6份木薯种质营养成分与食味的初步分析及评价

通过分析评价6份木薯种质块根的主要营养成分与食味,结果表明:不同木薯种质的营养成分含量差异较大;ZM8229的可溶性糖含量、蛋白质含量分别为2.29％、2.53％,均高于其余5个品种,达极显著差异水平；华南9号的β-胡萝卜素、维生素C含量分别为0.55、19.04 mg/hg,高于其它品种,分别达极显著和显著差异水平;华南8号的蛋白质含量为2.31％,高于华南6068、GR911、华南9号、华南101,达极显著差异水平；食味综合评价最好的为华南9号;木薯块根的干物率与淀粉含量呈极显著正相关,因此木薯干物率可作为选育高淀粉木薯品种的重要参考指标.     

木薯新品种华南7号的选育

华南7号是中国热带农业科学院热带作物品种资源研究所于1986年利用华南205的自然杂交种选育而成的。该品种有良好的丰产性和广泛的适应性,其块根产量约为42.61t/hm2,与现大面积种植的SC205当家品种(下称对照品种)相比,历年平均增产44.28%;其块根干物率和淀粉含量分别为34.15%和27.32%,分别比对照品种高1.45个百分点和1.16个百分点。因此,华南7号是一个高产、优质的饲用和工业应用型木薯品种。同时本文重点对新品种华南7号建立分子指纹,实用于新品种保护与产权鉴定。     

甘薯萌芽性与贮藏期块根内源激素变化及淀粉代谢的关系

以萌芽性差异显著的5个甘薯品种济徐23、烟薯25、红香蕉、泰中6号和心香为试验材料,在贮藏期间定期取样分析块根中内源激素变化及碳水化合物代谢,贮藏结束后在小拱棚内排种育苗,调查出苗情况。结果表明：济徐23、烟薯25和红香蕉萌芽较早,采苗数量显著多于泰中6号和心香。贮藏结束、排种前,济徐23、烟薯25和红香蕉块根中的淀粉含量和支链淀粉含量显著高于泰中6号和心香,济徐23、烟薯25和红香蕉淀粉含量和支链淀粉含量较高主要是由于贮藏期间块根淀粉和支链淀粉含量降低幅度较小所致。济徐23、烟薯25和红香蕉块根中总淀粉酶和α-淀粉酶活性显著高于泰中6号和心香,济徐23、烟薯25和红香蕉块根中α-淀粉酶活性较高主要是由于贮藏期间增加幅度较大所致。贮藏结束、排种前,与泰中6号和心香比较,济徐23、烟薯25和红香蕉块根中GA3含量较高、IAA含量较低、GA3/ABA和ZR/IAA较高。即贮藏结束、排种前,块根中淀粉和支链淀粉含量高、α-淀粉酶活性高、内源GA3含量高及IAA含量低是其萌芽性好的生理指标。     

木薯块根迅速膨大期韧皮部和木质部中的蔗糖代谢

以高淀粉木薯品种华南9号和低淀粉品种华南7号为试料,分析块根膨大中后期蔗糖代谢相关酶活性及其产物的变化规律。结果表明:在块根韧皮部和木质部中,参与蔗糖合成的蔗糖磷酸合成酶和蔗糖合成酶(合成方向)在膨大后期活性均有所升高,而参与蔗糖分解的可溶性酸性转化酶、中性转化酶和蔗糖合成酶(分解方向)在后期活性均下降;细胞壁酸性转化酶活性变化存在明显差异,华南7号在块根膨大中期活性较高,华南9号在后期较高;在块根韧皮部中,蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖的含量在膨大后期增加幅度较华南7号明显,而在块根木质部中,华南7号中这3种糖在膨大后期均呈增加趋势,华南9号中却下降,表明华南9号比华南7号有更强的蔗糖代谢的能力,这可能是造成不同品种木薯淀粉含量差异的原因。     

华南6号木薯的选育

华南6号木薯（Manihot esculenta Crantz,cv,M.SC6)是从OMR33-10品系自然杂交种F1无性系后代中选育而成的。其块根产量约35000kg/hm^2，比现推广品种华南205增产50%，比华南201增产48%；块根干物率为40.5%，淀粉质量分数为32.4%，分别比华南205高2.5%和2.3%。     

