茶角盲蝽触角和前足感器的扫描电镜观察

利用扫描电镜对茶角盲蝽Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse雌、雄成虫的触角、前足进行观察,结果表明:茶角盲蝽触角为线状,共4节,即柄节、梗节和2个鞭节。触角感器共有5种,分别为毛形感器、锥形感器、刺形感器、腔锥形感器和乳形感器,其中毛形、锥形感器各有2个亚型,刺形感器有3个亚型,不同类型的感器在触角各节上的分布情况各不相同。雌、雄成虫的触角感器存在性二型现象,其中乳形感器为雄虫所特有。前足感器共有5种,分别为毛形感器、刺形感器、锥形感器、腔锥形感器和Bo··hm氏鬃毛,其中刺形感器有2个亚型,这些感器在雌、雄成虫的前足上均有分布。     

香蕉假茎象甲触角感器的扫描电镜观察

应用日立S-3000N型扫描电镜对香蕉假茎象甲雌、雄成虫的触角形态和感器进行了观察。结果表明:香蕉假茎象甲触角为膝状,由柄节、梗节和鞭节组成。触角表皮普遍具有波浪形刻纹,共有4种感器,即毛形感器、刺形感器、锥形感器和芽孢形感器,其中,毛形感器有3种类型,刺形感器有2种类型。香蕉假茎象甲雌、雄个体间触角感器类型及其分布均无明显差异。触角上的各种感器类型多样,数量众多,分布集中,鞭节上感器最多,梗节次之,柄节无感器。     

板井小绿叶蝉触角形态及其感器类型

该试验应用电镜扫描技术,观察比较板井小绿叶蝉成虫雌、雄两性的触角及感器的形态、数量和分布。结果表明,板井小绿叶蝉雌、雄成虫,触角均呈刚毛状,包括柄节、梗节和鞭节3部分,两性间无差异。柄节及梗节较粗短,其上具多个鳞形感器,梗节近端部着生3~5根毛形感器;鞭节细长,分为多亚节,第2、3亚节上各有1个毛形感器,雌虫第4亚节和雄虫第2亚节上各有1锥形感器,其余亚节上均无感器。雌、雄性成虫触角表面都有刺体,且均为球状刺体。因此,板井小绿叶蝉的触角感器的类型及数量在雌雄个体间无差异。这些结果为板井小绿叶蝉的行为生物学、化学生态学和电生理学的研究提供参考。     

牧草盲蝽成虫触角超微结构观察

牧草盲蝽(Lygus pratensis)是新疆棉田害虫,严重影响棉花的产量.利用扫描电镜对牧草盲蝽雌雄成虫的触角形态与感器的类型、分布进行了观察.结果:牧草盲蝽雌雄成虫触角差异不大,雄成虫触角略短于雌成虫.牧草盲蝽触角为丝状,共4节,即柄节、梗节和2节鞭节;触角上的感器有3种,分别为毛形感器、刺形感器、锥形感器,其中...     

斜纹夜蛾侧沟茧蜂触角感受器的扫描电镜观察

应用扫描电镜对斜纹夜蛾侧沟茧蜂（Microplitis prodeniae）的触角感受器进行观察。结果显示：触角为线形,鞭节有16亚节;触角共有6类感器,分别为毛形感器、刺形感器、锥形感器、腔锥形感器、板形感器和钟形感觉器;毛形感器最多,分布整个触角;刺形感器分布在柄节和梗节,数量较少;锥形感器、腔锥形感器、板形感器和钟形感觉器分布在鞭节,其中钟形感觉器仅着生于雄蜂鞭节;雌雄蜂触角在形状和结构上相似,但雄蜂触角的长度和直径显著大于雌蜂;雄蜂板形感器的数量、大小和密度显著高于雌蜂。     

豇豆荚螟触角感器扫描电镜观察

采用扫描电镜技术对豇豆荚螟(Maruca testulalis Geyer)成虫触角感器进行了观察和研究.结果表明,豇豆荚螟成虫触角上有7种类型的感器,分别为毛形感器、刺形感器、耳形感器、腔锥形感器、柱形感器、栓锥感器和锥形感器.这些感器在成虫中存在雌雄二型性,其中雌雄成虫都具有毛形感器I型、刺形感器、耳形感器、腔锥形感器、栓锥感器、锥形感器,而毛形感器II型和柱形感器仅分布于雄成虫.就豇豆荚螟触角与其相近种昆虫触角问的差异、两性间的差异及部分感器可能具有的功能进行了讨论.     

