MPAIV、NDV Lasota株分别与较低致病性禽源E.coli的联合感染试验

以 2× 1 0 5EID50 的低致病性禽流感病毒 ( mildly pathogenic avian influenza virus,MPAIV)、2× 1 0 6 EID50 新城疫病毒 L asota株( Newcastle disease virus Lasota strain,NDVL asota)气管内注射 1 0日龄 SPF鸡 ,2 4h后 ,同剂量、同法重复感染一次 ;48h后 ,分别气管内注射较低致病性禽病原性大肠杆菌 1 2 0( O1 8)和 1 73( O2 6 )株 ,2× 1 0 7CFU/羽 ,2 4h后同剂量、同法重复攻毒一次 ,连续观察 1 0d。结果 :MPAIV单独感染组死亡率为 53% ;NDV Lasota株单独攻毒组未见死亡 ;大肠杆菌 1 2 0株单独攻毒组死亡率为 40 % ,1 73株单独攻毒组死亡率为 7% ;MPAIV与大肠杆菌1 2 0株联合攻毒组的死亡率为 87% ,NDV L a-sota株与 1 2 0株联合攻毒组的死亡率为 40 % ;MPAIV与大肠杆菌 1 73株联合攻毒组的死亡率为 80 % ,NDV Lasota株与 1 73株联合攻毒组的死亡率为 2 0 %。     

不同鸡传染性支气管炎疫苗毒株对新城疫La Sota株的增殖干扰试验

为观察IBV不同疫苗毒株H120、H52、4/91、28/86、Ma5及W93株对NDV增殖的干扰作用,采用不同浓度的IBV疫苗毒株与NDV La Sot a毒株分别按不同顺序接种,同胚增殖。利用血凝试验(HA)测定NDV效价,以判断IBV对NDV的干扰作用,为同胚增殖两种病毒提供参考数据。试验结果表明,IBV不同疫苗毒株能干扰NDV La Sot a增殖,干扰作用与其接种顺序、接种浓度及收毒时间有关。     

新支二联苗种毒联合培养和联合免疫的研究

用不同毒株鸡传染性支气管炎病毒(F3株、肾型J株、H120-28/86株、H52、H120株)分别按不同浓度(100倍、400倍、700倍和1000倍)与100倍稀释的Lasota鸡新城疫病毒联合接种到10日龄鸡胚尿囊腔，同时设单独培养作对照，96h后收取尿囊液，用对流免疫电泳法检测鸡传染性支气管炎病毒效价，用血球凝集试验检测尿囊液鸡新城疫病毒效价。结果表明.以NDV100倍和IBV1000倍稀释混合作用后联合培养对二者病毒效价均无明显影响，NDV血凝效价可达1b11，IBV对流免疫电泳沉淀效价可达1b11，效果最佳。然后将上述培养液，用福尔马林溶液对其进行灭活，通过常规途径制备鸡新支二联油乳刑灭活苗。将此苗接种于21日龄雏鸡，接种后0，7，14，21，28，35，42，49d分别检测雏鸡NDV抗体和IBV抗体，检出的抗体平均值分别为2，3.6，4.8，5.8，6.2，6.5，6.8，6.5和2，3.3，4.6，5.9，6、2，6.4，6.6，6.4；攻毒保护率为100％。实验证明。以NDV100倍与IBV1000倍稀释混合作用后联合培养的尿囊液制得的鸡新支二联油乳荆灭活苗可以预防鸡新城疫和鸡传染性支气管炎。     

