云南主要地方牛肿肌肉矿物质含量测定

首次报道了云南主要地方牛肿肌肉矿物持含量的测定结果。钙，镁，锌，铜和锂的含量，均以迪庆黄牛，中甸牦牛和中甸犏牛明显高于大额牛和云南瘤牛；钾含量以云南瘤牛最高；钠含量以云南瘤牛最高；钠含量则以云南瘤牛最低。     

云南主要地方牛种肌肉氨基酸营养特性研究

云南主要地方牛种肌肉氨基酸测定分析结果，氨基酸总含量（ｇ／１００ｇ）：云南瘤牛为７４．９５天中甸牦牛为７３．０５，大额牛７０．９４，均明显高于中甸黄牛的６７．２３和中甸犏牛６３．９０；必需氨基酸含量（ｇ／１００ｇ）云南瘤牛３０．８７，中甸牦牛３０．４１，大额牛３０．２１，均显著高于中甸黄牛２７．０５和中甸犏牛２３．６２，必需／非必需氨基酸之比，大额牛０．７４，中甸牦牛０．７１，云南瘤牛０．７０，均     

云南主要地方牛种体尺测定

本文报道了云南主要地方牛种大额牛,云南瘤牛,中甸牦牛,迪庆黄牛和中甸犏牛的体尺测定结果。结果表明：大额牛,云南瘤牛和中甸牦牛均具有较典型的偏兼用型体型,其潜在的产肉性能较高;迪庆黄牛和中甸犏牛为偏役用型体型。     

云南主要地方牛种肌肉氨基酸营养特性研究

首镒报道了云南主要地方牛种肌肉氨基酸测定分析结果。氨基酸总含量；云南瘤牛，中甸牦牛和大额牛均明显高于迪庆黄牛和中甸犏牛；必需氨基酸含量；云南瘤牛，中甸牦牛和大额牛均显著高于迪庆黄牛和中甸犏牛；必需／非必需氨基酸之比，大额牛，中甸牦牛和云南瘤牛均明显高于迪庆黄牛和中甸犏牛。     

云南主要地方牛种肉质特性研究

对大额牛,云南瘤牛,中甸牦牛,迪庆黄牛和中甸犏牛的肉质特性作了系统测试。分析和对比。结果表明：５个牛种在肌肉ＰＨ值,系水率,嫩度,贮藏损失,熟肉率,肉色评分和大理石评分以及品偿鉴定等肉质特性指标上均有差异。     

云南主要地方牛种的屠宰性能研究

首次对云南主要地方牛种的屠宰性能作了研究。大额牛、云南瘤牛、迪庆黄牛、中甸牦牛和中甸牛扁牛的宰前活重（ｋｇ）分别为１７０．０±２５．０、３２４．５±２８．５、１６３．３０±２４．８９、３０９．１３±５９．７５和１８３．２５±２７．５９;胴体重（ｋｇ）分别为７８．１８±８．８２、１６５．９１±１６．２９、８３．８８±１５．４２、１７８．７７±３４．０８和８３．８５±１８．１４;屠宰率（％）分别为５２．５６±０．７８、５１．０８±１．５３、５１．２５±２．９０、５７．６０±４．５４和４５．４４±３．５１;净肉率（％）３９．７６±０．２４、３９．９７±１．２９、３９．７９±３．９２、４５．６８±４．３９和３４．３１±３．８５;眼肌面积（ｃｍ２）分别为４９．８４±１４．８２、７６．０７±３．６０、３３．２０±５．９２、５５．３５±１５．３１和３４．３７±９．７２。结果表明：大额牛、云南瘤牛、迪庆黄牛和中甸牦牛,在放牧条件下有较好的产肉性能,尤其是云南瘤牛、中甸牦牛的产肉性能更为突出。     

