杨凌地区黄精氮磷钾优化施肥模式研究

采用氮、磷、钾三因素二次D-饱和最优设计,通过田间试验研究了氮、磷、钾的施肥量与黄精一年生根茎产量、多糖含量的效应函数。结果表明,氮、磷、钾肥对黄精产量的增产作用大小依次为磷肥>钾肥>氮肥,对多糖含量的作用大小依次为钾肥>氮肥>磷肥,其中磷肥为负效应,氮、钾肥为正效应。寻优结果表明,当目标产量为3 500~4 500 kg/hm2时,在95%的置信区间,优化施肥量为N 89.74~136.18 kg/hm2,P2O5121.39~157.16kg/hm2,K2O 61.06~92.63 kg/hm2。在多糖含量8%~9.5%之间,在95%的置信区间,优化施肥量为:N 103.91~153.65 kg/hm2,P2O569.5~124.27 kg/hm2,K2O 68.16~95.36 kg/hm2。黄精高产优质高效栽培的优化施肥量为:N103.91~136.18 kg/hm2,P2O5121.39~124.27 kg/hm2,K2O 68.16~92.63 kg/hm2,N、P2O5、K2O的最佳比例为:1∶0.89~0.91∶0.5~0.68。     

节水型小麦施肥模型与经济效益分析

采用正交旋转组合设计试验研究了节水麦田N、P2O5、K2O施用量与小麦产量、经济效益及成本的关系。结果表明,增施氮磷肥是小麦高产高效优化栽培的关键,合理的配比施肥量为每公顷施纯N 259.26~318.84kg,P2O5121.52~154.61 kg,K2O 71.42~130.22 kg,并对不同条件下的肥料配比和施肥量进行了经济技术分析。     

黄土高原日光温室黄瓜合理施肥用量及优化施肥模式研究

采用氮(N)、磷(P)和有机肥三因素五水平最优设计,在陕北黄土高原进行了日光温室黄瓜N、P和有机肥用量及其肥效反应模式田间试验,求得日光温室黄瓜N、P和有机肥的肥效反应模式,并分析了N、P和有机肥对日光温室黄瓜产量的影响。研究表明:施用有机肥对日光温室黄瓜产量影响最大,N肥和P肥的影响相当;随着有机肥施肥量增加,黄瓜产量还在不断增加,N、P化肥在一定用量范围内有增产效果,用量继续增大时导致黄瓜产量降低。根据黄瓜N、P和有机肥的肥效反应模式,提出在黄瓜目标产量83000～88000kg/hm2之间的N、P和有机肥优化施肥方案:N肥用量809.2～1313.1kg/hm2,P肥用量(P2O5)583.1～978.6kg/hm2,有机肥用量64.0～151.3t/hm2;N∶P2O5为1∶0.72。     

磷钾肥对云南旱作马铃薯产量和养分吸收的影响

在云南省曲靖地区的低肥力和中高肥力试验地分别开展旱作马铃薯的田间小区试验,研究磷钾施用量对马铃薯生物量、养分利用、产量和经济效益的影响。结果表明：相同施肥量的条件下,中高肥力试验地的东山组马铃薯产量远高于低肥力的越州组,产量相差10305．00～20140．20 kg·hm－2;越州组NP2K3（N ,150 kg·hm－2;P2O5,90 kg·hm－2;K2O ,405 kg·hm－2）处理产量产值最高,NP2K1（N ,150 kg·hm－2;P2O5,90 kg·hm－2;K2O ,135 kg·hm－2）处理净收益最高;东山组NP2K2（N ,150 kg·hm－2;P2O5,90 kg·hm－2;K2O ,270 kg·hm－2）处理产量、产值及净收益均是最高;两组试验的马铃薯干重变化趋势相似,NP2K2处理的干重积累量较多,无钾无磷处理干重积累少;马铃薯体内累积K最多,其次为N ,最后为P ,NPK养分吸收积累的高峰期在马铃薯块茎膨大期到淀粉积累期;东山组的马铃薯PK利用效率明显高于越州组。NP1K2（N ,150 kg·hm－2;P2O5,45 kg·hm－2;K2O ,270 kg·hm－2）处理的P肥利用率和P素农学效率较高,P肥利用率和P素农学效率都有随施P量增加而降低的趋势。NP2K1处理的K肥利用率和K素农学效率最高,K肥利用率和K素农学效率均有随施K量增加而降低的趋势。     