木薯新品种华南8号的选育

木薯新品种华南8号(Manihot esculenta Crantz.cv.M.SC8)是由中国热带农业科学院热带作物品种资源研究所通过CIAT从泰国引进的CMR38-120的自然杂交种F1无性系后代中选育而成的。该品种具有良好的丰产性和广泛的适应性,并有很强的抗风能力和出苗率。其鲜薯产量约36.79t/hm2,比现大面积种植的当家品种华南20(5SC205)增产40.90%,其块根干物率和淀粉含量分别为质量分数40.86%和32.69%,分别比SC205高2.70个百分点和2.16个百分点。因此,华南8号是一个高产、优质的饲用和工业应用型木薯新品种。为了保护新品种及便于产权鉴定,对新品种华南8号建立分子指纹。     

马铃薯块茎淀粉含量与叶片、茎秆干物率关系的研究

以内薯7号和克新1号原种为试验材料,采用两品种3个施肥处理二裂式裂区试验设计,通过田间试验和室内分析测定,对生育期间马铃薯块茎淀粉含量与叶片、茎秆干物率的关系进行了初步研究,结果表明:马铃薯块茎淀粉含量在块茎形成时便表现出品种特性;块茎淀粉含量与叶片、茎秆干物率呈显著正相关;增施肥料可降低茎秆干物率和块茎淀粉含量,影响马铃薯的加工品质。     

不同品种木薯酒精发酵的出酒率比较

以华南124、华南8号、华南5号、华南7号、华南8013、华南205、华南6号7个品种木薯为试验材料,采用摇瓶发酵法,研究不同品种木薯在相同条件下酒精发酵的出酒率.结果表明:华南124和华南205两个品种的出酒率最高,是适合酒精生产的木薯品种;华南7号的淀粉含量最高,但出酒率不高,说明原料的淀粉含量与出酒率之间不存在正相关性.     

木薯采后生理性变质与淀粉特性研究

以华南系列的SC205、SC5、SC6、SC8和SC10五个木薯品种为材料,于采收后不同时间分析其块根生理变质程度、干物质含量、淀粉含量、支链淀粉比例和淀粉透明度等指标,探讨木薯生理变质与块根淀粉特性的关系。研究结果表明：采后生理变质对块根淀粉特性有明显影响,所有品种淀粉特性指标在采后均呈下降趋势,其中下降最快的是SC205。对各指标的相关分析表明,支链淀粉分别与淀粉含量和淀粉透明度呈显著正相关和极显著正相关。可见,生理变质可导致淀粉透明度的下降,影响淀粉的商品品质。     

不同药剂处理对食用鲜木薯块根贮藏特性的影响

以食用鲜木薯块根为研究对象,研究不同药剂处理后在10℃和85%相对湿度条件下贮藏,块根主要生理生化特性的变化,探究主要抗氧化酶在贮藏过程的差异。结果表明:采后7 d是块根迅速失水期,其干物率和淀粉含量呈上升趋势,3个处理均可以一定程度延缓失水速度;贮藏前期(0~30 d)NaCl和Na_2S_2O_5溶液处理可以提高SOD和APX酶活性,抑制POD和CAT酶活性,但到了贮藏后期(30~60 d)各处理基本一致。可见98℃、10 g/L的NaCl热水和抗氧化剂Na_2S_2O_5处理在短期内可延缓褐变发生。方差统计分析发现,各6项指标均在贮藏时期分别达极显著差异,各处理对SOD酶活性的影响不显著,对其他5项指标的影响达显著或极显著水平。     

Analysis of nutritional components of eight famine foods of the Republic of Niger