槟榔红脉穗螟卵及成虫触角的扫描电镜观察

对槟榔红脉穗螟(Tirathaba rufivena Walker)卵及成虫触角的外部形态结构进行扫描电镜观察。卵壳上的受精孔区结构和卵纹分布特征:卵的长径0.65～0.70毫米,短径0.45～0.50毫米;卵纹多数为四边形或五边形;受精孔区的花饰由15～16个小叶组成,小叶长约25～35毫米。成虫触角外部结构特征:触角由柄节、梗节和38～44个鞭节组成;触角背面被鳞片覆盖,绝大部分触角感器位于触角的腹面和侧面;所有鞭节的表皮上都有连续的网状结构,柄节和梗节的表皮上则无网状结构。在雌雄蛾的触角上都可以找到耳形感器、毛形感器、栓锥形感器、腔锥感器、锥形感器(即Bohm氏鬃毛)、刺形感器和鳞形惑器等7种感器。毛形感器数目最多,并根据其形状和表面细微结构分为A型和B型两类。耳形感器根据其形态也可分为A型和B型两类。除锥形感器外,所有感器都分布在触鞭节的网纹区上。本文对此昆虫雌雄成虫触角的差异进行了详细的讨论。     

春尺蠖触角结构与感器扫描电镜观察

春尺蠖Apocheima cinerarius被列为全国二级危害性林业有害生物，在内蒙古主要危害柠条，兼危害多种阔叶树，在我国其他地区可危害棉花、果树、林木等。为确定春尺蠖成虫触角上感器在寻找生存环境及响应外界环境刺激中发挥的作用，利用扫描电镜研究了春尺蠖的触角结构与感器种类和分布。结果表明：春尺蠖成虫雌雄蛾触角形态结构明显不同，雄蛾触角为双栉状，雌蛾触角为丝状；春尺蠖成虫触角感器有4种类型，即刺形感器、毛形感器、锥形感器和耳形感器。这些观察结果可为进一步探究春尺蠖触角感器的生理功能及人工合成相关驱避剂和引诱剂提供基础信息。     

茶棍蓟马（Dendrothrips minowai Priesner）触角感器的扫描电镜观察

应用扫描电镜技术观测了茶棍蓟马若虫、蛹、雌雄成虫触角感器的类型、分布及超微结构。结果表明,各种虫态的茶棍蓟马触角上共存在9种感器：Böhm氏鬃毛（BB）、钟形感器（SCa）、锥形乳头状感器（BMS）、刺形感器（SCh）、锥形感器（SB）、腔锥形感器（SCo）、腔形感器（SCav）、耳形感器（SA）和特殊结构感器（US）。其中,刺形感器分3种亚型,锥形感器分4种亚型。若虫、蛹、雌、雄成虫的触角感器在触角上的种类和分布有较大的差异,雌虫上具8种感器,无锥形乳头状感器;雄虫上着生7种,缺少锥形乳头状感器和腔形感器;若虫上感器种类有8种,无耳形感器,独具锥形乳头状感器;蛹的感器类型及数量最少,只有2种,即刺形感器和锥形感器。     

二疣犀甲成虫头部感受器超微结构观察

利用扫描电镜对二疣犀甲[Oryctes rhinoceros(Linnaeus)]雌雄成虫的触角、下颚须和下唇须上嗅感器超微结构特征及分布进行研究.结果表明,二疣犀甲(O.rhinoceros)成虫头部存在5种感受器.触角上有3种,以板型感器为主,分布在触角鳃片表皮内陷形成的凹腔里,此外还有毛型感器、腔锥形感器.雌雄成虫触角上感器的分布模式及数量没有明显的区别;下颚须和下唇须存在4种感器,即腔锥形感器、毛型感器、末梢锥形感器、钟型感器,其中末梢锥形感器在下颚须上分布存在性二型现象,其余3种感器在雌、雄二疣犀甲下颚须和下唇须上的分布和数量无明显区别.     

