河南省食用植物油生产倍增计划概述

河南省是全国油料生产大省,在国家油料生产和油料安全中占有重要的地位。近年来,河南省油料生产出现种植面积不断萎缩和产量徘徊不前,以及油料加工产业相对滞后的局面。本文结合河南省油料生产的资源优势,总结了2008-2010年期间河南省食用植物油生产倍增计划的实施范围和预期目标,概括了食用植物油生产倍增计划种植类和加工类两大项目的落实进展情况,以及当前所取得的阶段性成果。食用植物油生产倍增计划有力地推动了河南省花生、芝麻、油菜等优势油料作物生产和油料加工产业的发展,有利于河南省将油料生产的资源优势转化为经济优势,保障河南以及国家油料生产稳定发展和食用植物油战略安全。     

提高油料作物生产水平 促进兵团油料产业发展

食用油是人们生活必需的消费品，全球食用油消费主要以植物油为主，油料作物在农业生产中具有重要的地位。中国是食用油消费第一大国，同时也是世界油料生产大国，菜籽、花生、棉籽、芝麻的产量均居世界第1位，大豆、葵花籽的生产也是名列前茅。中国一直是油料进口大国，对外依赖性较强。2008年油料生产实现较大恢复，扭转了食用植物油自给率连续8年下滑的局面。油料产业的发展与食用油行业的形势息息相关，近期全球金融危机对食用油行业造成了很大的冲击。面对当前国内外复杂多变的经济环境，兵团应全面认清农业经济发展的形势，     

河南省油料生产发展的概况与对策

食用植物油是城乡居民重要的生活必需品。抓好油料生产,对于稳定食用植物油市场、满足消费需求、增加农民收入、促进经济发展具有重大意义。河南作为全国第一农业大省、第一粮食生产大省、第一粮食转化加工大省,同时也是油料生产大省、消费大省,在全国油料生产下降、进口逐年增加、市场价格大幅上涨的背景下,研究如何促进我省油料生产发展,对加快恢复发展油料生产、保障市场有效供给具有重要意义。     

长江流域“双低”油菜产业发展的机遇与挑战

1长江流域发展油菜产业面临机遇 1．1国内市场需求旺盛 80年代以来,我国食用植物油需求量一直呈上升趋势,始终高于生产量,除国内油料生产榨油所提供的植物油外,国家每年必须进口大量的油脂和油料。图1—1中,近几年我国植物油生产量和消费量的情况表明：随着我国人民生活水平的提高和人口的增长,我国食用油供给的矛盾日益突出。     

农业部从2008年起在全国组织实施振兴油料生产计划

为加快我国油料生产的恢复发展,增加有效供给,稳定市场价格,农业部决定从2008年开始在全国组织实施振兴油料生产计划,力争2008年油料生产面积达到2307万hm^2,平均667m^2产量达到135kg,总产量达到4700万t;到2010年,油料面积再扩大138.7万hm^2,平均单产提高10kg,总产提高14％。振兴油料生产计划将坚持立足国内资源,依靠科技,努力提高我国油料生产水平,提高食用植物油自给率。     

花生期货在郑商所上市

正2021年2月1日,花生期货在郑州商品交易所(以下简称"郑商所")上市交易。花生期货将与已上市的菜油期货形成板块联动,推动完善油脂油料市场体系,保障我国油脂油料安全。上市仪式上,中国证监会期货监管部主任罗红生通过视频形式宣读了中国证监会《关于同意郑州商品交易所开展花生期货交易的批复》。中国植物油行业协会副会长陈刚表示,目前,我国花生产业缺乏连续的市场报价,价格灵敏度较差,容易出现暴涨暴跌的情况,农户和企业的经营存在较大的风险。     

安徽油料产业现状及其竞争力分析

分析了安徽省油料产业发展的现状与入世对安徽油料产业发展的冲击,详细阐述了安徽省油菜籽、花生和芝麻及其产品的国际市场竞争能力,找出了这些国产制品及其生产过程与发达国家的差距,为进一步发展安徽油料作物产业和提高国产油料产品的国际竞争力提供决策依据。     