In the western Sahel, indigenous plants become important staples when cereal harvests are inadequate to support populations inhabiting that region of Africa. The purpose of this study was to assess the nutrient content of several of these edible wild plants. The leaves of the following seven plant foods were analyzed: Ziziphus mauritiana, Cerathotheca sesamoides, Moringa oleifera, Leptadenia hastata, Hibiscus sabdarifa, Amaranthus viridi, and Adansonia digitata. The fatty acid, vitamin E, carotenoid, selected mineral and amino acid contents of these plant foods were determined. These same analyses were performed on the fruit of the Adansonia digitata. In quantitative and qualitative terms, Amaranthus viridis was found to be an excellent source of protein. Its amino acid composition compared favorably to that of a World Health Organization (WHO) protein standard. It also contained considerable amounts of the two fatty acids that are essential in humans (linoleic and -linolenic) and a number of minerals including iron, magnesium, calcium and zinc. The leaves of Hibiscus sabdarifa contained an appreciable quantity of protein the composition of which was comparable to the WHO standard. The mineral content of the leaves of this plant was also exceptionally high; noteworthy was its high zinc content. H. sabdarifa also contained significant quantities of the two essential fatty acids. Ziziphus mauritiana was an excellent source of the essential fatty acid linoleic acid and several of the metals including iron, calcium, magnesium and zinc. Its content of other essential nutrients, however, was rather low. In general, Adansonia digitata leaves were nutritionally superior to the fruit of the tree; however, the fruit did contain useful quantities of potassium, phosphorus, zinc and -linolenic acid. The Leptadenia hastata leaves were an especially good source of lutein and -carotene. These data should be useful to the people who inhabit the western Sahel in helping them devise healthy diets during times when cereal staples are in short supply.     

狗牙根诱变后代抗寒性评价

通过电解质外渗法和匍匐茎恢复试验对‘阳江’狗牙根及其12个通过形态鉴定选出的坪用价值高且花序密度低的诱变后代进行抗寒性鉴定。电解质外渗法结果表明:诱变后代间的抗寒性具有较大差异,其叶片半致死温度(LT₅₀)的变异范围为-7.6～-0.2℃(最低值与最大值相差7.4℃);参试材料抗寒性由强到弱依次为M18>M4>M26>M28> M22>阳江>M29>M31>M10>M37>M16>M1>M25,其中,有5个诱变后代抗寒性优于亲本,分别是M18、M4、M26、M28、M22。匍匐茎恢复实验结果表明:诱变后代M1、M22、M26、M31、M25在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫后的恢复生长率都高于亲本,恢复能力均优于亲本;M10、M37、M28在-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长能力低于亲本,抗寒性相对较弱,M16和M4在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长率都低于亲本,抗寒性明显弱于亲本。综合2种方法鉴定结果显示:诱变后代M1、M25的恢复能力较强;M4、M28的叶片抗寒性较好,青绿期较长;M22、M18、M26的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较强;M29,M31的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力与亲本相似;M10、M16、M37的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较弱,整体抗寒性较弱。     

芦笋枯萎病病原鉴定

对造成福建省漳州市东山县的芦笋枯萎病病原菌进行分子鉴定,以期确定病原菌的属、种名,为防治该病害寻求理论依据。试验对分离纯化的病原菌核糖体DNA的ITS区进行测序,在Genbank中搜索其同源性并构建它们的系统发育树,结果表明：引起芦笋枯萎病的病原菌是镰刀属中的尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum),且病原菌之间的同源性高达89%,遗传差异不显著。     

中耕方式对土壤理化特性及玉米生长发育影响研究Ⅰ.中耕方式对玉米生长发育的影响

2002～2003年在0～3次中耕条件下研究了中耕方式对玉米生长发育和产量形成的影响。结果表明,多次中耕增大了玉米倒伏率,降低了玉米最大叶面积指数、株高及各时期叶片叶绿素含量,对花粒期玉米净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率也产生一定的负面影响。少中耕有增产的趋势,并且可以降低生产成本、增加经济效益。     

橡胶树丛枝病病原的抗血清制备与应用

以感染橡胶树丛枝病病原的长春花为材料,制备得到橡胶丛枝病病原菌抽提液,以抽提液为抗原免疫家兔,制备抗血清,经微量沉淀测定,抗血清效价为１：２０４８。应用橡胶丛枝病抗血清检测橡胶褐皮病,无症苗木检出率达３０％－３７％,可疑的褐皮病树检出率达８５．７％。     

