基于温度植被干旱指数的江苏淮北地区农业旱情监测

为实现江苏省淮北地区农业旱情监测,利用Savitzky—Golay(S-G)滤波方法,对2011—2012年江苏省淮北地区1-5月MODIS的归一化植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI)和地表温度(land Surface temperature,LST)8 d产品进行重构,去除原8 d数据的噪声,填补受云影响而缺失的数据。基于重建后的NDVI和LST数据,计算温度植被干旱指数(temperature vegetation dryness index,TVDI);分析TVDI和土壤湿度之间的关系,构建土壤湿度反演模型。最后,利用另外1组数据验证所建土壤湿度模型的精度。研究结果表明:1)S-G滤波方法能够提高MODIS LST和NDVI数据质量,并能对缺失数据进行填补;2)TVDI方法能够实现试验区土壤湿度反演,所建模型在试验区具有一定的普适性,反演精度较高(R2=0.575,RMSE=2.59%);3)TVDI方法在江苏省淮北地区干旱监测中得到了较好的应用,能够成功地监测出江苏淮北地区2011年和2012年春旱。该研究可为农业旱情的快速监测提供借鉴。     

基于综合干旱指数的毛乌素沙地腹部土壤水分反演及分布

为了克服单一干旱监测指数在复杂覆盖类型的适用性问题,以复杂覆盖类型的毛乌素沙地腹部乌审旗为例,在传统归一化干旱指数(normalized difference drought index,NDDI)、土壤湿度监测指数(soil moisture monitoring index,SMMI)、温度植被干旱指数(temperature vegetation drought index,TVDI)3个单一干旱监测指数的基础上,通过层次分析法确定各指数的权重,结合野外不同覆盖类型实测的土壤含水率数据,分别进行回归分析,建立多指数综合干旱监测模型,基于此模型分析研究区表层土壤水分的空间分布。结果表明:3个单一干旱指数在一定程度上均能客观反映旱情特征,与表层土壤含水率呈现不同程度的负相关,温度植被干旱指数相关性最好为0.604。引入结合多指数的综合干旱监测指数模型,在8月、9月草地和沙地与表层土壤含水率指数模型的决定系数R2均在0.7以上,高于基于单一指数模型的拟合精度。基于该模型,研究区研究区表层土壤含水率整体较低,体积含水率不高于0.15 cm~3/cm~3的面积分别占96.47%(8月)和94.8%(9月)。总体上从东到西,由北到南土壤含水率逐渐降低,与实测表层土壤样本的描述性统计结果有较好的空间一致性。     

西南地区综合干旱监测模型构建与验证

在全球极端天气事件越来越多的大背景下,准确监测西南干旱对区域农业可持续发展具有重要的现实意义。该文选取降水距平百分率(percentage of precipitation anomaly index,Pa)、标准化降水指数(standard precipitation index,SPI)、相对湿润指数(relative moisture index,MI)等3种气象类干旱监测模型以及植被供水指数(vegetation water supply index,VWSI)与归一化植被指数(normalized differential vegetation index,NDVI)等2种遥感类干旱监测模型,并分别与实测土壤湿度作相关分析,在此基础上选取相关系数最高的相对湿润指数与归一化植被指数为自变量建立综合干旱监测指数(comprehensive drought monitoring index,DI)。结果表明,综合干旱指数与土壤水分实测值有较好的相关性,监测精度可达88.38%;在不同海拔高度内,综合干旱指数的拟合效果比单一指数效果更好,精度更高;在分析2009-2010年西南特大干旱旱情发展的时空演变过程中,综合干旱监测结果与实际干旱情况有较好的空间一致性,监测效果佳。研究成果为西南丘陵山区干旱监测提供了一种新的方法。     

基于MODIS数据的福建省干旱遥感动态监测分析

干旱是影响社会发展和农业生产的重要因素之一,利用MODIS数据和气象资料,结合福建省的地形、气候和植被覆盖条件,分别反演出2004年和2006年的归一化植被指数（NDVI）,借助分裂窗法成功反演了两个时相的地表实际温度（Ts）,并建立了基于植被供水指数算法（VSWI）的干旱监测模型。结果表明,对于植被覆盖率高的福建省,利用VSWI进行遥感干旱监测是可行的,MODIS数据可很好地满足大范围的实时动态监测。福建省地表干旱存在着较明显的南北区域差异,东南沿海比中西部严重,从两个时相的对比来看,干旱有加重的发展趋势,而经济发展和城市化进程是引起干旱程度加剧的重要因素。     

几种干旱监测模型在宁夏的对比应用

利用MODIS资料和地面自动气象站观测数据反演地表温度（LST）,结合MODIS-EVI试验研究改进型温植被旱情指数（MTVDI）。用通道2和LST试验研究改进型能量指数（MEI）,用通道1和通道2,引入植被覆盖度,试验研究改进型垂直干旱指数（MPDI）。结合农业气象常规业务地面取土测墒资料,建立各指数与土壤含水率的统计函数关系,均通过0.01显著性检验。将所建模型用于宁夏干旱监测业务,结果表明：MTVDI、MPDI在作物生长季监测效果显著,MEI、PDI对裸露或稀疏植被地表旱情监测比较有效。几个模型各有优劣,综合运用才能在实际监测业务中发挥最佳效果,精度可达90%左右。     

