2006－2016年中国羊口疮病毒的遗传演化分析

羊口疮（Orf disease）是由羊口疮病毒（Orf virus,ORFV）引起的人兽共患传染病,该病广泛分布于世界各地,对公共卫生造成了严重的影响。为了解中国ORFV毒株的起源、分子流行病学及病毒系统研究的信息,本研究对中国2006-2016年分离到82株ORFV毒株进行了系统的遗传演化分析,利用DNAStar和Mega 5.0软件对ORFV011（B2L）、ORFV020（VIR）、ORFV059（FIL）和ORFV127（vIL-10）基因序列进行核苷酸和氨基酸同源性比对,并在此基础上构建系统发育树。结果显示,82株病毒B2L基因核苷酸序列和氨基酸序列同源性分别为95.9%~100%和86.5%~100%,F1L基因核苷酸序列和氨基酸序列同源性分别为94.5%~100%和94.0%~100%;系统进化分析显示,中国不同地方分离的ORFV毒株处于不同分支上,甚至同一个省内的毒株也分布在不同分支上。表明中国ORFV毒株进化特殊,处于不同的进化分支上,且有发生突变的可能性,世界各地流行的代表性毒株在中国均有变种分布,这增加了中国防控ORFV的难度。本研究结果为中国防控羊口疮的流行和研制高效疫苗提供了基础数据。     

羊口疮病毒ORFV114蛋白生物信息学分析、真核表达及亚细胞定位

【目的】 对羊口疮病毒（Orf virus,ORFV） ORFV114蛋白进行生物信息学分析、转录动力学、真核表达及亚细胞定位研究。【方法】 使用DNAStar软件对ORFV-JS株ORFV114基因进行序列比对分析;分别使用在线网站ExPASy、TMHMM-2.0、SignalP-5.0、SOPMA、SWISS-MODEL对ORFV114蛋白进行理化性质分析,以及跨膜区、信号肽、结构预测;在阿糖胞苷（cytarabine,Arac）存在或不存在的情况下,于ORFV感染HeLa细胞后多个时间点收获细胞,RT-PCR扩增ORFV114基因,确定ORFV114蛋白的动态转录水平;PCR扩增ORFV114基因,将其亚克隆到真核表达载体pEGFP-N1中,构建pEGFP-ORFV114重组质粒,经酶切、测序鉴定正确后,经脂质体Lipofectamine 3000瞬时转染HEK293细胞,通过Western blotting鉴定ORFV114-EGFP融合蛋白的表达;将pEGFP-N1质粒和pEGFP-ORFV114重组质粒瞬时转染HeLa细胞,24 h后使用Hoechst 33342对细胞核染色,倒置荧光显微镜下观察ORFV114蛋白的亚细胞定位。【结果】 ORFV-JS株ORFV114基因大小为1 041 bp,在ORFV毒株中高度保守;ORFV114蛋白包含346个氨基酸,预测分子质量大小为38 ku;ORFV114为弱亲水性不稳定蛋白,无跨膜区域,无信号肽;其二级结构由无规则卷曲、α-螺旋、延伸链和β-转角组成,分别占45.09%、25.14%、21.68%和8.09%;在Arac存在或不存在的情况下,ORFV114的转录在ORFV感染后2 h即可被检测到,且随感染时间的延长转录水平不断提高,即Arac并未抑制ORFV114转录,ORFV114为ORFV早期基因;成功构建了pEGFP-ORFV114重组质粒,ORFV114-EGFP融合蛋白在HEK293细胞中成功表达,融合蛋白大小约65 ku;ORFV114蛋白主要定位在HeLa细胞的细胞质中且呈点状分布。【结论】 本研究成功地对ORFV114蛋白进行了转录动力学分析、真核表达及亚细胞定位,为进一步探索ORFV114蛋白功能及筛选互作蛋白奠定基础。     

