蚕豆蛋白酶法改性增溶工艺优化及功能性研究

为了拓宽蚕豆蛋白在食品中的应用,解决传统工业方法制备的蚕豆蛋白溶解性差的问题,本文以传统的碱溶酸沉法提取的蚕豆蛋白为原料,采用限制性酶法对其进行增溶改性工艺优化,并对改性后的蚕豆蛋白的功能性质进行了研究。结果表明:风味蛋白酶是提高蚕豆蛋白溶解性的适宜用酶,酶解改性的最佳工艺条件为:料液比1∶14、酶加量(ES)0.1%、温度58℃、pH值7.5、酶解时间30 min,此条件下蚕豆蛋白的溶解性达到99.73%。改性后的蚕豆蛋白的溶解性、起泡性、乳化性及乳化稳定性在酸性和碱性条件下均显著提高,泡沫稳定性在碱性条件下显著提高,持水力在pH值为2~12的范围内显著下降。     

pH值和温度对燕麦蛋白溶解与聚集特性的影响

为研究燕麦蛋白的理化性质,本研究采用碱提酸沉法提取燕麦蛋白,并分析不同pH值与温度对燕麦蛋白溶解性、ζ-电位和粒径分布的影响。结果表明,在等电点附近(pH值5.0),燕麦蛋白的表面电荷数最低,蛋白粒度较大,溶解性和乳化性较低。当pH值远离等电点时,燕麦蛋白的表面电荷增加,蛋白粒度逐渐减小,溶解度升高,乳化性也随之升高;随着温度升高(55~95℃),燕麦蛋白聚集体解离,粒度变小,溶解度增加,稳定性变好;温度进一步升高(121、130℃),燕麦蛋白重新聚集形成粒径较大的聚集体,溶解度降低,稳定性变差。本研究结果为燕麦蛋白资源的利用提供了重要的理论指导。     

冷榨菜籽蛋白的碱性电解水提取工艺及其结构性能表征

为探寻一种油料蛋白提取方法,该研究以双低冷榨菜籽饼为原料,碱性电解水为溶剂,通过单因素与响应面试验确定了碱性电解水提取冷榨菜籽饼分离蛋白（Alkaline electrolyzed water extracted Rapeseed Protein,ARP）的优化条件,并与相同条件下碱溶酸沉法提取菜籽分离蛋白（Ultrapure water extracted Rapeseed Protein,URP）的结果进行对比。结果表明: 提取工艺各环节因素对菜籽蛋白提取率影响的主次顺序分别为：碱性电解水pH值、温度、料液比、时间;提取优化工艺条件为温度45 ℃、碱性电解水pH值11.5、料液比1:10 g/mL和提取时间60 min,蛋白质提取率为59.34%。与相同条件下碱溶酸沉法相比,碱性电解水提取的菜籽分离蛋白游离巯基和二硫键含量高、表面疏水性强、粒径小、ζ电位绝对值大,同时其提取率、溶解性、持油性、乳化性和起泡性均显著得到改善（P＜0.05）;此外,ARP内源荧光光谱强度更高,二级结构更有序。由此可知,该研究结果为碱性电解水提取冷榨菜籽饼蛋白提供参考,不仅提高了提取率,而且最大程度地减少了对菜籽蛋白结构和功能特性的破坏。     

大豆油体乳液稳定性和流变性分析

研究大豆油体乳液的基本物理化学性质,将为其工业应用提供参考。以水为介质提取大豆油体,方法无毒,利于食用。对其在不同pH值（pH值2～8）、NaCl浓度（0～250?mmol/L）和加热处理（30～90℃,30?min）条件下的Zeta电位、平均粒径和乳析稳定性进行测定,并对其流变性进行考察。大豆油体乳液的Zeta电位为+20?mV～-40?mV（pH值2～8）,等电点约为4.5。在pH值≤3和pH值≥6条件下,平均粒径均为0.4?μm左右;而在3＜pH＜6时,产生了乳析现象。在较高NaCl浓度下（＞25?mmol/L）,粒径较大和发生了乳析现象。大豆油体乳液在30～90℃加热处理时较稳定。大豆油体乳液呈现出弱凝胶的性质,其黏度随着油质量分数的降低而降低。研究表明,大豆油体乳液在一定的环境条件下是稳定的。     

利用超声处理提取皱胃酶的试验研究

以1～2周龄小牛皱胃为原料，利用超声提取法研究了超声强度、提取时间、提取液NaCl浓度、皱胃与提取液比例以及提取液pH值对皱胃酶(rennet)提取活性的影响。试验结果表明，与传统提取法相比较，超声提取法可显著缩短提取时间和提高皱胃酶的活性，其最佳工艺参数为：超声强度40 W/cm²，提取时间70 min，提取液NaCl浓度10%，提取液pH值5.0；皱胃与提取液比例为1∶20。     