云南主要地方牛种横纹肌组织形态学研究

采用组织学、电镜方法对云南主要地方牛种大额牛、云南瘤牛、中甸牦牛、迪庆黄牛和中甸牛扁牛的肌纤维特性作了系统研究。５个牛种背最长肌的肌纤维直径（μｍ）分别为５７．４８±１．１５、１０９．４５±１．８４、１００．３８±６．２５、９０．３８±５．３１和９７．３５±９．６２;肌纤维密度（根／ｍｍ２）分别为２０１．５４±２．６６、１１５．４５±４．０４、１０６．３０±１０．１０、９０．３８±５．３１和９２．３５±９．６２;肌束内纤维数（根）分别为７３．２３±８．９０、３４．３２±８．７７、３６．３２±８．３０、４７．６２±８．９０和４０．４０±８．７９。肌节长度（μｍ）以大额牛公牛最长（１．７０６５）,云南瘤牛去势公牛居中（１．４６７０）,云南瘤牛公牛最短（１．２０５０）。     

微量元素钴,铬,镉和铅与地方流行性牛白血病

采用石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定了淋巴肉瘤牛与对照牛（各１５头），以及牛白血病病毒感染率相近但淋巴肉瘤发生率不同的三个牧场奶牛被毛中微量元素钴、铬、镉和铅的含量。结果表明：（１）淋巴肉瘤牛被毛中钴、铬和镉的含量显著高于对照牛（Ｐ＜０．０５，Ｐ＜０．０１和Ｐ＜０．０５）。（２）三个牧场奶牛被毛中钴和铬的含量与这三个场牛白血病病毒感染牛的淋巴内瘤发生率呈显著相关（钴ｒ＝０．９２１０，铬ｒ＝０．８７２１）。本试验提示微量元素钴和铬增加了奶牛对牛白血病病毒诱癌的敏感性。     

云南高峰牛保种及开发利用

云南高峰牛，为云南瘤牛在德宏州辖区内称呼。云南瘤牛是我国黄牛属中一个珍贵的畜种资源，由于瘤牛具有耐湿热、抗蜱能力和抗某些疾病的能力，为近代世界开展黄牛改良中成为欧美各国改良乳牛或肉用牛的重要遗传资源。本文认为不论是物种保护，人与自然和谐发展，还是通过开发利用造福于社会，都应该注重云南高峰牛品种资源的保护，并以此提出了在德宏州瘤牛集中产区建立与健全保种基地，采取有效措施，有计划地进行选育提高，进一步开展对云南高峰牛形状及开发利用的研究，为其数量的发展和质量的提高提供科学依据。     

微生物处理小麦秸作为生长肥育牛饲料的营养价值

本试验对微生物处理小麦秸作为生长肥育牛饲料的营养价值进行了研究。利用含有乳酸菌、纤维分解菌和丙酸菌的复合冻干菌剂处理小麦秸（ 并添加１ ％ 尿素） ,使麦秸的粗蛋白含量提高７８ ．８ ％ （Ｐ＜ ０ ．００３） ,中性洗涤纤维（ＮＤＦ） 、酸性洗涤纤维（ＡＤＦ） 、纤维素和半纤维素含量分别下降４ ．８ ％（Ｐ＜ ０ ．００２） 、４ ．５ ％ （Ｐ＜ ０ ．０４１） 、５ ．７ ％ （Ｐ＜ ０ ．００５） 和５ ．２ ％ （Ｐ＜ ０ ．０２７） 。生物处理提高了小麦秸的乳酸、乙、丙、丁酸含量和与发酵有关的微生物数量,并使处理秸秆的干物质、有机物质和ＮＤＦ 消化率分别提高了１１ ．２ ％ （Ｐ＜ ０ ．０１７） 、１０ ．１ ％ （Ｐ＜ ０ ．０１６） 和１２ ．０ ％ （Ｐ＜ ０ ．０１２） 。用微生物处理的小麦秸饲喂生长肥育牛使肉牛秸秆进食量、日增重和饲料转化率分别提高１９ ．４ ％ （Ｐ＜ ０ ．００１） 、２２ ．９ ％ （Ｐ＜ ０ ．００１） 、９ ．６ ％（Ｐ＜ ０ ．０２３） ,并使其单位增重的饲料成本降低１３ ．９ ％     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.