Orf virus circulation in cattle in Turkey

Orf virus (ORFV) causes contagious skin disease that mainly affects sheep and goats with zoonotic potential. However, there is not enough information about the association between ORFV and occurrence of skin disease in cattle. The present study describes outbreaks of ORFV infection in cattle in different provinces that are located in the Aegean, Central Anatolian and Mediterranean regions of Turkey. During the months of June and August 2017, vesicular fluid and scab samples were collected from cattle which had proliferative skin lesions. First, presence of lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) and bovine herpesvirus 2 (BoHV-2, known as the causative agent of pseudo-lumpy skin disease) were investigated by real time PCR and PCR, respectively. Then, samples tested for the presence of parapoxviruses by PCR using primers specific to major envelope protein gene (B2L). Parapoxvirus DNA was detected in investigated samples whereas LSDV and BoHV-2 DNA were not detected. The analysis of the B2L gene sequences revealed that cattle were infected with ORFV. The isolates in the present study shared 100% sequence identity at the nucleotide and amino acid level when compared with previously characterised Turkish field ORFV isolates from goats in 2016. Results of the study show unusual infection of cattle with ORFV, and suggest that ORFV jumps the host species barrier from goats to cattle.     

Isolation and Identification of Orf Virus from Jiangsu Province and Phylogenetic Analysis of Their B2L Gene

The study was aimed to investigate prevalence of Orf virus (ORFV) in Jiangsu province in recent years and control Orf better. A total of 121 tissue samples were collected in some farms from 2013 to 2015 and subjected to PCR detection, viral isolation and phylogenetic analysis of B2L gene. Four samples were ORFV positive by PCR. The viruses were isolated by passaging in ovine fetal turbinate (OFTu) cells and MDBK cells, and were named as ORFV/Ovis/XZ/Jiangsu/2015/China, ORFV1/Ovis/DT/Jiangsu/2015/China, ORFV2/Ovis/DT/Jiangsu/2015/China and ORFV/Ovis/SL/Jiangsu/2015/China,respectively. The B2L gene was amplified and sequenced for the phylogenetic study. The nucleotide homology of these 4 strains was 98.5% to 100.0%. ORFV/Ovis/XZ/Jiangsu/2015/China, ORFV1/Ovis/DT/Jiangsu/2015/China and ORFV2/Ovis/DT/Jiangsu/2015/China, gathered into a cluster with SC-JY, GX-YB, JS-FX isolates and the nucleic acid homology of these strains was 97.8% to 100%. ORFV/Ovis/SL/Jiangsu/2015/China gathered into a cluster with LiaoNing, HuB and Gansu isolates, the nucleic acid homology was 98.8% to 98.9%. The nucleic acid homologies of 4 strains and ORFV strain China vaccine was 96.8% to 98.1%. The result showed that the ORFVs in Jiangsu province might be from different source. For controlling the spreading of this virus, it was necessary to carry out deep epidemiological survey in Jiangsu province.     

Isolation and molecular biological investigations of avian poxviruses from chickens, a turkey, and a pigeon in Croatia

In the last 3 yr, several outbreaks of avian poxviruses (APVs) have been observed in different parts of Croatia. Four strains of APVs, from chickens, a pigeon, and a turkey, were isolated from cutaneous lesions by inoculation onto the chorioallantoic membranes (CAM) of 12-day-old specific-pathogen-free chicken embryos. The resulting proliferative CAM lesions contained eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion bodies. The characteristic viral particles of poxvirus were detected in the infected CAM and also in the infected tissues by transmission electron microscopy. Further identification and differentiation of the four various APVs were carried out by the use of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) combined with restriction enzyme analysis. Using one primer set, which framed a region within the APV 4b core protein gene, it was possible to detect APV-specific DNA from all four tested isolates. PCR results revealed no recognizable differences in size of amplified fragments between the different APVs from chickens, turkey, and pigeon. Restriction enzyme analysis of PCR products using NlaIII showed the same cleavage pattern for turkey and chicken isolates and a different one for the pigeon isolate. Multiplex PCR for direct detection of APV and reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) was carried out to determine the possible integration of REV in the genome of isolated APVs. The obtained results revealed that REV was present in chicken and turkey strains of poxviruses, whereas the pigeon isolate was negative. It is not known whether the avipoxvirus vaccine strain used in Croatia is contaminated with REV or if the REV is naturally contaminating Croatian field strains of fowl poxvirus. The latter is indicated by the negative REV finding in the pigeon, which was not vaccinated. The results of the present study indicate the reemergence of fowlpox in Croatia, where infections have not been recorded since 1963 and never confirmed etiologically.     