不同施肥水平与组合对玉米生产性能的影响研究

应用三因素最优设计构造试验方案,研究氮肥、磷肥、钾肥不同水平与组合对玉米产量的动态关系。结果表明,磷肥对产量的影响最大,氮肥较小,钾肥居中。氮、磷、钾肥之间存在一定的交互作用,其中氮肥、磷肥间的交互作用较大,钾肥与磷肥间的交互作用较小。在试验范围内,就玉米籽粒产量而言,施肥量投入应为N:149.87～207.07kg/hm2,P2O5:38.23～143.52kg/hm2,K2O:24.63～129.91kg/hm2在此施肥范围内,可预报玉米籽粒产量为4707.5～5616.2kg/hm2。     

施肥对油菜及田间杂草物质养分积累的影响

在大田试验条件下,研究了不同施肥处理对油菜和田间杂草物质养分积累的影响,以期为油菜田杂草的生态防控提供理论依据。结果表明,氮磷钾硼配施(NPKB)处理油菜产量最高,为1 487.1 kg/hm2,其次是缺K(NPB)处理(1 431.2 kg/hm2),缺P(NKB)和缺N(PKB)处理油菜产量均很低,分别为836.4 kg/hm2和407.7 kg/hm2,油菜干物质累积量的变化趋势与产量的一致。缺P处理杂草的干物质累积量最高,为2 751.0 kg/hm2,其次是缺N(1 669.8 kg/hm2)和缺K处理(1 029.4 kg/hm2),NPKB处理的干物质累积量最低,仅为738.8 kg/hm2。施肥对植物养分含量有一定影响,缺P处理油菜N含量最高(2.06%),但P含量最低(0.22%);而缺N处理油菜N含量最低(0.89%),但P含量最高(0.32%);施肥对油菜K含量的影响不显著。缺N处理杂草P含量最高(0.50%),NPKB处理杂草K含量最高(3.39%),而其他各处理的N、P、K含量没有明显差别。NPKB处理和缺K处理油菜的养分累积量远大于杂草,缺N条件下杂草的养分累积量明显大于油菜,缺P处理杂草的N累积量低于油菜,而P和K的累积量都显著大于油菜。     

保护地低压节点渗灌水肥处理对番茄灌水量、产量和品质的影响

在保护地低压节点渗灌条件下,采用2因素3水平完全组合设计,研究了灌水上限和施肥量的耦合效应对番茄灌水量、产量和品质的影响。研究表明:提高灌水上限,可减少水分的无效损耗,进而影响番茄的水分利用效率;施肥量对番茄产量影响最大,灌溉上限与施肥的交互作用次之,灌溉上限的影响最小;同一施肥水平下,大量灌水引起番茄Vc、可溶性糖含量和糖酸比降低;不同施肥水平仅对番茄糖酸比影响达极显著。综合考虑节水、增产和品质等多种因素,以肥料纯N 75.0 kg/hm2、纯K2O 75.0 kg/hm2处理,灌溉上限和灌溉下限土壤水吸力分别为15.8 kPa和30.0 kPa,番茄产量最高,品质较佳。     

降低收获期马铃薯块茎硝酸盐及土壤硝酸盐含量氮钾运筹方案研究

由施氮过量或肥料比例失调所引起的硝酸盐污染,给人类生存环境带来巨大风险,因此,研究肥料的合理施用量和配比对土壤及作物均具有重要的现实意义。采用N、K两因素四水平完全方案,测定不同处理马铃薯块茎硝酸盐含量和耕层土壤硝酸盐含量;通过方差分析及回归模型分析,寻求马铃薯块茎硝酸盐和耕层土壤硝酸盐对N、K的响应规律,以及N、K交互作用对二者的影响。结果表明:为了获得土壤最低硝酸盐含量,施氮量应为151.65 kg/hm2,施钾量为194.025 kg/hm2;为了吸收较多的土壤硝酸盐,施氮量应为224.025 kg/hm2,施钾量为266.925 kg/hm2。     

