麦6号’,获得高产稳产的关键因素是具有较高的公顷穗数。本研究为小麦在不同盐渍程度的盐碱地上种植提供理论参考。     

干旱胁迫对不同品种小麦旗叶光合特性及产量的影响

为筛选适于山东省旱作区栽培的优良小麦品种,在大田雨养条件下,以‘冀麦5265’、‘鲁麦13’、‘济麦22’、‘临麦6号’、‘青麦6号’5个小麦品种为试验材料,利用叶绿素仪和光合仪分别测定了旗叶SPAD值及净光合速率、蒸腾速率等光合作用相关指标和产量。结果表明:干旱胁迫使小麦旗叶SPAD值降低,‘济麦22’和‘临麦6号’的SPAD值相对较高,说明叶绿素含量较高,叶片持绿性好,旗叶制造光合产物的能力强,抗旱性强。干旱胁迫使小麦旗叶光合速率降低,‘济麦22’降低较多,‘青麦6号’降低较少,‘青麦6号’抗旱性较‘济麦22’更强。干旱胁迫下‘鲁麦13’‘、青麦6号’能在较高的蒸腾速率下保持较高的光合速率。综合考虑,水分充足条件下‘冀麦5265’和‘济麦22’适合本地区推广栽种,在干旱条件下‘鲁麦13’和‘青麦6号’产量较稳定。     

添加大米粉对面包面团揉混特性和拉伸特性的影响

以高筋面粉为对照,研究添加不同比例的大米粉所形成的混粉面团揉混特性和拉伸特性的影响。结果表明,随着大米粉添加量增加,混粉面团的形成时间、稳定时间和粉质指数呈下降趋势,当大米粉添加量超过20%时,对粉质指标产生显著性影响;当大米粉的添加量为20%,醒发时间为45 min和90 min的延伸度、拉伸面积呈极显著降低。醒发的时间越长,面粉的拉伸特性变化越小。因此,大米粉添加量为20%以内时,对面团揉和性能和拉伸性能影响较小。     

小麦面团流变学特性与馒头品质分析

测试小麦面团流变学特性具有重要意义。测试的主要方法有基础法和经验法两种。测试仪器主要有粉质仪、拉伸仪、揉混仪、吹泡示功仪、质构仪等。粉质仪主要测定的指标有面粉吸水率、面团形成时间、面团稳定性、弱化度和粉质质量指数等。拉伸仪主要测定的指标有面团抗延伸性、延伸性、拉伸面积、拉伸比例等。揉混仪主要测定的指标有抗揉混阻力、最佳揉和时间、搅拌耐力、烘焙估计吸水值等。吹泡示功仪可以得到面团的韧性、延伸性和烘焙力等信息。质构仪可获得对面团流变特性最大拉伸阻力、拉伸比、面团粘性、面团强度等参数的测试结果。     

北方冬麦区新育成优质品种的面包和馒头品质性状

本研究旨在了解近年北方冬麦区育成优质小麦品种的品质状况, 为优质小麦新品种选育和推广提供重要信息。2013—2014和2014—2015年度将52份国内及6份国外代表性优质品种种植于河北高邑和山东济宁, 测定粉质仪和拉伸仪参数及面包和馒头品质性状, 并分析蛋白质组分含量对面团流变学特性及面包和馒头成品品质的影响。结果表明, 大部分参试品种的粉质仪稳定时间在7 min以上, 品种间面筋强度、面包和馒头成品品质均存在显著差异。CA0493、师栾02-1、12品404、新麦26和Karl 5个品种面包品质好, 其中师栾02-1和Karl的馒头品质也较好, 可以作为兼用型品种在品质育种中应用。拉伸仪品质特性是反映强筋品种面包品质的重要指标, 建议在进行面包品质改良时, 重视拉伸特性。不溶性谷蛋白聚合体含量与面筋强度和面包品质呈显著正相关, 可作为品质育种的选种指标。     

Effect of environment and genotype on bread-making quality of spring-sown spring wheat cultivars in China