江苏省羊口疮病毒的分离鉴定及B2L基因的遗传进化分析

为了解江苏省近年来羊口疮病毒（Orf virus,ORFV）的流行情况,更好地控制江苏地区的羊口疮病,2013~2015年采集江苏部分地区羊口疮疑似病料121份,进行病毒分离鉴定及其B2L基因的遗传进化分析。结果显示,样品中ORFV PCR检测阳性4份,用胎羊鼻甲骨细胞（OFTu）和MDBK细胞进行病毒分离,分离到4株病毒。这4株病毒分别命名为ORFV/Ovis/XZ/Jiangsu/2015/China、ORFV1/Ovis/DT/Jiangsu/2015/China、ORFV2/Ovis/DT/Jiangsu/2015/China和ORFV/Ovis/SL/Jiangsu/2015/China。扩增ORFV的B2L基因全长并绘制遗传进化树。B2L基因序列分析显示,4株分离株之间的核酸同源性为98.5%~100.0%。遗传进化树显示,ORFV/Ovis/XZ/Jiangsu/2015/China株、ORFV1/Ovis/DT/Jiangsu/2015/China株和ORFV2/Ovis/DT/Jiangsu/2015/China株与SC-JY、GX-YB、JS-FX株聚成一簇,核苷酸同源性为97.8%~100.0%。ORFV/Ovis/SL/Jiangsu/2015/China与LiaoNing、HuB、Gansu株亲缘关系接近,核苷酸同源性为98.8%~98.9%。4株分离株与中国疫苗株的核苷酸同源性为96.8%~98.1%。结果表明,江苏地区的ORFV来源可能不同,有必要开展更为深入的流行病学调查,为防控江苏地区的羊口疮奠定基础。     

Ribosomal RNA gene probes to detect intraspecies heterogeneity in Mycoplasma gallisepticum and M. synoviae

Intraspecies genotypic heterogeneity among strains of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and M. synoviae was tested using genomic fingerprints with a ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene probe. The organism's DNA was digested by a restriction endonuclease, electrophoresed, transferred to a nitrocellulose sheet, and hybridized with 32P-labeled pMC5 plasmid carrying the highly conserved rRNA genes of M. capricolum. The resulting hybridization patterns indicated a degree of genotypic heterogeneity among M. gallisepticum strains more pronounced than among the M. synoviae strains tested. Most importantly, the live vaccine F strain of M. gallisepticum could be distinguished from virulent field isolates of this species, enabling the detection and identification of the F strain in areas in which vaccination with this strain has taken place. Genomic fingerprints with an rRNA gene probe can thus be added to the battery of tools useful in taxonomy at the intraspecies level and in epidemiology of mycoplasmosis in poultry.     

Genetic variation of the nucleocapsid genes of waterfowl parvovirus.

Duck parvovirus (DPV) and Goose parvovirus (GPV) isolated from infected waterfowls with Derzsy's disease in the year 1999 were identified by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. The nucleotide sequences of their viral capsid proteins (VPs) show that they share 77% similarity at the DNA, and 84.6% at the protein level. The most variable region between DPV and GPV resides in the N-terminal of VP2 before the initiation codon of VP3 with 35% (19/54) amino acids divergence. Viral capsid protein sequences diverge 4.1 to 4.4% among 1990-99 isolated strains. Variant amino acids cluster in the common regions of VP3 at residues 203-266 and 482-534 which overlaps with the regions proposed to expose on the outer surfaces of parvoviral particles, implying that selective pressure from host immune system might play a part. These data provide useful information for antigenic epitope prediction. This study also reveal the presence of conserved strain-specific residues in VPs and these residues seldom vary among different viral isolates, suggesting that they might be functionally important and worth further investigation.     

羊口疮病毒疫苗株与野毒株VIL-10基因的比较分析

试验旨在比较分析羊口疮病毒（orf virus,ORFV）VIL-10基因在疫苗株和野毒株之间的差异特征。参照GenBank中公布的ORFV NZ2株的VIL-10基因序列设计并合成1对特异性引物,分别以疫苗株和野毒株提取的基因组DNA为模板,采用PCR方法扩增ORFV的VIL-10基因全序列并进行测序,应用生物信息学相关软件分析基因的核苷酸、氨基酸变异情况及蛋白结构。结果显示,本试验测定的疫苗株和野毒株VIL-10基因核苷酸序列同源性为94.4%,差异主要是单个碱基的突变,其中疫苗株在132~134 bp核苷酸序列出现缺失;氨基酸序列同源性为92.5%,出现了15个氨基酸位点的突变,其中疫苗株第42位氨基酸天冬酰胺出现缺失;蛋白质在一级结构及理化性质、二级结构、三级结构、抗原表位参数及有无信号肽之间均存在一定程度的差异,而疫苗株和野毒株编码的蛋白质均无跨膜结构域。系统进化树分析结果表明,本试验测定的野毒株与疫苗株属于不同分支,遗传关系较远。研究结果提示,野毒株与疫苗株的VIL-10基因发生较明显的变异,这些变异可能与ORFV疫苗株的毒力致弱有关。     