采用广义回归神经网络建立酪蛋白乳化性与疏水性关系

为了研究琥珀酰化修饰后酪蛋白乳化性与疏水性关系,该文以琥珀酰化牦牛乳酪蛋白为研究对象,分析了不同酰化程度酪蛋白乳化性及疏水性变化趋势,采用广义回归神经网络建立了牦牛乳酰化酪蛋白乳化性与疏水性关系模型。结果显示,琥珀酰化牦牛乳酪蛋白乳化性和疏水性均与酰化程度、pH值有关,pH值为5以上,随着酰化程度的增加,酪蛋白乳化活性增大;等电点附近,酪蛋白乳化活性较差,等电点之后乳化活性迅速增大。pH值介于2-6时,所有酪蛋白乳化稳定性较强,pH值介于6-11之间时,酪蛋白乳化稳定性差异较小,pH值为12时乳化稳定性有所增加。酪蛋白内荧光与1-苯胺基萘-8-磺酸(1-aniline napthalene-8-sulfonic acid,ANS)外源荧光最大荧光强度和最大发射波长随酰化程度及pH值变化表现出较为复杂的关系。通过广义回归神经网络(generalized-regression-neu-network,GRNN)建立了牦牛乳酪蛋白疏水性参数、pH值、酰化程度与乳化性关系,网络模型对乳化性的预测相对误差小于10%,预测结果良好。研究结果为酪蛋白乳化性研究提供了参考依据。     

热榨和冷榨核桃饼粕中蛋白质提取及其性质研究

为优化核桃脱脂饼粕中蛋白质的提取工艺,并合理利用热榨和冷榨脱脂方式所得核桃饼粕的蛋白质,通过单因素试验和正交试验对冷榨脱脂核桃饼粕中蛋白质的提取工艺进行了优化,并对两种脱脂饼粕蛋白质的加工特性进行了比较研究。结果表明冷榨脱脂核桃饼蛋白质的最佳提取条件为:料液比1:8,pH值9.0,提取温度60℃,提取时间60min。在此条件下蛋白质的提取率为78.13%。蛋白加工和功能特性显示,在不同pH值条件下,冷榨核桃蛋白的溶解性和乳化活性指数均高于热榨饼粕,但冷榨核桃蛋白的乳化稳定指数低于热榨的;二者的吸水性和吸油性分别为(5.60±0.30)、(4.27±0.16)、(5.70±0.28)和(6.59±0.21)g/g。表明冷榨核桃饼粕分离蛋白质的吸水、吸油性均优于热榨核桃分离蛋白,具有更好的加工特性。另外,二者均具有较好的体外消化特性,但差异不显著(p>0.05)。     

花椒籽蛋白抗菌肽的起泡和乳化特性研究

为研究酶解花椒籽蛋白制得的抗菌肽的溶解性、起泡性和乳化特性,通过不同p H、温度等因素对制备的抗菌肽进行处理并分析其加工特性。结果表明:抗菌肽在p H值≥6、30~50℃内均具有良好的溶解性(氮溶解指数NSI80%);抗菌肽在酸性、碱性条件下的起泡性均高于中性条件,在10min、p H值≥6时具有良好的泡沫稳定性(≥82%);在35~55℃温度范围内,抗菌肽具有一定的起泡性(起泡性≥40%),10min时能保持很好的稳定性(≥73%);抗菌肽的乳化能力随着肽浓度的增加而减小,稳定性随着浓度的增加而增大;在p H值4.0时,抗菌肽的乳化性和乳化稳定性最差,乳化性为2.44m2·g-1,乳化稳定性小于22min;抗菌肽的亲水亲油平衡值(HLB值)大于16.7,亲水性较强。本研究为花椒籽蛋白抗菌肽在食品领域的应用提供了理论依据。     