二化螟水稻、茭白种群幼虫口器和触角及其感器扫描电镜观察

【目的】为明确二化螟不同寄主种群幼虫口器和触角及其感器,对上述结构的超微形态进行了观察。【方法】选择二化螟水稻、茭白种群幼虫口器和触角及其感器为研究材料,利用扫描电子显微镜进行观察。【结果】表明,二化螟两种群梗节具2个刺形感器、3个锥形感器;上唇具6对刺形感器;上颚切齿叶具7个端齿,基外侧具2个刺形感器;轴节和茎节各具1个刺形感器;外颚叶具3个锥形感器、2个刺形感器和2个栓锥感器;下颚须侧缘具1个指形感器;下唇须端部有1个刺形感器。两种群间鞭节和下颚须感器数目存在差异:茭白种群鞭节具1个栓锥感器和2个锥形感器,水稻种群则具1个栓锥感器和1个锥形感器;茭白种群下颚须具5个锥形感器和3个柱形感器,而水稻种群具4个锥形感器和4个柱形感器。在感器长度上,茭白种群部分龄期幼虫的部分刺形感器(分布于梗节、轴节、茎节)、锥形感器(分布于梗节、下颚须、外颚叶)、栓锥感器(分布于鞭节、外颚叶)显著长于水稻种群的相应感器。茭白种群(1~5龄)的部分柱形感器(分布于下颚须)、3~5龄幼虫部分刺形感器(分布于外颚叶)显著短于水稻种群的相应感器。     

Insight Into the Ultrastructure of Antennal Sensilla of Mythimna separata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

The oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata (Walk), is one of the most serious pests of cereals in Asia and Australasia. The structure and distribution of the antennal sensilla of M. separata were studied by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that antennae of both female and male M. separata are filiform in shape. Three groups and seven morphological sensillum types were recorded in both sexes, including uniporous sensilla (sensilla chaetica), multiporous sensilla (sensilla trichodea, basiconica, coeloconica, and styloconica), and aporous sensilla (sensilla squamiformia and Böhm bristles). S. trichodea, which were the most abundant sensilla, was made of three subtypes (ST I, ST II, and ST III) according to external features and two subtypes of s. basiconica (SB I and SB II) and s. coeloconica (SCo I and SCo II) were identified, respectively. Sexual dimorphisms in sensilla of M. separata were mainly perceived as the variations in the numbers of several sensilla subtypes. Also, the possible functions of the antennal sensilla were discussed. These results contribute to our understanding of the function of antennae in the behavior of M. separata.     

黄翅绢野螟触角感器的扫描电镜观察

黄翅绢野螟是为害热带木本粮食作物菠萝蜜的主要钻蛀性害虫。本文利用扫描电镜对其雌雄蛾触角进行观察,以探索其化学感受系统。结果表明:黄翅绢野螟触角呈丝状,包括1节柄节、1节梗节和76个亚节连接成的鞭节三部分。触角中共发现11类感器,分别是毛形感器(Ⅰ和Ⅱ)、刺形感器(Ⅰ和Ⅱ)、栓锥形感器、腔锥形感器(Ⅰ和Ⅱ)、耳形感器、鳞形感器、锥形感器和Bo··hm氏鬃毛,感器的种类、分布及形态结构在雌雄蛾中不存在二型性。研究结果可为进一步揭示黄翅绢野螟寄主选择行为机制提供基础性资料。     

Antennal Sensilla in the Parasitoid Sclerodermus sp. (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae)

Parasitoid wasps of the genus Sclerodermus (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) are an important natural enemy of the Japanese pine sawyer beetle Monochamus alternatus Hope (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). In this study, we used scanning electron microscopy to examine the external morphology of the antennal sensilla of Sclerodermus sp. Antennae of females and males comprised the scape, pedicel, and 11 flagellomere segments. Based on the morphology of the sensilla in each sex, seven types of sensillum were identified: sensilla trichodea (Tr.1, Tr.2 and Tr.3), sensilla basiconica (Ba.1, Ba.2, and Ba.3), sensilla styloconica (St.1 and St.2), sensilla placodea, sensilla coeloconica, sensilla squamiforma, and Bohm’s bristles. Tr.2, Ba.1, and St.1 were only found in females, whereas Ba.2, Ba.3, and St.2 were only observed in males. Sensilla placodea were the most common, given that they occur on the antennae of many parasitoid Hymenoptera, whereas sensilla Tr were the most abundant, being distributed over the entire antennal surface. These sensilla are likely to have roles in the host locating and habitat searching behavior of adult Sclerodermus wasps. Therefore, our findings provide a basis for further studies of the host location behavior of this and other species of parasitic wasp.     