Restriction and expansion of Ehrlichia strain diversity

Ehrlichia are tick-borne gram negative, obligately intracellular bacteria. The 16S rRNA gene DNA sequences are highly conserved among strains of each Ehrlichia species. The 28-kDa/Map-1 outer membrane protein genes are highly diversified among strains of Ehrlichia chaffeensis and E. ruminantium, but are highly conserved among E. canis isolates. The diversity of the immunodominant proteins of E. chaffeensis and E. ruminantium in contrast with the conservation of the immunodominant proteins of E. canis suggests that E. chaffeensis and E. ruminantium face more host immune pressure than E. canis or that E. chaffeensis and E. ruminantium evolved earlier than E. canis and have diverged.     

羊口疮病毒GDZC株锚蛋白基因的克隆及序列分析

为研究羊口疮病毒（Orf virus,ORFV）编码的锚蛋白（ankyrin,ANK）基因在感染宿主中的免疫调节作用,本试验从ORFV GDZC株感染的细胞病毒液中提取基因组DNA,用特异性引物进行PCR扩增、克隆出5个ANKs基因,并进行了基因序列及其编码蛋白的生物信息学分析。结果显示,获得的GDZC株ORFV008、ORFV123、ORFV126、ORFV128、ORFV129基因分别编码516、525、497、501和516个氨基酸,与OV-SA00毒株的核苷酸同源性最高,分别为98.3%、98.7%、97.9%、97.3%、98.0%。ORFV编码的5个ANKs都含有ANK结构域和F-box结构域,是结构保守蛋白。蛋白跨膜分析表明,ORFV123和ORFV128不含潜在跨膜区,ORFV129、ORFV008和ORFV126蛋白分别存在1、2和3个潜在跨膜区,且均不含信号肽。本研究结果为深入研究ANK在ORFV致病过程中作用和免疫逃逸机制提供了基础数据。     

Cloning and Sequence Analysis of Ankyrin Genes from Orf Virus GDZC Strain

To investigate the role of ankyrin proteins encoding by Orf virus (ORFV) in the immune modulation to host infection, five ankyrin (ANK) genes of ORFV GDZC strain were amplified using specific primers by PCR amplification and cloning from the viral genome DNA which extracted from virus infection cells,and their sequences and coding protein structure bioinformatics analysis were performed. The results showed that ORFV008, ORFV123, ORFV126, ORFV128 and ORFV129 consisted of 516, 525, 497, 501 and 516 amino acids, respectively, which shared a nucleotide identity of 98.3%, 98.7%, 97.9%, 97.3% and 98.0% with those of ORFV OV-SA00 strain, respectively. All of five ANK proteins contained ANK and F-box structural domain that showed they were structure conservative proteins. The analysis of protein transmembrane showed that ORFV123 and ORFV128 had no potential transmembrane domains, while the ORFV129, ORFV008 and ORFV126 had one, two and three potential transmembrane domains, respectively. And these ANK proteins had no signal peptide. These results provided the basic data for further study of the ANK proteins in the pathogenic and immune evasion mechanisms of ORFV.     

Suppression of influenza virus infection by the orf virus isolated in Taiwan

Orf virus (ORFV), a member of parapoxvirus, is an enveloped virus with genome of double-stranded DNA. ORFV causes contagious pustular dermatitis or contagious ecthyma in sheep and goats worldwide. In general, detection of viral DNA and observing ORFV virion in tissues of afflicted animals are two methods commonly used for diagnosis of orf infection; however, isolation of the ORFV in cell culture using virus-containing tissue as inoculum is known to be difficult. In this work, the ORFV (Hoping strain) isolated in central Taiwan was successfully grown in cell culture. We further examined the biochemical characteristic of our isolate, including viral genotyping, viral mRNA and protein expression. By electron microscopy, one unique form of viral particle from ORFV infected cellular lysate was demonstrated in the negative-stained field. Moreover, immunomodulating and anti-influenza virus properties of this ORFV were investigated. ORFV stimulated human monocytes (THP-1) secreting proinflammatory cytokines IL-8 and TNF-α. And, pre-treatment of ORFV-infected cell medium prevents A549 cells from subsequent type A influenza virus (IAV) infection. Similarly, mice infected with ORFV via both intramuscular and subcutaneous routes at two days prior to IAV infection significantly decreased the replication of IAV. In summary, the results of a current study indicated our Hoping strain harbors the immune modulator property; with such a bio-adjuvanticity, we further proved that pre-exposure of ORFV protects animals from subsequent IAV infection.     