Improvement of end-use quality in bread wheat depends on a thorough understanding of current wheat quality and the influences of genotype (G), environment (E), and genotype by environment interaction (G × E) on quality traits. Thirty-nine spring-sown spring wheat (SSSW) cultivars and advanced lines from China were grown in four agro-ecological zones comprising seven locations during the 1998 and 1999 cropping seasons. Data on 12 major bread-making quality traits were used to investigate the effect of G, E, and G × E on these traits. Wide range variability for protein quantity and quality, starch quality parameters and milling quality in Chinese SSSW was observed. Genotype and environment were found to significantly influence all quality parameters as major effects. Kernel hardness, flour yield, Zeleny sedimentation value and mixograph properties were mainly influenced by the genetic variance components, while thousand kernel weight, test weight, and falling number were mostly influenced by the environmental variance components. Genotype, environment, and their interaction had important effects on test weight, mixing development time and RVA parameters. Cultivars originating from Zone VI (northeast) generally expressed high kernel hardness, good starch quality, but poor milling and medium to weak mixograph performance; those from Zone VII (north) medium to good gluten and starch quality, but low milling quality; those from Zone VIII (central northwest) medium milling and starch quality, and medium to strong mixograph performance; those from Zone IX (western/southwestern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau) medium milling quality, but poor gluten strength and starch parameters; and those from Zone X (northwest) high milling quality, strong mixograph properties, but low protein content. Samples from Harbin are characterized by good gluten and starch quality, but medium to poor milling quality; those from Hongxinglong by strong mixograph properties, medium to high milling quality, but medium to poor starch quality and medium to low protein content; those from Hohhot by good gluten but poor milling quality; those from Linhe by weak gluten quality, medium to poor milling quality; those from Lanzhou by poor bread-making and starch quality; those from Yongning by acceptable bread-making and starch quality and good milling quality; and those from Urumqi by good milling quality, medium gluten quality and good starch pasting parameters. Our findings suggest that Chinese SSSW quality could be greatly enhanced through genetic improvement for targeted well-characterized production environments.     

Grain quality and yield characteristics of D-genome disomic substitution lines in 'Langdon' (Triticum turgidum var. durum)

Sets of D-genome disomic substitution lines of ‘Langdon’ (Triticum turgidum var. durum) were used to study the effect of chromosome substitutions on grain yield and flour technological properties. In general, the substitution of any D-genome chromosome had a detrimental effect on grain yield and growth vigour (some lines were sterile). SDS-sedimentation, SE-HPLC and two-gram mixograph procedures were used to measure dough strength of the lines studied. Significant correlations were observed between protein concentration and grain yield and other quality parameters such as SDS-sedimentation value, the proportion of glutenin, dough mix time and peak resistance. Most of the quality characters were highly correlated with each other. Substitution of chromosomes 1D, 5D, 2D and 7D resulted in positive responses to SDS-sedimentation values, but only chromosome 1D had positive effects on the proportion of peak 1 (P₁%), measured by SE-HPLC. Besides the major influence of chromosome 1D on three major mixograph parameters (mixing time, peak resistance and resistance breakdown), chromosome 5D also exhibited significant effects on these mixing parameters. Principal-component analysis showed that the predominant effect on durum-wheat rheological properties was from chromosome 1D, whereas chromosome 5D had a major effect on grain hardness (50%) and increased the whiteness of the flour.     

强筋小麦磨粉各出粉点的面粉品质特性研究

采用布勒实验磨制粉,测定6个强筋小麦品种不同出粉点面粉的品质特性。结果表明,不同出粉点面粉的品质特性具有明显差异及变化规律。三道心磨粉的灰分含量、蛋白质含量、面糊色泽a*值和b*值、破损淀粉含量、面团形成时间和吸水率随出粉点后移均呈升高或增加趋势;而湿面筋含量、面糊色泽L*值、面团稳定时间、延伸性和最大抗延阻力随出粉点后移而降低。三道皮磨粉的蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、破损淀粉含量、面团吸水率、稳定时间、拉伸面积、延伸性随出粉点后移呈上升趋势;而面团拉伸参数和面包烘焙品质均高于心磨粉和统粉。不同出粉点的蛋白质与湿面筋含量呈极显著正相关(r=0.81**);灰分含量与面糊色泽的L*值呈极显著负相关(r=－0.89**);破损淀粉含量与吸水率呈极显著正相关(r=0.86**)。研究表明,通过对各出粉点取舍及混配,能够克服我国强筋小麦某些指标缺陷,以满足面包专用粉各项指标要求。     

