杨凌地区黄精氮磷钾优化施肥模式研究

采用氮、磷、钾三因素二次D-饱和最优设计,通过田间试验研究了氮、磷、钾的施肥量与黄精一年生根茎产量、多糖含量的效应函数。结果表明,氮、磷、钾肥对黄精产量的增产作用大小依次为磷肥>钾肥>氮肥,对多糖含量的作用大小依次为钾肥>氮肥>磷肥,其中磷肥为负效应,氮、钾肥为正效应。寻优结果表明,当目标产量为3 500~4 500 kg/hm2时,在95%的置信区间,优化施肥量为N 89.74~136.18 kg/hm2,P2O5121.39~157.16kg/hm2,K2O 61.06~92.63 kg/hm2。在多糖含量8%~9.5%之间,在95%的置信区间,优化施肥量为:N 103.91~153.65 kg/hm2,P2O569.5~124.27 kg/hm2,K2O 68.16~95.36 kg/hm2。黄精高产优质高效栽培的优化施肥量为:N103.91~136.18 kg/hm2,P2O5121.39~124.27 kg/hm2,K2O 68.16~92.63 kg/hm2,N、P2O5、K2O的最佳比例为:1∶0.89~0.91∶0.5~0.68。     

黄土高原地区南瓜优质施肥模式研究

安塞试验站2005~2006连续两年采用N、P、K三因素最优设计,田试不同施肥量对南瓜Vc和干物质两项营养品质的影响,探讨南瓜优质的N、P、K肥效反应模式。结果表明,N肥对南瓜Vc含量的影响最大,K肥对干物质含量的影响最大,N与P交互作用和N与K交互作用对南瓜Vc、干物质含量影响显著。筛选出南瓜优质的较佳施肥量为:施氮90~95 kg/hm2,施磷75~80 kg/hm2,施钾25~30 kg/hm2。N∶P2O5∶K2O=1.00∶0.83∶0.28     

新饲玉11号氮磷钾最佳施肥量及肥效模型拟合研究

为了解决新疆地区青贮玉米高产施肥配比问题,本试验以青贮玉米品种“新饲玉11号”为材料,采用3414试验方法,设计了不同的氮磷钾配比,在新疆农垦科学院试验地田间试验研究玉米的氮、磷、钾肥料效应并配置相应的肥效函数,以筛选出适合当地青贮玉米高产的最佳氮磷钾配比.结果表明:供试土壤中有效养分含量丰缺程度为N含量为低水平,K20、P205含量为中水平.14个处理中以N2P2K2处理的产量最高,产量为8066.79 kg·667m-2；用二次回归分析,得出氮磷钾的肥料效应函数方程为:Y=4659.93+ 79.56N-5.06N2+ 101.7P-33.81P2+286.4K-10.28K2+ 24.87NP+ 2.66NK-12.97PK;通过模型寻优得出“新饲玉11号”的最佳施肥量为667m2施N 21kg,P2O5 5 kg,K2O 22 kg,在此配方组合下能够获得最佳产量7692.96 kg·667m-2.     

春小麦高产高蛋白氮磷钾锌肥用量及配比研究

在中等肥力土壤条件下,采用416-A混合设计方法,进行了宁夏灌区春小麦氮、磷、钾、锌肥最佳用量及其配比的田间试验,并对小麦产量、蛋白质产量与氮磷钾锌肥用量之间的函数关系进行了模拟,得出了小麦最高产量、最高蛋白质产量和维持较高蛋白质含量(大于13.5%)的N、P2O5、K2O、Zn的最佳用量及其配比。综合分析认为,欲使蛋白质产量达最高,即产量和蛋白质含量兼优,施氮量以22 kg/666.67 m2为宜,N∶P2O5∶K2O适宜比例为1∶0.45∶0.19。     

宁南山区旱地平衡施肥专题试验初报

2001～2003年连续3a在西吉县吉强镇酸刺村科技扶贫示范区旱地上,采用三因素四水平14处理最优回归设计,对西吉县4种主栽农作物小麦、豌豆、地膜玉米、马铃薯进行了平衡施肥专题试验研究。结果表明在降雨量350～400mm的半干旱地区,上述4种农作物的最优施肥组合分别为施纯N120kg/hm2、P2O590kg/hm2、K2O30kg/hm2;N45kg/hm2、P2O5180kg/hm2、K2O40kg/hm2;N270kg/hm2、P2O5120kg/hm2、K2O60kg/hm2;N225kg/hm2、P2O572kg/hm2、K2O80kg/hm2。     