A preliminary map of epitopes on envelope glycoprotein E1 of HCV strain Brescia.

Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) directed against envelope glycoprotein E1 (gp51-54) of hog cholera virus (HCV) strain Brescia have been shown to recognize four different antigenic domains A, B, C and D. Epitopes of within domain A have mainly been found conserved among HCV strains, whereas epitopes within domains B, C and D are not conserved. We used transiently expressed hybrid E1 genes of HCV strains Brescia and "C" to map the non-conserved epitopes on E1. Epitopes in domains B and C are located within the ultimate N-terminal 104 amino acids. The non-conserved subdomain A3 is most probably located between domains B/C and a hydrophobic region, which is highly conserved between HCV strains Brescia and "C". The conserved subdomains A1 and A2 are probably located in the vicinity and C-terminally of this conserved, hydrophobic region, which is near the centre of the E1 amino acid sequence.     

Virulence factors and genetic relatedness of Escherichia coli strains isolated from pigs with post-weaning diarrhea

Forty-six Escherichia coli strains isolated from post-weaning diarrhea of pigs were analysed for their phenotypic and genotypic properties. The isolates were of serogroups O138, O139, and O141 and most of them possessed hemolytic activities. PCR analysis showed that 34 of the isolates harboured the genes for shiga toxin 2e and 32 strains possessed the genes for heat-stable enterotoxins I and II. Ten strains had the fedA gene of F18 fimbriae. The genetic relationships among all isolates were tested by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC) PCR analyses. Using the RAPD test with two different primers, six fingerprints were distinguished whereas the ERIC analysis revealed only three DNA patterns. Some strains possessing identical phenotypic and genotypic virulence determinants exhibited distinct RAPD profiles and some isolates with different pathogenic markers showed the same RAPD and ERIC pictures. Thus, RAPD, and to a less extent ERIC techniques, revealed intra- and interserogroup genotypic variations among the E. coli strains analyzed.     

福建省羊传染性脓疱病毒F1L、B2L和VIR基因的遗传变异分析

为探明2014年-2015年在福建省流行的羊传染性脓疱病毒(ORFV)遗传变异情况,对10株ORFV流行毒株的F1L、B2L和VIR基因进行克隆、测序及分析。结果表明,10株ORFV F1L基因之间的核苷酸序列同源性为97.6%~100%,与国内株的核苷酸序列同源性为96.8%~99.7%,与NZ2参考株的核苷酸序列同源性为96.3%~97.1%;同NZ2参考株比较,FJ-YT2014缺失2个氨基酸;10株ORFV B2L基因之间核苷酸序列同源性为97.5%~99.9%,与国内株的核苷酸序列同源性为96.7%~99.5%,与NZ2参考株的核苷酸序列同源性为96.7%~97.7%;10株ORFV VIR基因之间的核苷酸序列同源性为95.8%~99.5%,与国内株的核苷酸序列同源性为94.6%~99.6%,与NZ2参考株的核苷酸序列同源性为94.6%~96.4%。基于基因核苷酸序列的遗传进化分析表明,10株ORFV F1L基因与福建省分离株、山西株和新疆株亲缘关系较近;10株ORFV B2L基因与新疆、山西、德国毒株亲缘关系较近;10株ORFV VIR基因与台湾、新疆株亲缘关系较近。结果提示,当前福建省流行的ORFV F1L、B2L和VIR基因尚未出现明显变异,但是其F1L、B2L和VIR基因核苷酸序列之间普遍存在异质性。     