鸡传染性支气管炎病毒与新城疫病毒增殖作用及免疫干扰的研究

试验旨在观察鸡传染性支气管炎病毒（infectious bronchitis virus,IBV）和鸡新城疫病毒（newcastle disease virus,NDV）之间的增殖干扰现象,分析在免疫过程中两种疫苗存在的免疫干扰,为确定疫苗的免疫程序提供依据。采用完全随机试验设计,选取10日龄鸡胚尿囊腔接种不同浓度的IBV、NDV以及不同浓度混合的IBV和NDV,收集尿囊液测定其血凝效价（HA）;用不同浓度的IBV、NDV以及不同浓度混合的IBV和NDV分别免疫BALB/c小鼠及SPF雏鸡,收集血清,间接酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）和血凝抑制（HI）试验测定IBV和NDV的抗体效价及抑制效价。结果表明,同胚培养时,无论先接种IBV后接种NDV还是先接种NDV后接种IBV或IBV和NDV同时接种,IBV对NDV均有干扰作用,而NDV对IBV没有干扰作用;接种IBV和NDV的小鼠,其产生IBV和NDV的抗体效价均低于单独免疫组,免疫的次序及免疫间隔时间对IBV和NDV的抗体效价均有影响,IBV对NDV的免疫效果具有较大的干扰作用。不同针混合免疫方式能提高IBV和NDV的抗体效价;接种IBV和NDV的雏鸡,免疫次序及免疫相隔时间对IBV和NDV的抗体效价均有影响,IBV对NDV的免疫效果具有较大的干扰作用;雏鸡和小鼠免疫血清HI试验数据表明,免疫次序及免疫间隔时间对IBV和NDV抗体的产生均有影响,但对NDV抗体的产生影响更明显,随着免疫间隔时间的增加,IBV和NDV的抗体水平呈增加趋势,雏鸡比小鼠更能敏感地反映出IBV对NDV的免疫干扰作用。混合注射时IBV和NDV的抗体水平均降低,IBV对NDV的免疫效果有干扰作用。因此,在同胚培养、小鼠及雏鸡的免疫中,IBV对NDV有干扰作用,而NDV对IBV无干扰作用。混合接种时IBV和NDV抗体效价均下降,IBV对NDV的免疫效果有干扰作用。免疫次序及免疫间隔时间对IBV和NDV抗体的产生均有影响,但随着免疫间隔的增加,IBV和NDV的抗体水平呈增加趋势。     

IBV疫苗株基因组3‘末端序列分析

以5株鸡传染性支气管炎病毒（IBV）疫苗株（D41、H120GD、H120SH、H52BJZH和H52GD株）和IBV标准强毒M41-E4株的基因组RNA为模板，利用RT-PCR技术，扩增出1条特异性条带，包括部分核衣壳蛋白（N）基因以及紧接着N基因下游的基因组3‘端非编码区（UTR）。测序结果表明，从D41、H120GD和H120SH株扩增的特异性片段长度为614bp；而从H52BJZH、H52GD和M41-E4株扩增的特异性片段长度为406bp。序列分析发现，被检的6株IBV毒株可分为两组，其中D41、H120GD和H120SH株为一组，核苷酸序列同源性为99.7%-99.8%；而H52BJZH、H52GD和M41-E4株构成另一组，其核苷酸序列同源性为99.3%-100%；两组之间的最大同源性仅为94.6%。在系统性发生进化树上，这两组分别位于不同的分支簇上，国内的H52BJZH、H52GD与国外的H52株不在同一分支簇上，相反却与国内强毒M41-E4株以及国外M41株在同一分支簇上。提示国内H52疫苗株与国外H52疫苗株不同，它们在亲缘关系上更靠近M41-E4株和M41株。     

鸡传染性支气管炎病毒对新城疫病毒的干扰作用观察

为观察鸡传染性支气管炎病毒（IBV）HN99株对新城疫病毒（NDV）增殖的干扰作用,该试验采用不同浓度的IBV标准株M41和地方株HN99与鸡新城疫病毒（NDV）分别按不同接种顺序同胚增殖,利用病毒血凝试验（HA）测定NDV的效价,观察IBV对NDV的干扰作用,从而为检测IBV地方株HN99提供方法,也为同胚增殖两种病毒提供一系列的数据参考。试验结果表明,鸡传染性支气管炎病毒地方株HN99对NDV的干扰作用与其浓度和接种顺序有关。     

