青海黑白花奶牛的血液生化遗传多态性

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法和火焰光度法，对青海黑白花奶牛的ＨＢ，Ｋ，ＴＦ，ＰＴＦ，ＡＭＹ１和Ｈｐ６个血液生化遗传位，点的多态性进行了研究。结果发现：青海黑白花奶牛除Ｋ位点以下，其它５个位点都有多态性。各位点的优势等位基因频率为：Ｈ８￣Ａ０．９９６１；Ｋ￣Ｌ１．００００；ＴＦ￣Ｄ０．４９０９，ＴＦ￣Ａ０．９８７７；ＰＴＦ￣Ａ０．７２６８；ＡＭＹ１￣Ｂ０．５４１４。６个血液生化遗传位，点的平均杂合度为０．２８７７．有效等位基因数为１．４０４。     

江西地方猪种血液蛋白及酶的多态性研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶和淀粉凝胶电泳方法测定了１４个江西地方猪种的血清转铁蛋白（Ｔｆ）、前白蛋白（Ｐａ）、后白蛋白（Ｐｏ）、淀粉酶（Ａｍ）、血液结合素（Ｈｐｘ）和铜蓝蛋白（Ｃｐ）的多态性，统计和计算了基因频率、标准遗传距离，并进行了聚类分析。结果表明，江西地方猪种在Ｔｆ、Ｐａ、Ｐｏ、Ａｍ、Ｈｐｘ位点存在高度的多态性，各品种间的标准遗传距离从０．００５５～０．２２５１不等，显示江西地方猪种存在明显的遗传多样性。     

陕西马种血液蛋白遗传标记特征及聚类分析

利用血液蛋白多态性标记陕西各马种遗传结构，证实了它们相互间的遗传差异，Ｔｆ位点，宁强矮马和中型马具有其它马种没有的Ｅ基因；Ｅｓ位点，山地型关中马有其它马种所没有的Ｄ基因，同时该位点６－８条带型者多达１５．２％，舍饲型关中马Ｐｒ位点缺Ａ基因，Ｐａ位点缺Ｄ基因。     

蒙古马东西两大类型群体遗传变异分析

经对蒙古马的乌审马和乌珠穆沁马血液蛋白多态位点ＡＬｂ，Ｔｆ，Ｅｓ基因频率的遗传学分析。结果表明两类型各具明显的种群特异性；平均位点杂合度（Ｈ），经ｔ检验两类型差异极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）；类型间的遗传差异较大已占７．８４％；Ｔｆ和Ｅｓ位点各基因在类型间均分化较大（Ｆｓｔ为０．１０８４－０．３９８６）。     

贵州剑河白、黑香猪的血液蛋白多态性研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术测定贵州剑河白、黑香猪血清转铁蛋白（Ｔｆ） 、前白蛋白（Ｐａ） 、后白蛋白（Ｐｏ） 、淀粉酶（Ａｍ） ,酯酶（Ｅｓ） 的遗传多态性。并计算它们的基因型频率和基因频率,以及５ 个多态位点的平均杂合度。结果表明,贵州剑河白、黑香猪５ 个多态位点的基因型频率和基因频率差异不显著（Ｐ＞ ０ ．０５） ,平均杂合度均较小,且两者间差异不显著（Ｐ＞ ０ ．０５） 。     

大河猪遗传多样性的血液蛋白电泳研究

本文采用蛋白电泳技术研究大河猪血液蛋白多态性。共分析了大河猪３６个遗传位点，其中ＡＫＰ、ＣＡＴ、ＤＩＡ、ＥＳ、ＰＡ、６ＰＧＤ、ＴＦ等７个位点检测到多态性，多态位点百分比Ｐ＝０．１９４４，平均杂合度Ｈ＝０．０８６４。结果表明大河猪的血液蛋白多态程度较高，反映在蛋白质水平上的遗传多样性较为丰富     

撒坝猪日增重生化遗传标永的筛选

本研究采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法对撒坝猪的前白蛋白（Ｐａ）、转铁蛋白（Ｔｆ）、酯酶（Ｅｓ）、淀粉酶（Ａｍ）和碱性磷酸酶（Ａｋｐ）等５个血清蛋白（或酶）座位的多性进行了检测,采用多座位广义线性模型（ＧＬＭ）对血清蛋白多态性与生长速度的关系进行了分析。结果表明,所检测的５个清蛋白（或酶）多态座位的基因频率均处于Ｈａｒｄｙ－Ｗｅｉｎｂｅｒｇ）平衡状态;Ｐａ、Ｅｓ、Ａｍ和Ａｋｐ４个认位对部分阶段日增重的基因     