CaCl2和pH值对水酶法提取大豆油形成乳状液破乳效果影响

为探明粗酶水相提取大豆油所产乳状液的破乳机制,通过破乳率、Zeta电位、黏度、粒径分布和平均粒径指标分别考察无机盐和pH值对乳状液稳定性的影响。为了比较无机盐的破乳效果,该文在乳状液中分别添加浓度均为0.06mol/L的CaSO_4、CaCl_2、MgCl_2、NaCl,80℃条件下反应10min,结果显示4种无机盐均可显著降低乳状液稳定性,其中CaCl2破乳率最高,然后依次为CaSO_4、MgCl_2、NaCl。尽管CaCl2在60、70、80℃时均可实现彻底破乳,但破乳率随CaCl_2浓度(0.02～0.08mol/L)、反应时间(0～90min)、反应温度(60～80℃)的增加而提升。CaCl_2实现彻底破乳后,破乳率随反应时间延长而下降。添加CaCl_2后乳状液的电位绝对值和黏度降低,油滴发生聚合,平均粒径增加,使乳状液稳定性下降。CaCl_2浓度和反应温度的提升均可导致电位绝对值和黏度下降程度增强,破乳率进一步上升。在50℃、pH为值3～9时,降低pH值可使乳状液电位绝对值和黏度显著下降,导致油滴平均粒径增加,乳状液稳定性下降。pH值为3~4时乳状液的电位绝对值最低,接近0,此时乳状液稳定性最低,破乳率最高。但当pH值小于3时,乳状液电位绝对值和黏度再次升高,致使油滴平均粒径和破乳率降低。光镜照片显示破乳后乳状液中油珠直径明显增大。该研究可为水酶法提取大豆油破乳技术提供理论依据。     

菜籽蛋白的提取和纯化

为了对菜籽饼进行综合利用,以低温压榨制油的双低菜籽饼为原料,探讨了菜籽蛋白的提取和纯化工艺.通过料液pH值的先后调节对比、正交、提取次数和纯化试验,得到较佳工艺条件:采用先调pH值法,水溶液的pH值为12,提取时间为20 min,温度为室温,提取3次,通过pH5和7的两步沉淀,经干燥得到分离蛋白,蛋白纯度达84.8%,得率为38.9%,且有害物质残留较少.先调pH值法与后调法相比,总的提取率可提高20个百分点,达90%以上.     

Salts and pH Induced Changes in Functional Properties of Amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor L.) Seed Meal

Amaranth meal is a rich source of proteins, carbohydrates, and minerals with a low amount of anti‐nutritional factors. It exhibits good functional properties. The effect of NaCl and NaHCO₃ salts and pH level on the functional properties of amaranth meal was studied. The water absorption capacity and protein solubility were improved in the presence of the salts. Protein solubility was high at extreme pH values and minimum at pH 4. Foaming capacity was poor in the presence of the two salts, while foam stability was better at lower concentrations of NaCl (0.2–0.6M). Changes in pH had a pronounced effect on the foaming properties of amaranth meal. Salts did not change the emulsification properties but significantly increased the relative viscosity of amaranth seed meal at higher concentrations of NaCl and NaHCO₃ (0.6–1.0M). Relative viscosity was highest at pH 10 and lowest at pH 4.     

蚕豆发芽过程中蛋白质和抗氧化能力的变化

为更好地开发利用蚕豆资源,研究蚕豆发芽过程中蛋白质及蛋白抗氧化能力的变化规律,采用凯氏定氮法测定发芽蚕豆的蛋白质含量,采用氨基酸分析仪测定氨基酸组分含量,运用十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)技术观察发芽蚕豆蛋白组成的变化,通过测定发芽蚕豆蛋白的1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)自由基和2,2'-联氮双-(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二铵盐(ABTS)自由基的清除能力分析其抗氧化能力。结果表明,蚕豆发芽过程中蛋白和氨基酸含量升高,促进部分蚕豆蛋白由大分子量转化分解成小分子量,提高了蚕豆蛋白的抗氧化能力,在蚕豆发芽第9天时蛋白质含量达到34.1 g·100g^-1、氨基酸含量为29.16 g·100g^-1,均达到最大值,蚕豆蛋白的自由基清除能力达到最强。综上,蚕豆的发芽过程可以增加蚕豆的营养物质成分含量,增强蚕豆的抗氧化能力。本研究结果为蚕豆蛋白、蚕豆芽等功能食品的开发利用提供了参考依据。     

Study on furundu, a traditional Sudanese fermented roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) seed: effect on in vitro protein digestibility, chemical composition, and functional properties of the total proteins