新疆1株鸡传染性支气管炎病毒的分离鉴定及S1基因序列分析

为了解乌鲁木齐市鸡传染性支气管炎(IB)的流行特征，本研究利用鸡胚培养、RT-PCR、新城疫病毒(NDV)干扰及鸡胚半数感染量(EID₅₀)测定等多种方法分离到一株鸡传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV),将其命名为IBV/CK/CH(XJ)/01/2020。对其S1基因进行序列测定及比对分析发现，该分离株在鸡胚上连传5代出现侏儒胚现象，并且可以抑制NDV在鸡胚中的增殖，经计算其EID₅₀为10^-4.58/0.1 mL,为中等毒力毒株，攻毒组与正常组比较，雏鸡气管内有大量黏液且肺脏肿大，表现为呼吸型毒株特征，且其S蛋白裂解位点序列为HRRKR,与TC07-2、GX-NN0903等毒株形成一个独立的发育进化群，均属于TC07-2/GVI-1型IBV;与国内常用的H120、H52、M41等疫苗株的同源性仅为59%～65%。本研究为新疆地区IB的流行病学提供参考，也为当地IB的防控提供了理论依据。     

鸡传染性支气管炎病毒793/B RT-PCR检测方法的建立及应用

根据GenBank已发表的鸡传染性支气管炎病毒（Infectious bronchitis virus，IBV）793／BS1基因序列，设计1对引物，扩增891bp特异性核酸片段，建立了检测IBV793／B的RT—PCR方法。特异性试验结果表明，IBV793／B能扩增出891bp的核酸片段，而IBVM41H120H52毒株以及新城疫病毒（NDV）、禽流感病毒（AIV）、传染性法氏囊病病毒（IBDV）均无特异性条带出现。敏感性试验结果表明，该方法的最低检出量为10pg的模板。上述结果表明，本试验所建立的RT—PCR方法敏感性高、特异性强。利用建立的RT—PCR方法对从山东省分离的8株疑似鸡IBV793／B进行检测，结果7株为阳性。该方法的建立为IBV793／B的诊断及流行病学调查提供了可靠的方法。     

鸡新城疫病毒与传染性支气管炎病毒同胚培养的试验研究

将鸡新城疫病毒（NDV）和鸡传染性支气管炎病毒（IBV）按一定的稀释比例等量混合接种9~10日龄SPF鸡胚,让其在同一鸡胚中增殖（简称同胚培养）。试验结果表明,用5倍稀释的ND-Lasota病毒液与 5000倍稀释的IBH₁₂₀病毒液等体积混合后尿囊腔接种鸡胚,能在同一鸡胚中正常增殖,接种后96 h收毒,用红细胞凝集试验（HA）测得NDV、IBV两种病毒的血凝价分别为11 log2和12 log2,不低于各自病毒单独增殖的HA滴度,病毒的增殖基本趋于平衡。同时也证实了在合适的培养条件下,IBV对NDV的复制不会产生干扰。     

鸡传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)H120疫苗株S1基因的克隆与序列测定

根据国外已发表的鸡传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)S1基因序列设计了一对引物，通过：RT-PCR特异性扩增出IBV H120疫苗株的S1基因，产物大小为1．62kb，与设计相符。同源性比较结果显示，H120株与H52、M41和BEAU株的S1基因核苷酸序列的同源性分别为97．1％、96．9％和96．8％，表明IBV H120疫苗株与标准毒株的S1基因具有高度的同源性。     