黄土丘陵区旱作山地红枣氮磷钾施肥效应研究

采用N、P、K三因素D饱和最优设计,在黄土高原丘陵区秸秆覆盖条件下进行了矮化密植枣树N、P、K肥效及优化施肥模式田间试验。结果表明:氮磷钾施肥对红枣产量的综合效应表现为K肥N肥P肥。试验建立了黄土高原丘陵区秸秆覆盖条件下矮化密植枣树优化施肥模式,根据优化施肥模式,提出了在18 000~25 000kg·hm-2范围内红枣高目标产量的N、P、K优化施肥方案:施N用量为267.8~518.6 kg·hm-2,施P2O5用量为83.7~360.04 kg·hm-2,施K2O用量为438.0~491.0 kg·hm-2。氮磷钾施肥处理比不施肥处理提高红枣可滴定酸、总糖、还原糖、可溶性固形物的含量,依次为32.5%、0.82%、1.8%、1.01%,而氮磷钾施肥处理与不施肥处理相比红枣黄酮含量相对降低,其降低百分比为40.4%,表明红枣施氮磷钾肥比不施肥品质好。     

温室内膜下滴灌不同水肥处理对番茄产量和品质的影响

通过温室小区番茄栽培试验,研究了覆膜条件下滴灌施肥量和灌溉控制下限对番茄产量和果实某些品质指标:硝酸盐含量、V c含量、可溶性糖含量、糖酸比的影响。结果表明,肥料施用数量和灌溉控制下限土壤水吸力值的大小对番茄的产量及其果实的品质影响显著,且两因素的交互作用也达到了1%的显著水平;肥料用量以纯N 337.5 kg/hm2、纯K2O 337.5 kg/hm2,灌水下限以土壤水吸力40 kPa、上限kPa番茄产量最高,且其品质较好。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

The use of Solacol® (validamycin) as a growth retardant in the isolation of soil fungi

Solacol^®, a formulation of the antibiotic validamycin, at 0.33% in 2% malt extract agar, reduced the spread of fungi on dilution plates drastically and allowed twice as much incubation time before subculturing; this resulted in an elevated number of species isolated. Using pure cultures of 62 common soil fungi, it was shown that all fast-growing species (exceptPythium ultimum) were efficiently inhibited but not completely suppressed. Inhibition was comparable to that by 0.5% oxgall, though, while this substance completely suppressed several species, Solacol very strongly inhibited onlyGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum andRhizoctonia solani. In a further experiment each separate constituent of Solacol was tested against 22 fungi at equivalent concentrations. Validamycin strongly inhibitedChaetomium globosum and two Basidiomycetes, though hardly more than the non-ionic detergent which mainly inhibited the other fungi. A few species were, however, more inhibited by Solacol than by the detergent alone. Solacol at 0.33% is a suitable aid in dilution plating of soil fungi, by increasing the number of colonies and species observed.Samenvatting Solacol^®, een formulering van het antibioticum validamycine, remde de groei van schimmels in verdunningsplaten met een concentratie van 0.33% in 2% moutagar en maakte het mogelijk de periode tot afenten met een factor 2 te verlengen; daardoor was het aantal geïsoleerde soorten duidelijk toegenomen. Met reincultures van 62 algemene grondschimmelsoorten werd aangetoond, dat alle snelgroeiende soorten (met uitzondering vanPythium ultimum) voldoende geremd, maar niet volkomen onderdrukt werden. Het remmingspercentage was vergelijkbaar met dat van 0.5% ossegal, hoewel dit laatste sommige soorten volkomen onderdrukte; Solacol remde alleenGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum enRhizoctonia solani zeer sterk. In een volgend experiment werden de componenten van Solacol t.o.v. 22 fungi apart getoetst in concentraties equivalent aan 0.33% Solacol. Validamycine remde alleenChaetomium globosum en twee basidiomyceten behoorlijk, maar nauwelijks meer dan de niet-ionische uitvloeier, die in hoofdzaak de overige remeffecten veroorzaakte. Enkele soorten werden echter door het complete Solacol veel sterker geremd dan door de uitvloeier alleen. Solacol in een verdunning van 0,33% wordt aanbevolen bij verdunningsplaten voor het isoleren van grondschimmels ten einde het aantal kolonies en soorten te verhogen.