Identification and Characterization of Two “Sensory Neuron Membrane Proteins” (SNMPs) of the Desert Locust,Schistocerca gregaria (Orthoptera: Acrididae)

Pheromone-responsive neurons of insects not only require specific receptors but in addition several auxiliary components, including the “sensory neuron membrane protein,” SNMP. Accordingly, SNMP is considered as a marker for neurons responding to pheromones. For the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria, it is known that the behavior, including aggregation behavior and courtship inhibition, is largely controlled by pheromones. However, little is known about pheromones, their receptors, and the pheromone-responsive cells in locusts. In this study, we have identified two SNMP subtypes, SNMP1 and SNMP2, and compared their phylogenetic relationship and primary structure motifs with SNMPs from other species. Both SNMPs were found in chemosensory tissues, especially the antennae. Employing double in situ hybridization, we identified and localized the SNMP-expressing cells in the antennae. Cells expressing SNMP1 were localized to sensilla trichodea but also to sensilla basiconica, which in locust respond to pheromones. One or a few cells express SNMP1 within the multineuron clusters from sensilla basiconica, whereas the SNMP2 subtype was expressed in cells surrounding the neuron clusters, possibly supporting cells. Based on the finding that SNMP1 is expressed in distinct neurons under chemosensory sensilla, it is conceivable that these cells may represent pheromone-responsive neurons of the desert locust.     

Flagellar Sensillar Equipment of Two Morphologically Closely Related Aphid Hyperparasitoids (Hymenoptera: Figitidae: Alloxysta)

The antennal sensillar equipment in the parasitic wasp family Figitidae was analyzed to date only in few species, despite some are associated with crop pests and can have an economic importance. It is the case of the genus Alloxysta, which includes hyperparasitoids of aphids which can potentially reduce effectiveness of primary pest parasitoids. Here we analyzed, through scanning electron microscopy, the diversity, morphology, and distribution of the antennal sensilla in males and females of Alloxysta consobrina (Zetterstedt) and Alloxysta victrix (Westwood), two species with overall very similar morphology. In both species, antennae are filiform and cylindrical, and flagellum was longer in A. victrix. Eight sensillar types have been recognized: four types of sensilla trichoidea (ST-A, ST-B, ST-C, ST-D), sensilla coeloconica, sensilla placoidea, sensilla campaniformia, and sensilla basiconica. ST-A, ST-B, ST-C, and sensilla placoidea were the most abundant types on the antennae and often increased in number and decreased in size toward the tip of antenna. The two species seem to have several differences in their sensillar equipment, possibly in accordance with the different degree of host range. On the other hand, sexual dimorphism is probably due to the different stimuli that have to be correctly processed. The comparison with the other species of Figitidae studied by far showed, at subfamily-level, that variability in sensillar equipment and phylogeny do not agree. This suggests a complex series of morphological changes during evolution of this group. The taxonomic sample should be thus substantially enlarged to disclose possible trends in sensillar equipment evolution in the family.     

Differences in Antennal Sensillae of Male and Female Peach Fruit Flies in Relation to Hosts

Antennal sensillae of male and female peach fruit flies, Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) (Diptera: Tephritidae), obtained from three different host fruit species (guava, Psidium guajava L. (Myrtales: Myrtaceae); peach, Prunus persica (L.) Stokes (Rosales: Rosaceae); and orange, Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck (Sapindales: Rutaceae)), were studied with scanning electron microscopy. This study was carried out to describe the different types of sensillae present on the three antennal segments (scape, pedicel, and flagellum or funiculus) of both sexes of B. zonata on different host fruit. The antennal segments of females tended to be larger than those of males feeding on peach and guava fruit. On orange, both sexes were similar (no significant differences were found). The first two antennal segments, scape and pedicel, are reinforced by some bristles and have different types of sensillae, including trichoid I, II, S; basiconic II; and sensilla chaetica in different numbers on different host fruit species. Numerous microtrichia, as well as trichoid (I, II), basiconic (I), clavate, and coeloconic (I, II) sensillae were observed on the funiculus with a great variation in number and length. As a result of feeding on different hosts, differences were found between sexes and some plasticity in size, number, distribution, and position of some sensillae, including trichoid, basiconic, chaetica, and clavate on the antennae of the female B. zonata. These sensillae were significantly larger in females. Also, some morphological and morphemetric differences have been found according to their feeding on different host fruit.