青海地区—黑白花奶牛的遗传变异性与基因分化

通过对青海地区黑白花煺牛ＨＢ、ＴＦ，ＰＴＦ，ＡＭＹＩ，Ｋ，Ｈｐ，ａ－ＬＡ，β－ｌＧ，ａＳＩ－ＣＮ和βＣＮ１０个生化遗传位点的基因型分析，研究其基因的遗传变异性以及两个群体间的基因分化程度。结果发现：青海黑白花奶牛１０个生化遗传位点的Ｐｐｏｌｙ为８０％，Ｎｅ为１．４５１个，Ｈ为０．２３７８，Ｈ．Ｉ．为０．５８４５。在所测位点中，ＰＴＦ位点等位基因的群体间分化程度最大（Ｆｓｔ为０．２９１６４），Ｋ和ａ     

海兰褐鸡血清白蛋白和运铁蛋白的多态性

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法对５５只引入乐都的海兰褐鸡血清白蛋白和运铁蛋白的多态性进行研究。结果发现：（１）被检海兰褐鸡血清白蛋白有ＡＬＢ ＢＢ，ＡＬＢ ＢＣ二种基因型，以ＡＬＢ ＢＢ型为优势基因型（９０．９１％），ＡＬＢ＾Ｂ和ＡＬＢ＾Ｃ等位基因频率分别是０．９５４５和０．０４５；（２）运铁蛋白只有ＴＦ ＢＢ一种基因型；（３）ＡＬＢ和ＴＦ两位点的平均基因杂合度（Ｈ）和有效等位基因数（Ｎｅ）分别为０．０     

乌骨鸡四个群体间血浆蛋白(酶)多态性及其遗传关系研究

采用垂直平板聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳方法随机测定了雪峰乌骨鸡３个群体（白色片羽、黄色片羽和黑色片羽）和黑凤乌骨鸡群体（黑色丝羽）的血浆蛋白（酶）多态性，结果表明：前白蛋白（Ｐａ）、转铁蛋白（Ｔｆ）、后转铁蛋白（Ｐｔｆ）和酯酶（Ｅｓ—１和Ｅｓ—２）诸生化基因座位均显示出遗传多态现象。Ｐａ、Ｔｆ和Ｅｓ—１有２—３条酶带；Ｐｔｆ只有１条带，根据迁移率和带谱特性判为ＡＡ型；Ｅｓ—２区也只有一条带，其多态性表现为带的有或无。借助所测座位的基因频率计算了各群体平均基因杂合度和Ｅｕｌｉｄｅａｎ遗传距离，结果表明：各群体的平均基因杂合度均较低（０．１８４～０．２０４）；白色片羽和黑色片羽乌骨鸡遗传距离最小（０．０４２），血缘关系最近；它们与黄色片羽乌骨鸡遗传关系也较近（０．０６７），黑凤鸡与雪峰乌骨鸡３个群体的遗传关系相对较远（０．１２０）。     

Effect of polymorphisms at the STAT5A and FGF2 gene loci on reproduction, milk yield and lameness of Holstein cows

The objective of this study was to investigate the association of polymorphisms at the STAT5A and FGF2 gene loci with fertility, lactation milk yield and lameness in dairy cattle. Five hundred and eighteen primiparous Holstein cows were included in the study. Several reproductive traits were considered including conception rate (0/1) at first insemination, conception rate (0/1) in a 305-day lactation, number of inseminations per conception, interval (days) from calving to conception for cows that conceived in the first 305 days of lactation and age at first calving. Milk yield and lameness incidence were also recorded. Genotyping was performed using PCR-RFLP. The effect of allele substitution at each gene locus on reproductive traits, milk yield and lameness was assessed with single-trait mixed linear models. No significant associations were found between reproduction traits and any of the studied polymorphisms, apart from age at first calving, for which STAT5A polymorphism had a suggestive effect (P = 0.077). In addition, no significant effect of any polymorphism on lameness was found. Replacement of the C by G allele at the STAT5A locus was associated with a significant (P < 0.05) increase in lactation milk yield, suggesting that this locus could be considered in gene assisted selection for the genetic improvement of milk production.     