Serologic and molecular comparisons of several equine herpesvirus type 1 strains

The molecular and serologic relatedness of 2 recent respiratory tract isolates of equine herpesvirus type 1, designated T1 and T2, were compared with the Army 183, Kentucky-A hamster-adapted (KyA-ha), and L-M cell-adapted (KyA-LM) strains. Electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels revealed differences in virion structural proteins among 4 purified strains. Seven envelope glycoproteins (molecular weight of 93,000, 65,000, 62,000, 60,000, 36,000, 20,000, and 18,000) corresponding to virion proteins 13, 16, 17, 18, 23, 25, and 26a, respectively, found in both the Army 183 and KyA-ha strains had slightly different molecular weight counterparts in both the T1 and T2 isolates, which had identical structural protein profiles. virion protein 19 (58,000 daltons), a nonglycosylated protein, was present in reduced amounts in the respiratory tract isolates, whereas virion protein 8a (200,000 daltons) was absent. Virion protein 8a, an envelope glycoprotein, was only present in the KyA-ha strain. The T1 and T2 isolates were not neutralized by equine herpesvirus type 2 antiserum and revealed little cross-neutralizatio with the Army 183 and KyA-ha strains in plaque-reduction neutralization tests. Restriction endonuclease cleavage maps of viral DNA revealed a similar, but not identical, number and size of DNA fragments between T1 and T2 isolates. Likewise, DNa profiles of Army 183, KyA-ha, and KyA-LM were also similar to each other, but vastly different from the respiratory tract isolates.     

Differentiation of avian poxvirus strains on the basis of nucleotide sequences of 4b gene fragment

Investigations for detection and differentiation of nine avian poxviruses (APVs) were carried out by the use of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) combined with restriction enzyme analysis (REA) and further nucleotide sequence analysis. With one primer set, which framed a region within the fowl poxvirus 4b core protein gene, we were able to detect APV-specific DNA from 19 tested strains and isolates belonging to five defined Avipoxvirus species and four previously undefined isolated species. PCR results revealed no recognizable differences in size of amplified fragments among the different APVs. REA of PCR products with MseI and EcoRV allowed us to differentiate most of the tested avipox species. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the amplified fragments showed a nucleotide similarity of 72%-100% among the different species. Phylogenetic analysis documented five distinguishable sequence clusters in accordance with results obtained by REA. PCR in combination with REA and sequencing of the amplified fragments is a rapid and effective diagnostic system, and it is a new approach to refine epidemiologic studies of APV infections.     

Identification of genotypes of Giardia intestinalis isolates from dogs in Japan by direct sequencing of the PCR amplified glutamate dehydrogenase gene

Giardia has been detected in domestic dogs in Japan, but the genotype of isolates has remained unclear because identification has relied on conventional microscopy. Here we tried to identify the genotypes of four isolates from dogs in Japan by direct sequencing of the PCR amplified Giardia glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) gene. The primer pair GDHF3 and GDHB5, targeting the GDH gene, was designed to prime a region of the GDH gene sequence conserved in the strains found to have the dog-specific genotype. The specific PCR product (approximately 220 bp), amplified with this primer pair, was only observed when Giardia DNA was used as the template. The sequences of the diagnostic fragments were identical among the isolates from dogs, and were differed by 15 bp or 1 bp from the strains, which were found to be the dog-specific genotypes, Assemblage C or D respectively. To verify the identity of the amplified DNA, a phylogenetic analysis was performed. Consequently, the sequence of the isolates from dogs clearly clustered with the strain found to be Assemblage D with neighbor-joining analyses. Therefore, all the isolates from dogs examined were identified as the dog-specific genotype, Assemblage D. In the present study, we revealed the genotype of Giardia isolates in Japan, and showed that direct sequencing of the PCR product amplified with the primer pair GDHF3 and GDHB5 was a useful tool for distinguishing between the zoonotic and dog-specific genotypes.     

An outbreak of Mycoplasma synoviae infection in North Carolina turkeys: comparison of isolates by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and restriction endonuclease analysis.

Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) isolates made in 1988-89 from turkey flocks in North Carolina, Missouri, and Ontario, Canada, were compared with each other and MS reference strains (WVU-1853, F10-2AS, Neb-3S, and K1968) by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of cell proteins and restriction endonuclease analysis (REA) of DNA. SDS-PAGE and REA indicated considerable homology among MS reference strains and recent field isolates. However, sufficient differences were resolved to identify the MS reference strains as different from each other and the field isolates, and to classify seven of nine recent field isolates as a cluster of nearly identical strains. The results suggest that flocks infected with members of the cluster were epizootiologically associated, possibly by a common or point source of infection.