Furundu, a meat substitute, is traditionally prepared by cooking the karkade (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) seed and then fermenting it for 9 days. Physicochemical and functional properties of raw and cooked seed and of furundu ferments were analyzed. Furundu preparation resulted in significant changes in karkade seed major nutrients. Total polyphenols and phytic acid were also reduced. The increase in total acidity and fat acidity coupled with a decrease in pH indicates microbial hydrolysis of the major nutrients; proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. In vitro digestibility of the seed proteins reached the maximum value (82.7%) at the sixth day of fermentation, but thereafter it significantly decreased. The effect of furundu preparation on N solubility profiles and functional properties, such as emulsification and foaming properties and other related parameters, is investigated in water and in 1 M NaCl extracts from defatted flour samples. The results show that cooking followed by fermentation affects proteins solubility in water and 1 M NaCl. The foaming capacity (FC) from the flour of raw seed decreased as a result of cooking. Fermentation for 9 days significantly increased the FC of the cooked seed, restoring the inherent value. Foam from fermented samples collapsed more rapidly during a period of 120 min as compared to the foam from raw and cooked karkade seeds; stability in 1 M NaCl was lower as compared to those in water. In water, the emulsion stability (ES) from the fermented samples was significantly higher than that of the raw seed flour. Addition of 1 M NaCl significantly decreased the ES of the fermented samples.     

Growth,Mineral Composition,and Biochemical Changes of Broad Bean as Affected by Sodium Chloride and Zinc Levels and Sources

Plants grown in salt‐affected soils may suffer from limited available water, ion toxicity, and essential plant nutrient deficiency, leading to reduced growth. The present experiment was initiated to evaluate how salinity and soil zinc (Zn) fertilization would affects growth and chemical and biochemical composition of broad bean grown in a calcareous soil low in available Zn. The broad bean was subjected to five sodium chloride (NaCl) levels (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 m mol kg^?1 soil) and three Zn rates [0, 5, and 10 mg kg^?1 as Zn sulfate (ZnSO₄) or Zn ethylenediaminetetraaceticacid (EDTA)] under greenhouse conditions. The experiment was arranged in a factorial manner in a completely randomized design with three replications. Sodium chloride significantly decreased shoot dry weight, leaf area, and chlorophyll concentration, whereas Zn treatment strongly increased these plant growth parameters. The suppressing effect of soil salinity on the shoot dry weight and leaf area were alleviated by soil Zn fertilization, but the stimulating effect became less pronounced at higher NaCl levels. Moreover, rice seedlings treated with ZnSO₄ produced more shoot dry weight and had greater leaf area and chlorophyll concentration than those treated with Zn EDTA. In the present study, plant chloride and sodium accumulations were significantly increased and those of potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) strongly decreased as NaCl concentrations in the soil were increased. Moreover, changes in rice shoot Cl^?, Na⁺, and K⁺ concentrations were primarily affected by the changes in NaCl rate and to a lesser degree were related to Zn levels. The concentrations of Cl^? and Na⁺ associated with 50% shoot growth suppression were greater with Zn‐treated plants than untreated ones, suggesting that Zn fertilization might increase the plant tolerance to high Cl^? and Na⁺ accumulations in rice shoot. Zinc application markedly increased Zn concentration of broad bean shoots, whereas plants grown on NaCl‐treated soil contained significantly less Zn than those grown on NaCl‐untreated soil. Our study showed a consistent increase in praline content and a significant decrease in reducing sugar concentration with increasing salinity and Zn rates. However, Zn‐treated broad bean contained less proline and reducing sugars than Zn‐untreated plants, and the depressing impact of applied Zn as Zn EDTA on reducing sugar concentration was greater than that of ZnSO₄. In conclusion, it appears that when broad bean is to be grown in salt‐affected soils, it is highly advisable to supply plants with adequate available Zn.     

In vitro protein digestibility and physicochemical properties of dry red bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) flour: effect of processing and incorporation of soybean and cowpea flour

A study was carried out to determine the effect of germination and drying temperature on the in vitro protein digestibility and physicochemical properties of dry red bean flours. A 2 x 3 factorial experiment with two treatments (germination and nongermination) and three drying temperatures was used for this purpose. The effect of particle size on water absorption capacity of bean flour was investigated. In addition, the effect of incorporating soybean and cowpea into the red bean flour on functional properties was equally investigated. Results reveal that protein digestibility increased with germination and also with drying temperature. Drying at 60 degrees C produced flours of optimum functional characteristics, although the hydrophilic/lipophilic index was high and the solubility index reduced. Germination and particle size as well as drying temperature all affected the water uptake properties of bean flours. Incorporation of soybean and cowpea flour into germinated bean flour at levels of 10 and 30%, respectively, produced a composite with higher functional properties.     