Experimental Escherichia coli respiratory infection in broilers

This study determined optimal conditions for experimental reproduction of colibacillosis by aerosol administration of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli to 2-to-4-wk-old broiler chickens. The basic model for reproducing disease was intranasal administration of approximately 10(4) mean embryo infectious dose of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) followed by aerosol administration of an 02 or an 078 strain of E. coli in a Horsfall unit (100 ml of a suspension of 10(9) colony-forming units/ml over 40 min). Scores were assigned to groups of infected chickens on the basis of deaths; frequency and severity of lesions in the air sacs, liver and heart; and recovery of the challenge E. coli 6 days post-E. coli infection. An interval of 4 days between the IBV and E. coli challenges was best whether the chickens received the IBV at 8 or 20 days of age. Typically, 50%-80% of the chickens developed airsacculitis and 0 to 29% of the chickens developed pericarditis or perihepatitis, with little or no mortality. Escherichia coli alone resulted in no deaths and 0 to 20% airsacculitis, but these percentages increased to 0 to 5% and 52%-60% when the E. coli aerosol was administered through a cone-shaped chamber. Administration of IBV alone failed to induce lesions. Recovery of the challenge E. coli from chickens did not correlate well with lesions. On the basis of these data, administration of IBV to 20-day-old chickens followed 4 days later by exposure to an avian pathogenic E. coli reproduces avian colibacillosis with the low mortality, high percentage of airsacculitis, and low percentage of septicemic lesions characteristic of the conditions seen in the natural disease.     

鸡传染性支气管炎强毒分离株遗传进化分析和免疫保护试验

从山东省发病鸡群中分离鉴定了一株鸡传染性支气管炎病毒（Infectious bronchitis virus,IBV）强毒株SDIB821/2012,对其进行S1基因序列测定分析和免疫保护试验。S1基因遗传进化分析结果显示,SDIB821/2012属于以QXIBV为代表的基因型,与同属一个基因型的IBV参考株氨基酸同源性为91.6%～98.5%,与疫苗株491同源性为77.6%,与H120和MA5同源性均为74.8%。免疫保护试验结果显示,根据试验鸡临床症状和发病死亡情况,弱毒活疫苗491对SDIB821/2012的保护率为90%,而H120和MA5对SDIB821/2012的保护率分别仅为40%和33%。攻毒后各免疫组喉头、泄殖腔棉拭样品以及气管、肺脏和肾脏组织均可检测到病毒,表明3种IB疫苗均不能对SDIB821/2012提供完全的免疫保护。     

鸡传染性喉气管炎病毒PCR诊断方法的建立与应用

根据GenBank登录的传染性喉气管炎病毒(ILTV)的TK基因序列设计并合成1对特异性引物,以ILTV疫苗株DNA为模板,建立了检测ILTV TK基因的PCR方法。应用该方法能从临床分离毒株和疫苗株中扩增到长为427 bp的目的片段;但不能从新城疫病毒(NDV)、传染性法氏囊病毒(IBDV)、禽呼肠孤病毒(ARV)、减蛋综合征病毒(EDSV)、H9亚型禽流感病毒(H9-AIV)、传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)、大肠杆菌以及金黄色葡萄球菌等病原中扩增出阳性条带;敏感性试验表明其DNA最小检出量为4.9 ng;应用该方法和病毒分离法对2份临床病例和人工感染鸡的检测,两者符合率为100%。上述结果表明该PCR方法具有良好的特异性和敏感性,可用于传染性喉气管炎病毒鉴定和临床诊断。     

The efficacy of an avian metapneumovirus vaccine applied simultaneously with infectious bronchitis and Newcastle disease virus vaccines to specific-pathogen-free chickens

Avian metapneumovirus (aMPV), Newcastle disease virus (NDV), and infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) are important respiratory pathogens of chickens. To achieve early posthatch protection against all three diseases it would be helpful to deliver live aMPV, IBV, and NDV vaccines simultaneously at 1 day of age. However, previous work has indicated that the efficacy of aMPV vaccines may be affected when codelivered with IBV or NDV vaccines. The efficacy of an aMPV vaccine when codelivered to chickens in a trivalent combination with an NDV and an IBV vaccine was examined. The serological antibody response to the aMPV vaccine given with the IBV and NDV vaccine was significantly lower than when the aMPV vaccine was given alone. However, the aMPV vaccine did not affect the serological response to the IBV and NDV vaccines. Irrespective, the efficacy of the aMPV vaccine was not affected based on clinical signs postchallenge. This is the first report showing aMPV, IBV, and NDV vaccines can be codelivered without affecting the efficacy of the aMPV vaccine.     