基于MODIS的河南省遥感干旱监测研究

基于遥感的大面积干旱监测发挥着重要作用,但多种不同的遥感干旱指数在不同区域的空间适应性研究相对较少。利用MODIS数据分别计算归一化植被指数、距平植被指数、植被状态指数和温度状态指数等,并结合传统气象干旱指数分析近10a来河南省的干旱情况。结果表明,2000—2009年有6a发生了不同程度的干旱,其中豫北和豫西地区的干旱程度严重,遥感干旱监测的结果与气象干旱指数基本一致;分析了河南省不同区域和时段内基于遥感的干旱指数与气象干旱指数的相关性,总结出4种基于遥感的干旱指数在时空格局中的适用性,为干旱监测提供技术支持。     

条件植被温度指数干旱监测方法的完善

应用NOAA-AVHRR多时段卫星遥感数据,以陕西省关中平原为研究区域,建立了条件植被温度指数干旱监测方法,讨论了植被指数和地表温度特征空间中冷边界和热边界的确定方法。通过气象网站的降水量资料验证了该研究区域1999年以来每年5月上旬的干旱监测结果,结果表明条件植被温度指数与降水量间的相关性随着累计时间的增加而降低,与最近月份降水量的相关性最好,证实了冷边界和热边界确定方法的合理性以及条件植被温度指数是一种可行的、近实时的干旱监测方法。     

基于FY-3 VIRR的温度植被干旱指数在陕西省的应用及其IDL实现

以FY-3可见光红外扫描辐射计（VIRR）L1数据为信息源,对FY-3 VIRR L1数据在陕西省云检测、地表温度、温度植被干旱指数（TVDI）等反演方法进行本地化研究,同时使用IDL程序语言研制了FY-3 VIRR L1数据预处理、云检测、地表温度反演、TVDI指数法反演土壤干旱程度等应用程序,以实现利用温度植被干旱指数（TVDI）对陕西省土壤干旱程度的监测,并对检测结果进行数据反演。反演结果表明,利用FY-3 VIRR L1数据生成的TVDI与20cm土壤相对湿度具有良好的负相关性,相关系数在-0.535左右;TVDI能较好地反映陕西省土壤干旱状况,在延安、关中、陕南的TVDI反演结果与实际旱情一致性较好,但在植被覆盖较差的榆林部分地区,反演结果与实际旱情差异较大。     

L波段主被动微波协同反演裸土土壤水分

土壤水分是进行干旱监测、土壤侵蚀、农作物产量预测以及地表温度研究的重要参量,利用主被动微波协同的方法提高土壤水分的反演精度是定量遥感发展所面临的重要任务。本文基于土壤L波段微波散射辐射模拟数据集,通过对比分析主被动微波数据对土壤水分含量和粗糙度2个参数的敏感性,提出了基于L波段主被动协同的裸土土壤水分反演算法,算法充分利用了被动微波地表发射率对土壤水分较为敏感,而主动微波后向散射系数对地表粗糙度较为敏感的特点。首先由地表垂直极化发射率和 VV 极化后向散射系数协同提取地表粗糙度信息,再由被动微波双极化数据结合地表粗糙度信息来估算土壤水分信息。利用SMAPVEX12实验数据集中部分稀疏植被采样点的观测数据对算法进行验证,验证结果显示,土壤水分反演结果与地面实测数据相关性为0.6637,RMSE为0.0607 cm3/cm3。该文反演算法模型系数直接由模拟数据集计算得到,克服了常规经验算法的发展对地表实测数据的依赖性,减小了算法在实际应用中的局限性。     

基于遥感温度植被干旱指数的宁夏2000-2010年旱情变化特征

为了探讨近10 a来宁夏的旱情变化特征及演变趋势,利用MODIS的地表昼夜温度数据计算昼夜温差,结合归一化植被指数产品计算温度植被干旱指数(temperature vegetation dryness index,TVDI),对2000-2010年的逐月干旱进行了监测,并分析其与气象干旱和农业受旱灾情况的关系。研究结果表明,从空间上来看,宁夏干旱发生频率和强度最高的是中部干旱带,次之是南部丘陵山区,而较少发生干旱的是北部引黄灌区,其中南部六盘山和北部贺兰山林区也很少受干旱影响;在2000-2010年间有3次明显的极端干旱过程,分别是2000、2005和2009年;从旱情变化趋势来看,近10 a来宁夏平均干旱强度在减弱,但极端干旱事件有增强的趋势,且春、夏季显著增强,而秋、冬季显著减弱;宁夏TVDI的变化主要取决于降水量,年平均TVDI、年最大TVDI与降水量、标准化降水指数和标准化降水蒸散指数均呈负相关关系,除年平均TVDI与降水量(P=0.08)和标准化降水指数(P=0.06)的相关性未通过显著性检验外,其他均通过了P0.05的显著性检验,但TVDI与气温关系不大,这与当地的土地利用格局及植被类型有关;农业受旱灾面积与年平均TVDI有关,二者相关关系为0.69(P0.05),而与年内单次极端干旱强度关系不大;从不同季节来看,夏季干旱最容易导致宁夏农业减产,次之是春季和秋季干旱,而冬季干旱几乎对农业生产没有影响。该研究可为地方政府制定抗旱救灾和农业生产政策提供一定参考。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.