基因型、地点及其互作对内蒙古小麦主要品质性状的影响

选用来自我国春播麦区高、中、低3种筋力类型的9个品种, 于2003和2004年分别种植在内蒙古6个代表性地点, 研究了不同品种在年份和地点间籽粒硬度、蛋白质含量、和面仪参数和淀粉糊化特性等主要品质性状的变化规律。结果表明, 所测品质性状受基因型和地点效应的影响均达极显著水平, 除籽粒蛋白质含量外, 其他品质性状受基因型和地点互作效应的影响达显著或极显著水平。强筋类品种的蛋白质含量、灰分含量、沉降值、和面时间、耐揉性和峰值黏度均较高, 出粉率和稀澥值中等。中筋类品种出粉率、和面时间和耐揉性较高, 灰分含量、峰值黏度和稀澥值较低。弱筋类品种的灰分含量、峰值黏度和稀澥值较高, 籽粒硬度、蛋白质含量、出粉率、沉降值、和面时间、耐揉性低。所有品种品质性状在地点间存在较大差异, 乌海市灰分含量、和面时间和耐揉性高, 籽粒硬度、沉降值、峰值黏度和稀澥值较低。杭锦后旗出粉率高, 蛋白含量和沉降值较低, 其他性状表现中等。呼和浩特市籽粒硬度、蛋白含量、面粉灰分、沉降值、和面时间和耐揉性高, 出粉率、峰值黏度和稀澥值低。赤峰市多数性状表现中等。通辽市籽粒硬度、蛋白质含量、峰值黏度、稀澥值和耐揉性较高, 其他性状表现中等。额尔古纳市蛋白含量和沉降值较高, 和面时间和耐揉性低。初步认为强筋和中筋类品种较适于种植在呼和浩特市与乌海市, 不适于种植在额尔古纳市; 2个弱筋类品种在6个地点均不太适宜种植。     

Variation in quality traits in common wheat as related to Chinese fresh white noodle quality

The variation in grain compositional traits related to Chinese fresh white noodle (CFWN) quality was examined in 25 leading Chinese common wheat cultivars and advanced lines. Large variations were observed in flour yield, flour particle size, protein and ash contents, farinograph and rapid visco-analyzer (RVA) parameters, flour colour components, and polyphenol oxydase (PPO) activity. An improved sensory method was proposed for adequately evaluating CFWN quality of common wheat flour based on methodology used in the Japanese quality scoring system for white salted noodles, but with major modifications in the score weight given to each noodle quality parameter. Large differences in CFWN quality were observed among Chinese wheat cultivars. The correlation coefficients (r) between starch paste breakdown (RVA) and noodle viscoelasticity and smoothness were 0.63 and 0.59, respectively, suggesting that in breeding wheat for high CFWN quality, the starch pasting properties are of major importance. Low ash content was significantly correlated (r = – 0.66) with bright white noodle colour.     

Wheat quality traits and quality parameters of cooked dry white Chinese noodles

Dry white Chinese noodle (DWCN) is widely consumed in China, and genetic improvement of DWCN quality has become a major objective for Chinese wheat breeding programs. One hundred and four bread wheat cultivars and advanced lines, including 88from major Chinese wheat-producing areas, were sown in two locations for two years. Their DWCN quality, as evaluated by trained panelists, was studied to determine the relationship between wheat quality parameters and DWCN quality attributes. In general, the cultivars and advanced lines used in this study are characterized with acceptable protein content, but accompanied with weak-medium gluten strength and poor extensibility, and substantial variation is observed for all grain and DWCN quality characters. On average, Australia and USA wheat performed better DWCN quality than Chinese wheats. Simple correlation analysis indicated that both grain hardness and Farinograph water absorption were negatively associated with cooked DWCN color, appearance, smoothness, and taste. Flour whiteness and RVA peak viscosity was positively associated with all DWCN parameters, and their correlation coefficients (r) with DWCN score are 0.34 and 0.41, respectively. Their positive contributions to DWCN quality were mostly through improved color, appearance, smoothness, and taste. Farinograph mixing tolerance index (MTI) and softening were negatively associated with all DWCN quality parameters, and their correlation coefficients with DWCN score are –0.50 and–0.54, respectively. Further analysis indicated that association between protein content, Zeleny sedimentation value, Farinograph stability, and Extensograph extensibility, and DWCN score fit quadratic regression model significantly, with R² 0.12, 0.32, 0.22, and 0.20, respectively. The associations between Zeleny sedimentation value and DWCN's appearance and taste also fit quadratic regression model significantly. This suggests that to certain extent, increased protein content and gluten quality contribute positively to DWCN quality, mostly by improving palatability, elasticity, and stickiness. High flour whiteness, medium protein content, medium to strong gluten strength and good extensibility, and high starch peak viscosity are desirable for DWCN quality. Genetic improvement for flour whiteness, protein quality and starch paste viscosity would increase the DWCN quality of Chinese bread wheat cultivars. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of the 6VS.6AL translocation on agronomic traits and dough properties of wheat