Evaluation of the antigen relatedness and efficacy of a single vaccination with different infectious bronchitis virus strains against a challenge with Malaysian variant and QX-like IBV strains

BackgroundThe predominant infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strains detected in chickens in Malaysia are the Malaysian variant (MV) and QX-like, which are associated with respiratory distress, nephropathy, and high mortality. On the other hand, the antigenic relatedness and efficacy of IBV vaccines against these 2 field IBV strains are not well characterized.ObjectivesThis study aimed to determine the antigen relatedness and efficacy of different IB vaccine strains against a challenge with MV and QX-like strains.MethodsThe antigen relatedness and the ability of different IB vaccine strains in conferring protection against MV and QX-like were assessed based on the clinical signs, macroscopic lesions, and ciliary activity.ResultsThe MV strain IBS037A/2014 showed minor antigenic subtype differences with the vaccine virus Mass H120 and 4/91 strains but showed major antigenic subtype differences with the K2 strain. The Malaysian QX-like strain IBS130/2015 showed major antigenic subtype differences with the MV strain IBS037A/2014 and the vaccine strains except for K2. Chickens vaccinated once with Mass (H120) or with non-Mass (4/91 and K2) developed antibody responses with the highest antibody titer detected in the groups vaccinated with H120 and 4/91. The mean ciliary activities of the vaccinated chickens were between 56 to 59% and 48 to 52% in chickens challenged with IBS037A/2014 and IBS130/2015, respectively. The vaccinated and challenged birds showed mild to severe lesions in the lungs and kidneys.ConclusionsDespite the minor antigenic subtype differences, a single inoculation with Mass or non-Mass vaccines could not protect against the MV IBS037A/2014 and QX-like IBS130/2015.     

Protection induced by infectious laryngotracheitis virus vaccines alone and combined with Newcastle disease virus and/or infectious bronchitis virus vaccines

Two types of live attenuated vaccines have been used worldwide for the control of infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV): 1) chicken embryo origin (CEO) vaccines; and 2) tissue culture origin vaccines (TCO). However, the disease persists in spite of extensive use of vaccination, particularly in areas of intense broiler production. Among the factors that may influence the efficiency of ILTV live attenuated vaccines is a possible interference of Newcastle Disease virus (NDV) and infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) vaccines with the protection induced by ILTV vaccines. The protection induced by CEO and TCO vaccines was evaluated when administered at 14 days of age alone or in combination with the B1 type strain of NDV (B1) and/or the Arkansas (ARK) and Massachusetts (MASS) serotypes of IBV vaccines. Two weeks after vaccination (28 days of age), the chickens were challenged with a virulent ILTV field strain (63140 isolate, group V genotype). Protection was evaluated at 5 and 7 days postchallenge by scoring clinical signs and quantifying the challenge virus load in the trachea using real-time PCR (qPCR). In addition, the viral load of the vaccine viruses (ILTV, NDV, and IBV) was quantified 3 and 5 days postvaccination also using qPCR. The results of this study indicate that the NDV (B1) and IBV (ARK) vaccines and a multivalent vaccine constituted by NDV (B1) and IBV (ARK and MASS) did not interfere with the protection induced by the CEO ILTV vaccine. However, the NDV (BI) and the multivalent (B1/MASS/ARK) vaccines interfered with the protection induced by the TCO vaccine (P < 0.05). Either in combination or by themselves, the NDV and IBV vaccines decreased the tracheal replication of the TCO vaccine and the protection induced by this vaccine, since the ILTV-vaccinated and -challenged chickens displayed significantly more severe clinical signs and ILTV load (P < 0.05) than chickens vaccinated with the TCO vaccine alone. Although NDV and IBV challenges were not performed, the antibody responses elicited by NDV and/or the IBV vaccinations were significantly reduced (P < 0.05) when applied in combination with the CEO vaccine.     