推动河南油脂发展有了新引擎

河南是我国第一油料生产和消费大省。2009年,河南油料总产量达到533×104t,占全国油料总产量的1/7。除了百姓的日常消费以外,如三全、思念、白象等大型食品加工企业每年需要上万吨的食用油脂。可见,河南油脂加工业在我国油脂加工业中占有举足轻重的地位。     

提升油脂及饼粕质量的低温制油技术

我国是世界油料生产和消费大国,油料进口占我国食用油和饲料饼粕消费的50％以上。针对我国实际,解决油脂和饲料蛋白严重不足,提高我国人民营养健康水平唯一切实可行的途径就是充分开发和高效利用现有或潜在的油料资源。     

汉中地区油菜制种业发展现状、存在问题及对策

汉中油菜制种基地是首批国家级杂交油菜种子生产基地,同时汉中也是陕西省油菜种植大市,油菜生产对稳定油料生产、增加农民收入、促进生态旅游、确保“中国最美油菜花海汉中旅游文化节”的成功举办等都具有重要意义。以汉中油菜制种产业为研究对象,分析了该产业在本地区的发展现状及存在的问题,并对其进一步的发展提出了相应的措施。     

Status and perspectives of breeding for enhanced yield and quality of oilseed crops for Europe

Vegetable oils are a high-value agricultural commodity for use in refined edible oil products and as renewable industrial or fuel oils, and as the world population increases demand for high-quality seed oils continues to grow. Worldwide the oilseed market is dominated by soybean (Glycine max), followed by oilseed rape/canola (Brassica napus). In Europe the major oilseed crop is oilseed rape (B. napus), followed some way behind by sunflower (Helianthus annuus) and other minor crops like linseed (Linum usitatissimum) or camelina (Camelina sativa). The seed oil of these crops is characterized by a specific quality, i.e. fatty acid composition and other fat-soluble compounds: Camelina and linseed oils are characterised by high contents of linolenic acid (C18:3); in sunflower very high-oleic (up to 90% C18:1) types exist in addition to classical high-linoleic (C18:2) oilseeds; in B. napus a broad diversity of oil-types is available in addition to the modern 00 (canola) type, e.g. high-erucic acid rapeseed or high-oleic and low-linolenic cultivars. Moreover, vegetable oils contain valuable minor compounds such as tocopherols (vitamin E). Increases of such contents by breeding have lead to value-added edible oils. After oil extraction, oilseed meals—such as rapeseed extraction meal—contain a high-quality protein that can be used as a valuable animal feed. However, in comparison to soybean the meal from oilseed rape also contains relatively high amounts of anti-nutritive fibre compounds, phenolic acids, phytate and glucosinolates. Breeding efforts with respect to meal quality are therefore aimed at reduction of anti-nutritive components, while increasing the oil content, quality and yield also remains a major aim in oilseed rape breeding. This review article provides a general overview of the status of oilseed production in Europe and uses examples from winter oilseed rape to illustrate key breeding aims for sustainable and high-yielding production of high-quality vegetable oil. Emphasis is placed on analytical tools for high-throughput selection of overall seed quality.     

Genetic diversity in mustard (Brassica juncea L.) germplasm from Pakistan as determined by RAPDs

The genetic diversity and the relationships among a collection of mustard (B. juncea) germplasm, including 41 accessions collected from Pakistan, 6 oilseed cultivars/ lines and 5 Japanese vegetable cultivars, were evaluated using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. A total of 198 polymorphic amplified products were obtained from 30 decamer primers. Of these, 14 were unique to the accession PAK-85835 and 37 were specific to PAK-85839. Based on pair-wise comparisons of RAPD amplification products, genetic similarity was estimated using similarity coefficients of Nei & Li (1979) and a dendrogram was constructed using the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA). Cluster analysis based on these genetic similarities placed most of the collected germplasm and oilseed cultivars/lines close to each other, showing a low level of polymorphism between the oilseed accessions collected in Pakistan. However, the clusters formed by the oilseed collections and cultivars were distinct from those formed by the vegetable cultivars. A low level of genetic variability of oilseed mustard in Pakistan was attributed to the selection for similar traits and horticultural uses. The farmers' preference for more remunerative crops and perhaps the close parentage of these accessions further contributed towards their little diversity. The study demonstrated that the RAPD is a simple and fast technique to compare the genetic relationships and the patterns of variation among accessions of this crop. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Plasticity of seed weight compensates reductions in seed number of oilseed rape in response to shading at flowering