旱地小麦全膜覆土穴播技术高效施肥机理研究

采用多点田间小区试验研究了不同旱作区小麦全膜覆土穴播技术的高效施肥机理。结果得出,随年降雨量由350→600 mm增加,全膜覆土穴播小麦氮、磷、钾最佳施肥量分别由N 103.2 kg·hm-2→181.3 kg·hm-2、P2O570.3 kg·hm-2→134.1 kg·hm-2、K2O 32.4 kg·hm-2→73.0 kg·hm-2显著增加;最高施肥量分别由N113.2 kg·hm-2→214.4 kg·hm-2、P2O576.1 kg·hm-2→153.0 kg·hm-2、K2O 40.1 kg·hm-2→88.0 kg·hm-2显著增加。全膜覆土穴播小麦氮、磷、钾肥料利用率和利用效率随降雨量增加而明显提高。表现在:随降雨量由350→600 mm增加,全膜覆土穴播小麦平均氮、磷、钾肥利用率分别由26.4%、17.0%、20.2%增加到32.8%、22.6%、26.8%,氮、磷、钾肥料利用效率平均分别由8.8、17.2、7.0 kg·kg-1增加到10.9、22.9、9.3 kg·kg-1。结果还得出,全膜覆土穴播小麦氮、磷、钾肥料利用率和利用效率随施肥水平提高而明显降低。表现在:随施肥量增加,全膜覆土穴播小麦平均氮、磷、钾肥料利用率分别由37.1%、25.6%、31.4%降低到17.8%、13.2%、11.8%;平均氮、磷、钾肥料利用效率分别由12.4、25.9、10.7 kg·kg-1降低到5.9、13.4、4.1 kg·kg-1。在旱地全膜覆土穴播小麦肥料高效利用机理方面取得明显研究进展。     

磷钾肥对云南旱作马铃薯产量和养分吸收的影响

在云南省曲靖地区的低肥力和中高肥力试验地分别开展旱作马铃薯的田间小区试验,研究磷钾施用量对马铃薯生物量、养分利用、产量和经济效益的影响。结果表明：相同施肥量的条件下,中高肥力试验地的东山组马铃薯产量远高于低肥力的越州组,产量相差10305．00～20140．20 kg·hm－2;越州组NP2K3（N ,150 kg·hm－2;P2O5,90 kg·hm－2;K2O ,405 kg·hm－2）处理产量产值最高,NP2K1（N ,150 kg·hm－2;P2O5,90 kg·hm－2;K2O ,135 kg·hm－2）处理净收益最高;东山组NP2K2（N ,150 kg·hm－2;P2O5,90 kg·hm－2;K2O ,270 kg·hm－2）处理产量、产值及净收益均是最高;两组试验的马铃薯干重变化趋势相似,NP2K2处理的干重积累量较多,无钾无磷处理干重积累少;马铃薯体内累积K最多,其次为N ,最后为P ,NPK养分吸收积累的高峰期在马铃薯块茎膨大期到淀粉积累期;东山组的马铃薯PK利用效率明显高于越州组。NP1K2（N ,150 kg·hm－2;P2O5,45 kg·hm－2;K2O ,270 kg·hm－2）处理的P肥利用率和P素农学效率较高,P肥利用率和P素农学效率都有随施P量增加而降低的趋势。NP2K1处理的K肥利用率和K素农学效率最高,K肥利用率和K素农学效率均有随施K量增加而降低的趋势。     

陇东旱塬区小麦配方施肥效应研究

本研究目的在于探讨配方施肥与常规施肥对小麦生产肥料利用的影响,为合理使用化肥提供技术依据。采用田间随机区组试验,通过配方N 187.5 kg·hm~(-2),P 90.0 kg·hm~(-2),K 60.0 kg·hm~(-2)、N 187.59 kg·hm~(-2),P 90.0 kg·hm~(-2)、N 187.5 kg·hm~(-2),K 60.0 kg·hm~(-2)、P 90.0 kg·hm~(-2),K 60.0 kg·hm~(-2)和常规N 157.5kg·hm~(-2),P 88.5 kg·hm~(-2),K 88.5 kg·hm~(-2)、N 157.5 kg·hm~(-2),P 88.5 kg·hm~(-2)、N 157.5 kg·hm~(-2)、K 88.5 kg·hm~(-2)、P 88.5 kg·hm~(-2),K 88.5 kg·hm~(-2)施肥量的比较,研究氮、磷、钾肥料利用率及对产量的影响。结果表明:地膜覆盖栽培条件下,配方施肥比常规施肥小麦平均增产537.75 kg·hm~(-2),增产7.31%。肥料利用率提高12.51%(其中氮肥提高2.4%,磷肥提高2.17%,钾肥提高7.94%)。结论:在陇东旱塬瘠薄肥力区生产水平下,配方比例N∶P∶K为12.5∶6∶4,采用地膜覆盖栽培,测土配方施肥小麦的氮肥利用率为37.4%,磷肥利用率为24.1%,钾肥利用率为43.0%。常规施肥小麦的氮肥利用率为35.0%,磷肥利用率为21.9%,钾肥利用率为35.1%。配方施肥与常规施肥相比,具有显著的增产效果,能显著提高肥料利用率,应大力推广应用。     