Virus interference between H7N2 low pathogenic avian influenza virus and lentogenic Newcastle disease virus in experimental co-infections in chickens and turkeys

Low pathogenicity avian influenza virus (LPAIV) and lentogenic Newcastle disease virus (lNDV) are commonly reported causes of respiratory disease in poultry worldwide with similar clinical and pathobiological presentation. Co-infections do occur but are not easily detected, and the impact of co-infections on pathobiology is unknown. In this study chickens and turkeys were infected with a lNDV vaccine strain (LaSota) and a H7N2 LPAIV (A/turkey/VA/SEP-67/2002) simultaneously or sequentially three days apart. No clinical signs were observed in chickens co-infected with the lNDV and LPAIV or in chickens infected with the viruses individually. However, the pattern of virus shed was different with co-infected chickens, which excreted lower titers of lNDV and LPAIV at 2 and 3 days post inoculation (dpi) and higher titers at subsequent time points. All turkeys inoculated with the LPAIV, whether or not they were exposed to lNDV, presented mild clinical signs. Co-infection effects were more pronounced in turkeys than in chickens with reduction in the number of birds shedding virus and in virus titers, especially when LPAIV was followed by lNDV. In conclusion, co-infection of chickens or turkeys with lNDV and LPAIV affected the replication dynamics of these viruses but did not affect clinical signs. The effect on virus replication was different depending on the species and on the time of infection. These results suggest that infection with a heterologous virus may result in temporary competition for cell receptors or competent cells for replication, most likely interferon-mediated, which decreases with time.     

Comparative infectivity for axenic and specific-pathogen-free chickens of O2 Escherichia coli strains with or without virulence factors

Adhesion to epithelial respiratory cells, iron acquisition, and production of K1 polysaccharide capsules have been proposed as potential virulence factors of avian Escherichia coli. These factors were studied by inoculating groups of axenic or specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens intratracheally with O2 E. coli strains after previous challenge with a wild strain of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). In all experiments, the association between IBV and an E. coli strain endowed with the three virulence factors previously mentioned resulted in the most severe pathological effects, as measured by mortality, weight gains, lesions, and reisolation of E. coli from internal organs. An E. coli strain devoid of virulence factors was able only to induce mild pathological effects restricted to the respiratory tract when combined with IBV. Both E. coli strains were more invasive in axenic chickens than in SPF chickens. These results confirm the probable involvement of the three factors studied in the pathogenic properties of avian E. coli. This model can be used to assess the role of virulence factors, by comparing pairs of positive and negative isogenic strains.     

鸡传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)干扰新城疫病毒(NDV)增殖现象的研究

ＩＢＶ毒株Ｈ１２０、Ｈ５２、ＭＡ５对ＮＤＶ－ＬａＳｏｔａ的干扰实验证明ＩＢＶ特异性干扰ＮＤＶ增殖。１）采取不同顺序的同胚接种法：ＩＢＶ接种之后再接种ＮＤＶ;或ＮＤＶ接种之后再接种ＩＢＶ,及ＩＢＶ,ＮＤＶ同时接种,ＩＢＶ均干扰ＮＤＶ的增殖。２）ＮＤＶ接种３６小时之内,干扰现象最为明显,Ｈ１２０,Ｈ５２的干扰能力稍强于ＭＡ５。３）ＮＤＶ血清中和实验结果显示,不同顺序同胚接种ＮＤＶ、ＩＢＶ时,ＮＤＶ－ＬａＳｏｔａ不影响ＩＢＶ的增殖能力。同胚增殖ＩＢＶ,ＮＤＶ的关键是控制ＮＤＶ、ＩＢＶ的接毒量及选择合适的收毒时间。