Size and frequency of occurrence of pre-roost gatherings of starlings

One hundred and fifty-six pre-roost gatherings of starlings were observed at 28 sites around a roost in west Norfolk during winter. Pre-roost gatherings occurred more frequently at individual farmyards compared with individual fields, but 82% of the sites where gatherings occurred were on fields. The size of gatherings was greater, the closer to the roost. Birds in pre-roost gatherings on fields of autumn-sown winter wheat spent most of the time feeding and had a diet composed almost exclusively of wheat seeds. Birds in gatherings on grass fields also fed intensively whereas only 31% of birds at farmyards were feeding. The implications that these results have with regard to potential damage to fields of winter wheat and around farmyards are discussed.     

12份白花泡桐材料亲缘关系的ISSR分析

以‘福桐’、‘绿桐’2个无性系与10个不同种源的白花泡桐个体为研究对象,采用ISSR分子标记对12份白花泡桐材料的亲缘关系进行研究,并利用DPSv3.01进行聚类分析。结果表明：10条引物共扩增出66条条带,其中有37条多态带,多态性比例为56.1%。根据ISSR聚类分析结果,在遗传距离为0.35时,12份白花泡桐材料可分为5类,第1类为‘福桐’无性系与河南、河北种源个体;第2类为‘绿桐’无性系与湖南、湖北、江苏种源个体;第3类为浙江、广东种源个体;第4类为江西、福建种源个体;第5类为广西种源个体。此结果     

论长白山人参主要品种类型栽种方式及其商品分类

本文论述了长白山人参主要品种类型的栽种方式、总结其规范化种植的工艺流程、对各人参品种类型栽种方式、技术要点、品种退化的主要原因及其解决措施作了详细的研讨。强调指出人参的各种栽种方式必须实施GAP标准化管理才是最好的栽种方式。重点报告了人参主产区,最新最好的栽种方式。并对人参商品分类及野山参分等质量标准中的野山参、移山参的定义提出修改意见,为提高我国人参产品质量在国际市场上的竞争能力,保持人参产业可持续发展提供科学依据。     

Mechanism of action of insecticidal secondary metabolites of plant origin

Insect pest management is facing the economic and ecological challenge worldwide due to the human and environmental hazards caused by majority of the synthetic pesticide chemicals. Identification of novel effective insecticidal compounds is essential to combat increasing resistance rates. Botanicals containing active insecticidal phytochemicals appear to be promising to address some of these problems. Therefore, there is a continuous need to explore new active molecules with different mechanisms of action. Secondary metabolites present in plants apparently function as defense (toxic), which inhibits reproduction and other processes. The phytochemical biomolecules could be used for maximizing the effectiveness and specificity in future insecticide design with specific or multiple target sites, while ensuring the economic and ecological sustainability. In this article, the current state of knowledge on phytochemical sources and insecticidal activity, their mechanism of action in insects, resistance, and promising advances made in phytochemical research are reviewed.     

蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因表达模式分析及敲除载体构建

为深入研究昆虫病原真菌蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因的功能,根据蝉拟青霉基因组信息克隆疏水蛋白PChyd基因,对该基因序列进行生物信息学分析,使用qRT-PCR技术对其在不同培养条件或阶段下的表达模式进行分析,并通过酶切酶连的方法构建了该基因的敲除载体。结果表明：PChyd基因的开放阅读框序列全长303 bp,编码100 aa,包含22 aa的信号肽序列和70 aa疏水蛋白功能区域。系统发育分析显示该基因与粗糙虫草菌亲缘关系最近。qRT-PCR结果显示PChyd基因在PDA培养的菌丝体、诱导的附着胞、诱导的芽生孢子中表达量显著高于另外2个样品,其中芽生孢子表达量最高,暗示该基因在蝉拟青霉侵染初期和在昆虫血腔中定殖阶段可能具有重要作用。凝胶电泳结果表明,成功构建了该基因的敲除载体,扩增出含有上臂、HPH、下臂的3356 bp左右的片段。本研究为进一步探究蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因的致病机理、生防工程菌的改造奠定了基础。