北京地区荷斯坦牛乳蛋白多态性与产奶性能的相关分析

本研究选取北京市 4个牛场共 73 1头健康荷斯坦奶牛 ,利用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直板状电泳(PAGE)对其乳蛋白进行分型 ,采用基因替代模型来分析乳蛋白多态性与奶牛产奶性能间的关系。结果表明 :αsl CN座位B基因对产奶量的替代效应最大 ,为 62 4kg ;β CN座位A1基因对A2 基因的替代使乳脂率提高 0 .1 2 % ,但产奶量降低 70kg ;κ CN座位和 β Lg座位A基因对B基因的替代效应分别对乳蛋白率、乳脂率有显著效应 ,使二者分别降低 0 .2 0 %。     

中国荷斯坦牛RPL23A和ACACB基因对产奶性状的遗传效应分析

作者所在团队前期通过奶牛乳腺上皮组织转录组测序及荷斯坦公牛全基因组重测序研究发现RPL23A和ACACB基因是奶牛乳蛋白和乳脂性状的候选功能基因,本研究旨在探究这两个基因是否对奶牛产奶性状具有显著遗传效应。以北京地区7个牧场的1059头中国荷斯坦母牛为试验群体,采集尾根静脉血并提取基因组DNA,通过飞行时间质谱方法检测SNP位点基因型,利用SAS9.4软件的MIXED过程进行关联分析。结果表明,RPL23A基因的SNP位点g.20146771C>T与第1泌乳期5个产奶性状达到显著或极显著关联(P=0.0001~0.0416),其优势等位基因为T;ACACB基因的g.63878254T>C位点与第1泌乳期产奶量、乳脂量和乳蛋白量呈极显著关联(P<0.01),其优势等位基因为C;g.63962768G>A位点与第1泌乳期产奶量、乳脂量、乳脂率和乳蛋白率关联显著或极显著(P=0.0001~0.0391),其优势等位基因为A。综上,RPL23A基因主要影响中国荷斯坦牛产奶量和乳蛋白,ACACB基因对产奶量和乳脂具有显著遗传效应,3个SNP位点可考虑作为遗传标记用于标记辅助选择培育奶牛高乳蛋白乳脂新品系和选育提高。     

BRCA1基因多态性及其与奶牛乳房炎抗性的相关性研究

为了研究BRCA1基因突变与荷斯坦奶牛体细胞数和体细胞评分的关系,试验通过对BRCA1基因外显子13、14进行克隆、序列比对和挖掘已有突变的方法确定该基因的多态位点,采用SNaPshot技术检测了BRCA1基因25025 T>A和46126 G>T突变位点在北京郊区荷斯坦奶牛群体中的分布,并对突变位点与体细胞数和体细胞评分进行了关联分析。结果表明,荷斯坦奶牛BRCA1基因2个位点均检测到3种基因型,其中25025 bp位点TT基因型为优势基因型,46126 bp位点GT基因型为优势基因型。25025 bp位点AA基因型个体体细胞数(P<0.05)和体细胞评分(P<0.01)都显著低于TT和TA基因型;46126 bp位点TT基因型个体体细胞数显著低于GG和GT基因型个体(P<0.05),但3种基因型个体体细胞评分无显著差异(P>0.05)。本研究结果初步表明,BRCA1基因25025和46126 bp位点可作为中国荷斯坦牛乳房炎抗性的标记辅助选择。     

Polymorphism of BRCA1 Gene and its Association with Mastitis Resistance in Holstein Dairy Cows

In order to study mutations of bovine breast cancer 1 (BRCA1) gene and its association with somatic cell count and somatic cell score in Holstein dairy cows in Beijing.SNPs of BRCA1 gene exon 13 and 14 were obtained by cloning,sequence alignment and searching for known mutations.In our research,25025 T>A of exon 9 and 46126 G>T of exon 13 in BRCA1 were detected by SNaPshot in Holstein dairy cows raised on the outskirts of Beijing city,as well as the association between SNPs and somatic cell count (SCC) or somatic cell score (SCS) were also analysed.The results showed that both 25025 T>A and 46126 G>T were detected in Holstein dairy cows.TT genotype at locus 25025 T>A and GT genotype at locus 46126 G>T were dominant genotypes,respectively.At locus 25025 T>A,least squares mean of SCC and SCS in individuals with AA genotype was significantly lower than that with TT and TA genotypes (P<0.05;P<0.01).Least squares mean of SCC in individuals with TT genotype was significantly lower than that with GG and GT genotypes (P<0.05),while SCS of different genotypes showed no difference at locus 46126 G>T (P>0.05).These results preliminarily indicated that the 25025 T>A and 46126 G>T mutations of BRCA1 gene could be used in molecular marker-assisted selection programs of mastitis resistance in Holstein dairy cows.     