黄土丘陵区旱作山地红枣氮磷钾施肥效应研究

采用N、P、K三因素D饱和最优设计,在黄土高原丘陵区秸秆覆盖条件下进行了矮化密植枣树N、P、K肥效及优化施肥模式田间试验。结果表明:氮磷钾施肥对红枣产量的综合效应表现为K肥N肥P肥。试验建立了黄土高原丘陵区秸秆覆盖条件下矮化密植枣树优化施肥模式,根据优化施肥模式,提出了在18 000~25 000kg·hm-2范围内红枣高目标产量的N、P、K优化施肥方案:施N用量为267.8~518.6 kg·hm-2,施P2O5用量为83.7~360.04 kg·hm-2,施K2O用量为438.0~491.0 kg·hm-2。氮磷钾施肥处理比不施肥处理提高红枣可滴定酸、总糖、还原糖、可溶性固形物的含量,依次为32.5%、0.82%、1.8%、1.01%,而氮磷钾施肥处理与不施肥处理相比红枣黄酮含量相对降低,其降低百分比为40.4%,表明红枣施氮磷钾肥比不施肥品质好。     

旱农区地膜蚕豆高产栽培综合配套技术研究

在旱农区农田生态条件下，采用常规与二次回归结合的设计方法，多点同步研究影响地膜蚕豆高产与品种、密度及氮磷钾施用量配比间的关系和相关效应，并在试验基础上同时进行生产示范验证。根据试验示范结果，选用相应分析程序进行计算机模拟寻优，得到地膜蚕豆每公顷产量高于4500kg，纯收益大于1500元的技术方案23套。该方案95%置信域；选择良种加拿大321，每公顷保苗21万株，施优质农肥6万kg，化肥纯N 49.3kg～70.7kg,P2O5155.7kg～200.7kg,K2O 65.7kg～86.8kg；优化施肥的中心组合是：每公顷施优质农肥60000kg，化肥纯N 60kg,P2O5 178.2kg，K2O 76.3kg；N，P2O5，K2O的比约为1:2.97:1.27。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The use of Solacol® (validamycin) as a growth retardant in the isolation of soil fungi

Solacol^®, a formulation of the antibiotic validamycin, at 0.33% in 2% malt extract agar, reduced the spread of fungi on dilution plates drastically and allowed twice as much incubation time before subculturing; this resulted in an elevated number of species isolated. Using pure cultures of 62 common soil fungi, it was shown that all fast-growing species (exceptPythium ultimum) were efficiently inhibited but not completely suppressed. Inhibition was comparable to that by 0.5% oxgall, though, while this substance completely suppressed several species, Solacol very strongly inhibited onlyGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum andRhizoctonia solani. In a further experiment each separate constituent of Solacol was tested against 22 fungi at equivalent concentrations. Validamycin strongly inhibitedChaetomium globosum and two Basidiomycetes, though hardly more than the non-ionic detergent which mainly inhibited the other fungi. A few species were, however, more inhibited by Solacol than by the detergent alone. Solacol at 0.33% is a suitable aid in dilution plating of soil fungi, by increasing the number of colonies and species observed.Samenvatting Solacol^®, een formulering van het antibioticum validamycine, remde de groei van schimmels in verdunningsplaten met een concentratie van 0.33% in 2% moutagar en maakte het mogelijk de periode tot afenten met een factor 2 te verlengen; daardoor was het aantal geïsoleerde soorten duidelijk toegenomen. Met reincultures van 62 algemene grondschimmelsoorten werd aangetoond, dat alle snelgroeiende soorten (met uitzondering vanPythium ultimum) voldoende geremd, maar niet volkomen onderdrukt werden. Het remmingspercentage was vergelijkbaar met dat van 0.5% ossegal, hoewel dit laatste sommige soorten volkomen onderdrukte; Solacol remde alleenGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum enRhizoctonia solani zeer sterk. In een volgend experiment werden de componenten van Solacol t.o.v. 22 fungi apart getoetst in concentraties equivalent aan 0.33% Solacol. Validamycine remde alleenChaetomium globosum en twee basidiomyceten behoorlijk, maar nauwelijks meer dan de niet-ionische uitvloeier, die in hoofdzaak de overige remeffecten veroorzaakte. Enkele soorten werden echter door het complete Solacol veel sterker geremd dan door de uitvloeier alleen. Solacol in een verdunning van 0,33% wordt aanbevolen bij verdunningsplaten voor het isoleren van grondschimmels ten einde het aantal kolonies en soorten te verhogen.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.