Understanding the response of the number of seeds and seed weight to the availability of assimilates is crucial for designing breeding strategies aimed to increase seed and oil yield in oilseed rape. This study aims to answer the questions: i) do seed number and seed weight in oilseed rape differ in their plasticity in response to the availability of assimilates at flowering? and ii) how sensitive are oil and protein concentrations to the availability of assimilates during flowering?A spring oilseed rape hybrid was sown in two field experiments and the treatments were combinations of i) two plant densities and ii) shading or no shading between the beginning and end of flowering. Seed yield was not affected by plant density or by shading. Lower plant density was compensated by an increase in seed number per plant, without effects on single-seed weight. However, the negative effect of shading during flowering on seed number per area was fully compensated by an increase in single-seed weight by 47–61%. The plasticity of single-seed weight observed in the present study of oilseed rape has never been reported for annual seed crops. Shading at flowering increased both the seed filling rate and the duration of the seed filling period at all positions in the canopy. We also observed that the reduction of the source-sink ratio at flowering increasing seed weight does not necessarily modify oil or protein concentrations. Thus, single-seed weight could be targeted to increase seed yield in oilseed rape without compromising oil content.     

灵芝孢子油与6种其他植物油中的脂肪酸组分的比较

对灵芝孢子油与菜籽油等6种植物油的脂肪酸组成相似性进行分析,同时探讨了红外光谱法鉴别灵芝孢子油的可行性。采用气相色谱法对灵芝孢子油及菜籽油等6种植物油脂肪酸进行了测定,并利用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪对其信息进行采集。市售不同品牌灵芝孢子油,脂肪酸组成比较接近。脂肪酸组分聚类分析结果显示,灵芝孢子油的脂肪酸组成与菜籽油最相似,其次为花生油和橄榄油。利用1397.4 cm~(-1)、967.1 cm~(-1)、913.7 cm~(-1)处吸收峰,红外光谱法可以将灵芝孢子油与菜籽油、大豆油、玉米油、葵花籽油和橄榄油区别开来。红外光谱法可以将灵芝孢子油与菜籽油等植物油区别开来,这为灵芝孢子油鉴别提供了一种快速有效的途径。     

我国植物油工业发展的现状与瓶颈

我国植物油工业是近年来发展最快、受自由贸易影响最大的农产品加工业之一,植物油工业的迅猛发展及其面临的诸多问题引起了研究者的关注。详细考察了我国植物油工业发展的现状与瓶颈,在此基础上,提出了促进行业发展的对策建议。     

低场核磁共振技术结合主成分分析法对4种植物油的快速鉴别

为了研究一种快速且准确鉴别不同种类植物油的方法,采用低场核磁共振技术测定4种不同种类植物油样品的低场核磁弛豫特性,并结合主成分分析法分析低场核磁弛豫特性数据.结果表明:采用低场核磁共振技术的CPMG脉冲序列测定山茶油、花生油、大豆油和玉米油4种植物油横向弛豫时间T2;T2谱包含许多样品内部的信息试验结果,仅通过分析T2谱的方法不能快速直观地同时辨别4种植物油,而通过结合主成分分析法分析处理低场核磁共振T2谱数据能够快速而准确地对4种植物油进行识别.该方法可为4种植物油的鉴别及市场监督体系的完善提供技术支持.     