Nineteen common wheat cultivars and advanced lines carrying a 6VS.6AL translocation and five parents were sown at two locations in Jiangsu in 2004–05 season to assess the effects of the translocation on grain yield and dough properties. In general, there were no significant differences between 6VS.6AL lines and their recurrent parents in agronomic, mixograph and starch pasting traits, including grain yield, grains/spike, grain weight/spike, mixing time and peak viscosity. 6VS.6AL lines showed slightly but significantly higher thousand-kernel weight and plant height, and small negative effects on test weight, flour yield and flour colour. However, significant variation occurred for all traits among sister lines from the same cross, indicating that additional selection could lead to further improvement. It was concluded that the 6VS.6AL translocation can be used in wheat breeding programs as a donor of resistance to powdery mildew with no obvious undesirable effects on agronomic and quality traits.     

小麦籽粒干湿交替对品质的影响

为了了解在储运过程中籽粒干湿交替现象对小麦品质的影响程度,以30份不同硬度的主栽品种及高代品系为材料,对干燥籽粒进行了水处理,以收获后的干燥籽粒为对照,研究了小麦的磨粉品质,淀粉品质和面团流变学特性。结果表明：处理过的小麦籽粒硬度整体变小,与未处理的小麦籽粒硬度差异达显著水平(P<0.01),一些品种的硬度等级发生跃迁;出粉率也整体降低了近2个百分点,达显著水平(P<0.01)。灰分、蛋白质含量和黄色素含量都显著降低,但面粉白度有所提高。峰值黏度、低谷黏度和最终黏度分别降低了108 cp、125 cp和97 cp,差异达显著水平(P<0.01)。总之,小麦籽粒干燥后遇水对磨粉品质和淀粉品质影响较大,而对面团流变学特性影响较小。     

江苏省优质软麦品种品质特性与饼干加工品质的关系

明确软麦品种在大田生产中的品质表现和品质育种筛选指标,对于优质生产及提高育种效率具有重要意义。选用江苏淮南麦区15份优质软麦品种(系),鉴定其高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)组成,开展3个试验点次的大田种植,分析了小麦样本的籽粒硬度、灰分含量、蛋白质含量和质量参数、粉质仪参数、揉面仪参数、溶剂保持力、贮藏蛋白组分含量参数、黏度仪参数等品质性状和饼干加工品质。结果表明,不同类型的品质参数受基因型和环境的影响不同。所有样本的蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、稳定时间均不达国标(GB/T 17320-2013、GB/T 17893-1999),部分品种(系)的沉淀值达标,所有样本的籽粒硬度和吸水率全部达标。相关性分析表明,籽粒硬度、灰分含量和黏度仪参数与饼干加工品质无显著相关性。沉淀值、粉质仪吸水率、粉质仪稳定时间、揉面仪峰值时间、揉面仪衰落角、水溶剂保持力、碳酸钠溶剂保持力、乳酸溶剂保持力、谷蛋白/醇溶蛋白比、不溶性谷蛋白含量和不溶性谷蛋白百分含量与饼干直径呈显著(r≤–0.520)或极显著(r≤–0.652)负相关,相关系数分别为–0.657、–0.601、–0.617、–0.659、–0.676、–0.857、–0.726、–0.616、–0.546、–0.541和–0.637。多元回归方程显示,水溶剂保持力可解释饼干直径变异的73.76%,与籽粒蛋白共同可解释饼干直径变异的83.90%。在籽粒硬度和蛋白含量选择的基础上,降低面筋强度和面粉综合吸水特性是软麦育种的主要目标,水溶剂保持力、乳酸溶剂保持力和揉面仪参数是软麦育种最重要的筛选指标。     

QTL analysis of quality traits in the spring wheat cross RL4452 × 'AC Domain'

Wheat grain quality is a complex group of traits of tremendous importance to wheat producers, end‐users and breeders. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis studied the genetics of milling, mixograph, farinograph, baking, starch and noodle colour traits in the spring wheat population RL4452/‘AC Domain’. Forty‐seven traits were measured on the population and 99 QTLs were detected over 18 chromosomes for 41 quality traits. Forty‐four of these QTLs mapped to three major QTL clusters on chromosomes 1B, 4D, and 7D. Fourteen QTLs mapped near Glu‐B1, 20 QTLs mapped near a major plant height QTL on chromosome 4D, and 10 QTLs mapped near a major time to maturity QTL on chromosome 7D. Large QTLs were detected for grain and flour protein content, farinograph absorption, mixograph parameters, and dietary fibre on chromosome 2BS. QTLs for yellow alkaline noodle colour parameter L* mapped to chromosomes 5B and 5D, while the largest QTL for the b* parameter mapped to 7AL.