Changes of vitamin E status of periparturient dairy cows and newborn calves

Eleven primiparous Holstein Friesian and their crossbred calves (F1, Japanese Black cattle × Holstein Friesian) and 10 multiparous Holstein Friesian and their Holstein Friesian calves were used to evaluate vitamin E status in periparturient period. Plasma α‐tocopherol (α‐toc) concentrations of the multiparous cows were significantly higher than those of the primiparous cows from 60 days before expected calving to 90 days of lactation (P < 0.05). The multiparous cows had a further decrease in the concentrations of α‐toc and total lipid in plasma to the calving than the primiparous cows. Colostrum α‐toc concentrations in multiparous cows were significantly higher than those of the primiparous cows (P < 0.05). Plasma α‐toc concentrations of calves borne by the multiparous cows were significantly higher than those of the primiparous cows at 5 days of age (P < 0.05). Plasma α‐toc concentrations of calves were highest at 5 and 15 days of age in the calves borne by the multiparous and primiparous cows, respectively, and decreased thereafter till 90 days of age. The higher vitamin E status of multiparous cows over primiparous cows might have reflected nutritional composition in the rations. Their calves afforded higher plasma α‐toc levels after birth because of more α‐toc transfer via placenta and more α‐toc secretion in the colostrums thereafter. Plasma α‐toc concentrations of the calves might have decreased as the calves became dependent upon the solid feed of low vitamin E content.     

中国荷斯坦奶牛EEF1D基因的SNPs检测及其与产奶性状的关联分析

试验旨在研究中国荷斯坦奶牛真核生物翻译延伸因子1D（eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 delta,EEF1D）基因的多态性及其与产奶性状的相关性。利用Sequenom MassARRAY SNP分型技术对宁夏地区1 252头中国荷斯坦奶牛EEF1D基因的多态性进行了检测,并对其多态位点不同基因型和组合基因型与产奶性状进行了关联分析。结果显示,EEF1D基因的5'侧翼区存在2个SNPs位点,即EEF1D-1和EEF1D-3;经检测发现,EEF1D-1存在2种基因型,EEF1D-3存在3种基因型。χ²检验表明,中国荷斯坦奶牛在EEF1D-1位点偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态（P < 0.05）,在EEF1D-3位点未偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态（P > 0.05）;EEF1D-1和EEF1D-3位点多态信息含量（PIC）分别为0.10和0.28,分别呈现低度多态和中度多态。在试验群体中,EEF1D-1位点对乳脂率和乳蛋白率性状的效应均达到极显著水平（P<0.01）,对305 d产奶量性状的效应达到显著水平（P<0.05）;EEF1D-3位点对305 d产奶量、乳脂率和乳蛋白率性状的效应均达到极显著水平（P<0.01）;EEF1D基因的优势基因型组合GG-AG和GG-GG个体乳脂率均显著高于GG-AA组合个体（P<0.05）。说明EEF1D基因可以作为影响中国荷斯坦奶牛产奶性状的候选基因用于标记辅助选择。     

The effects of 3 gonadorelin products on luteinizing hormone release,ovulation, and follicular wave emergence in cattle