Herbicide-tolerant crops in agriculture: oilseed rape as a case study

Oilseed rape has been modified extensively by conventional breeding for the production of varieties useful for human consumption (blended vegetable oil and margarine) and industrial processes (rubber additives and high‐temperature lubricants). Because much is now known about its genetic and biochemical composition, it has been an obvious choice for genetic modification and is now at the forefront of the commercial development of genetically modified (GM) or transgenic crops. Around the world, the increase in commercial plantings of all transgenic crops has been rapid. In 1996, 1.7 million hectares were planted, but by 1998 this figure had jumped to 27.8 million ha. The area in the year 2001 is likely to be about 50 million ha. With the possible introduction of transgenic varieties into European agriculture, it is essential that the associated farming practices employed are appropriate for their growth, both from a commercial and an environmental viewpoint. Some of the first transgenic crops are those carrying agronomic traits, e.g. herbicide tolerance transgenes. However, before full commercialization occurs, important agronomic and environmental questions need to be answered. How are these new crops to be incorporated into existing cropping practices? How will this change the current herbicide use profile for a given crop? Do herbicide‐tolerant varieties enhance or impede integrated pest management schemes? What is the likely uptake of such crops in agriculture? What are the ecological implications of their introduction? Are there effective measures to control the spread of transgenes to wild relatives? This paper addresses these questions, with special emphasis on oilseed rape production in the UK, but includes examples from other crops and countries where appropriate.     

长江流域直播冬油菜氮磷钾硼肥施用效果

冬油菜直播种植的推广应用对提高我国油菜籽总产量和保障食用油安全有重要意义。2009-2010年度在长江流域6个冬油菜主产省布置36个大田试验,研究当前生产条件下我国直播冬油菜的氮磷钾硼肥施用效果和肥料利用率,比较农民习惯施肥与推荐施肥的差异,并与移栽油菜施肥效果进行对比,以探讨直播冬油菜的施肥管理措施。结果显示,在推荐施肥量和施肥方法条件下,氮磷钾硼肥配合施用(NPKB)处理直播冬油菜的油菜籽产量和产值平均分别为2001 kghm^–2和8205元hm^–2,显著高于农民习惯施肥(FFP)处理,施用效果为N > P > B > K。NPKB配合施用显著促进直播冬油菜的养分吸收,N、P、K累积量分别为104.2、20.4和160.2 kg hm^–2。NPKB配施条件下,直播冬油菜的氮、磷、钾肥表观利用率平均分别为35.8%、22.3%和45.9%,明显高于农民习惯施肥的20.8%、7.2%和28.0%。说明合理施肥对直播冬油菜生产有重要作用,现阶段应积极推行氮磷钾硼肥配施技术,并根据生长发育特点和养分吸收规律调整肥料的施用时期和比例。     

油菜抗根肿病资源创新与利用的研究进展与展望

根肿病是原生动物界根肿菌门根肿菌属芸薹根肿菌( Plasmodiophora brassicae Wor.)侵染引起, 并专性危害十字花科作物的一种传染性强的土传病害。近些年来, 加拿大和我国油菜的安全生产均受到根肿病的严重威胁。本文简要介绍了根肿菌的生物学特性、分类及主要防治途径, 重点总结了在根肿病抗性资源发掘、抗病基因遗传定位和克隆以及抗病育种等方面的进展, 分析了目前我国油菜根肿病综合防控过程中存在的主要问题, 并探讨与展望了相应的对策, 旨在为油菜抗根肿病遗传育种的高效顺利开展提供技术支持, 进而保障油菜产业的可持续发展。     

沙棘黄酮分离纯化方法的研究进展

沙棘含有丰富的生物活性成分,其中最具开发价值的是黄酮类化合物,具有改善脑功能、抗肿瘤、降血糖、抗衰老等功效,沙棘黄酮的分离纯化是应用其药理功效的基础。本文综述了沙棘黄酮分离纯化方法的研究现状,分析了这些方法的技术特点,并展望了沙棘黄酮分离纯化方法的发展趋势和应用前景。