Stability and emulsion-forming ability of water-soluble fish myofibrillar protein prepared by conjugation with alginate oligosaccharide

Carp myofibrillar protein (Mf) was conjugated with alginate oligosaccharide (AO) through the Maillard reaction under low relative humidity, and the functional properties of the Mf-AO conjugate were investigated under different NaCl concentrations and pH levels. Mf became highly solubilized at lower NaCl concentrations by conjugation with AO, with a slight loss of available lysine. The thermal stability of Mf was effectively improved by conjugation with AO. Heat treatment at 80 degrees C for 2 h had no effect on the solubility of the Mf-AO conjugate attached to 227 microg/mg of AO regardless of the NaCl concentration and pH. Furthermore, the Mf-AO conjugate showed excellent emulsion-forming ability regardless of NaCl concentration. The improved functionalities of Mf by conjugation with AO remained even at a nearly isoelectric point. These results indicate that conjugation with AO through the Maillard reaction is an effective way to prepare high-functional food material from fish muscle protein.     

不同微细水核直径的掺水乳化柴油制备方法和影响因素

随着燃油车和重型农用机械数量的增加,石油资源消耗急剧上升,掺水乳化柴油作为一种新型可替代燃料受到了广泛关注。水核直径对掺水乳化柴油的微爆特性影响较大,但目前缺乏组分不变下的目标水核直径掺水乳化柴油的制备方法和适宜的水核直径表征方法。该研究基于CV模型,开发了适合水核微观结构的图像识别程序;创新性地提出采用对数正态分布函数拟合和表征水核直径的分布。结果表明,相对于索特平均直径,基于对数正态分布函数拟合的表征参数可以更准确地描述掺水乳化柴油内部水核分布情况。随后,基于正交设计方法,通过调节超声波乳化的乳化时间、乳化功率和超声波频率参数实现了组分不变情况下不同水核直径的掺水乳化柴油的制备;并基于新的表征参数,研究了制备参数对掺水乳化柴油中水核直径的影响规律以及敏感性等特征。研究表明:超声波频率、乳化功率和乳化时间3个制备因素对最大直径的极差为0.744、2.880、1.038,对分布标准差的极差分别为0.028、0.120、0.034,因此各因素的影响优先级分别为:乳化功率、乳化时间、超声波频率。随着乳化功率、乳化时间的增加,乳化效果明显增强,掺水乳化柴油中水核直径的拟合最大值与分布标准差逐渐减小,使得掺水乳化柴油中水核直径既小又平均,而超声波频率的影响则不明显;此外当水核直径及分布标准差减少到一定值后,增加乳化功率比增长乳化时间对掺水乳化柴油水核的细化影响更大,该研究可为乳化柴油制备水供参考。     

Comparison of physicochemical properties of 7S and 11S globulins from pea, fava bean, cowpea, and French bean with those of soybean--French bean 7S globulin exhibits excellent properties

Legume seeds contain 7S and/or 11S globulins as major storage proteins. The amino acid sequences of them from many legumes are similar to each other in the species but different from each other, meaning that some of these proteins from some crops exhibit excellent functional properties. To demonstrate this, we compared protein chemical and functional properties (thermal stability, surface hydrophobicity, solubility as a function of pH, and emulsifying properties) of these proteins from pea, fava bean, cowpea, and French bean with those of soybean as a control at the same conditions. The comparison clearly indicated that the 7S globulin of French bean exhibited excellent solubility (100%) at pH 4.2-7.0 even at a low ionic strength condition (mu = 0.08) and excellent emulsion stability (a little phase separation after 3 days) at pH 7.6 and mu = 0.08, although the emulsions from most of the other proteins separated in 1 h. These results indicate that our assumption is correct.     

Physicochemical and Functional Characterization of Protein Isolated from Different Quinoa Varieties (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)

The objectives of this work were to investigate the nutritional and physicochemical characteristics as well as the functional properties of quinoa protein isolates (QPI) from different varieties, and to determine their potential use of such protein isolates in food products. Proteins were isolated by isoelectric precipitation at pH 5 from quinoa flour, and the QPI had a protein percentage of over 85%. The comparison of the flours and QPI electrophoretic profiles indicated that the extraction method allowed isolating practically all proteins of each variety. All the varieties analyzed had high lysine content, compared with cereals, and the essential amino acid content of Bolivian varieties was higher than varieties from Peru. The pH value affected the solubility and foaming capacity, and the magnitude of effects depended on the variety. Cluster analysis showed a strong influence of variety source and amino acid composition on protein physicochemical and functional properties; samples from Bolivia (cluster 2) were characterized as having the highest thermal stability, oil binding capacity, and water binding capacity at acid pH; samples from Peru (cluster 1) had the highest water binding capacity at basic pH and foaming capacity at pH 5. QPI presented a potential as an alternative vegetable protein for food application, in particular for vegetarian and vegan diets.