The objective was to determine luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion and follicular dynamics in cattle following administration of 3 gonadorelin formulations that are commercially available in Canada. In experiment 1, nonlactating Holstein cows (n = 4 per group) were randomly assigned to receive 100 micrograms gonadorelin diacetate tetrahydrate, intramuscularly (C; Cystorelin, or FE; Fertagyl). Blood samples (for LH analysis) were collected 0, 1, 2, and 4 hours after treatment. In experiment 2, nonlactating Holstein cows (n = 10 per group) were randomly allocated to receive 100 micrograms gonadorelin, intramuscularly as follows: 2 mL of C; 1 mL of FE; or 2 mL of Factrel (FA, gonadorelin hydrochloride). Gonadorelin treatment was done on days 6 or 7 after ovulation and blood samples for LH analysis were collected at 0, 1, 2, 4, and 6 hours after treatment. Ovaries were examined by ultrasonography, twice daily, to detect ovulation. A replicate was conducted using only C (n = 10) or FE (n = 10); blood samples were collected at 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours. In experiment 3, beef heifers (n = 10 per group) were randomly assigned to receive 1 of 3 GnRH gonadorelin treatments (as in the first phase of experiment 2) on days 6 or 7 after ovulation and blood samples were collected at 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 4 hours. In experiments 2 and 3, both mean and mean peak plasma LH concentrations were higher (P < 0.05) in cattle treated with C. The proportion of dominant follicles that ovulated was higher (P < 0.02) in Holstein cows treated with C than in those treated with FE or FA (18/19, 11/19, and 4/7, respectively), but there was no significant difference among the products in beef heifers (6/10, 6/10, and 4/10, respectively). No significant differences were found in the interval from treatment to the emergence of the next follicular wave. In summary, C induced a greater LH release and this resulted in a higher ovulatory rate in Holstein cows but not in beef heifers.     

蒙贝利亚牛与荷斯坦牛在北方地区生长发育差异性比较

本研究对11头蒙贝利亚母牛和9头蒙贝利亚公牛的生长发育进行了跟踪测定,并与同期荷斯坦母牛的生长发育、产奶性能进行了对比分析。结果表明,蒙贝利亚母牛与荷斯坦母牛初生重无显著差异;4～18月龄,蒙贝利亚母牛体重均明显高于荷斯坦母牛同期体重,差异极显著（P〈0．01）。蒙贝利亚母牛与荷斯坦母牛日增重变化规律相似,lOB龄平均日增重最大,17月龄平均日增重最小。蒙贝利亚母牛各阶段体高、体长与荷斯坦母牛无显著差异,14月龄体高可达127cm,达到配种体高。蒙贝利亚母牛头胎305d产奶量为7241kg,对照组荷斯坦母牛头胎305d产奶量为9589kg,二者差异极显著（P〈0．01）。蒙贝利亚公牛初生重较大,至24月龄体重接近荷斯坦公牛同期体重。12~24月龄,荷斯坦公牛体高、体斜长、胸围均明显高于蒙贝利亚公牛,差异板显著（P〈0．01）;蒙贝利亚公牛初生重48kg,蒙贝利亚母牛初生重42kg,二者差异显著（P〈0．05）。蒙贝利亚公牛各阶段睾丸周径均显著高于荷斯坦公牛,差异极显著（P〈0．01）。     

中国荷斯坦奶牛RPL23A、ACACB基因3个SNPs检测及其与产奶性状的关联分析

旨在开展奶牛群体高乳成分功能基因的验证与筛选,利用微流控芯片自主选育技术分析北京地区母牛群体高乳蛋白、高乳脂基因频率,同时分析基因多态性及其与产奶性状的相关性。本研究对北京地区8个大型奶牛场1 596头中国荷斯坦奶牛RPL23A、ACACB基因的多态性进行了检测,所有个体均为3胎以内的泌乳牛,收集每头牛所有测定日的产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率等数据,同时对3个多态位点不同基因型与产奶性状进行了关联分析。RPL23A基因的SNP位点g.20146771G>A,在第一泌乳期,与产奶量、乳脂量、乳脂率和乳蛋白量均达到极显著关联（P<0.01）,第二泌乳期,g.20146771G>A与5个产奶性状均呈极显著关联（P<0.01）。ACACB基因的SNP位点g.63962768C>T,在第一泌乳期,与产奶量、乳脂量、乳脂率和乳蛋白量均呈极显著关联（P<0.01）,在第二泌乳期,与产奶量、乳脂量、乳脂率和乳蛋白率呈极显著关联（P<0.01）。结果表明,RPL23A、ACACB基因可以作为影响中国荷斯坦奶牛产奶性状的候选基因用于标记辅助选择,以上基因位点可能通过直接或间接的途径影响奶牛的乳脂或乳蛋白性状,对产奶性状起到重要调控作用。本研究为荷斯坦奶牛后续的标记辅助选择奠定了良好基础。