南方桉树人工林雨雪冰冻经济损失评估与分析

针对雨雪冰冻灾害未满5年轮伐期的4类重灾林分开展经济损失评估。结果表明：在萌蘖经营前,不同重灾林分的经营成本与产量均有所差异,只有4年生的重灾林分木材利润为正值,其平均净收入和平均利润分别为16907.20元·hm^-2和2480.85元·hm^-2;其余类型的重灾林分因为经营期较短,木材产量较低不足以完全抵销经营期内的成本。在萌蘖经营中,亦只有4年生重灾林分的收益高于未受灾林分（CK）,其平均净现值（NPV）、内部收益率（IRR）和产出投入比（B/C）分别达18114.00元·hm^-2、57.95%和3.52,比最低分别高98.56%,39.21%和65.79%。不同类型萌蘖经营的NPV和IRR与木材价格和木材产量成正比,而与经营成本和贴现率成反比,IRR不随贴现率的变化而变动。本文还就如何提高灾后桉树人工林的经济效益进行了商讨。     

湿地松纸浆原料林密度控制与管理技术研究

为探索湿地松优质高产纸浆原料林密度控制与管理技术,进行了不同初植密度造林与间伐试验.试验结果表明:8a生、12a生密度试验林不同密度林分胸径、树高、蓄积量和总产量有极显著差异,8a生密度试验林不同密度林分木材性有极显著差异.林分在8a生时,平均树高生长效应是林分越密树高越高,林分平均胸径生长效应是林分密度越小胸径越大,蓄积量的生长效应是林分越密蓄积越大,木材材性是以中等林分密度质量最好.营造湿地松高产优质纸浆原料林适宜初植模式为2 m×2 m、2 m×2.5 m,即初植密度分别为2 505株/hm2和1 995株/hm2,此时2 505株/hm2林分按下层间伐方式间伐25%、1 995株/hm2林分按下层间伐方式间伐20%后4 a(林分年龄为12 a),这二种密度林分蓄积分别为224.08 m3·hm-2和206.64 m3·hm-2,蓄积加间伐材材积的总产量分别为244.56 m3·hm-2和218.72 m3·hm-2.为培育出质量和产量兼优的湿地松纸浆原料林,当林分生长到8 a生时,应及时地进行一次抚育间伐,间伐强度为20%～25%.     

采收方式对马尾松与黄藤间种林分经济效益的影响

收集黄藤试验地采收资料和马尾松标准地调查数据,评价13 a经营期内5种采收方式对马尾松与黄藤间种林分经济效益的影响.结果表明:不同的初采年龄和采收间隔期对13 a黄藤人工林经济效益具有重要的影响,其中7 a初采和6 a间隔期的采收方式获得最高的经济效益,净现值、内部收益率和收益成本比分别为18 144元·hm-2、13.45%、1.32;黄藤间种后对19年生马尾松林分平均胸径、树高及株数产生不利影响,进而导致马尾松林分的纯收益和净现值比未间种时分别减少7 500 元·hm-2、3 000 元·hm-2;马尾松林分经济效益的减少可从间种黄藤所获得货币收入得到补偿,在5种采收方式下黄藤间种对整个林地产生的林地增益水平和净现值增量分别为3.07%～12.74%、514～2 407 元·hm-2.     

日本落叶松大径材培育技术的研究

通过对26年生日本落叶松大径材的培育试验研究,结果表明:以保留密度600株·hm-2和750株·hm-2的效果最佳,伐后5年大径木可增加50%左右,是对照区的3倍,小径木下降70%左右。主伐时产量预测为:600株·hm-2的林分材积416.94 m3·hm-2,产值91.96万元·hm-2;750株·hm-2的林分材积453.28 m3·hm-2,产值93.62万元·hm-2。     

间伐的华山松＋云南松近成熟林密度及胸径断面积的变化研究

对宜良县禄丰村林场海拔高度1 850 m,于1954年起经营的华山松+云南松混交林在其形成成熟林的50年生长过程中,就其采取间伐措施后林分中两树种林木株数(密度)胸径及断面积的变化进行了定位研究.通过立地条件相同地段设置的2块0.1 hm2的固定样地(其中,一块样地为继1978年后于1984年、1990年、1997年和2004年进行4次间伐的林分,另一块样地为未进行任何间伐活动,作为对照的林分)的林木30年(1978～2007年)的定位连续观测,其间伐和对照样地林分的林木密度分别从3 070 株·hm-2和4 400 株·hm-2降为580 株·hm-2和850 株·hm-2,林分的林木株数组成从华山松分别占91.9 %和87.4 %降至69.0 %和49.4 %,云南松从8.1 %和12.6 %上升至31.0 %和50.6 %,表明该地区较适宜云南松生长.在定位观测的30年间,无论混交林中的华山松或云南松林木的平均胸径,间伐林分始终大于对照林分;1978和2007年,间伐林分的林木胸高总断面积呈现几近相等(2 403.9 m2·hm-2与2 384.9 m2·hm-2),而对照林分林木的胸高总断面积则呈现较大幅度地降低(3 260.0 m2·hm-2与2 988.6 m2·hm-2),揭示了在华山松+云南松混交林经营过程中间伐的必要性.     

毛环竹笋用林丰产结构的研究

在影响因子的多因子相关分析和主成分分析的基础上,采用正交试验设计方法,通过立竹度、平均胸径、年龄结构等因素对竹笋产量、竹材产量、竹林收益等指标的影响来研究毛环竹笋用林的丰产结构,结果以立竹度为13 500株·hm-2、平均胸径为3～3.5 cm、年龄结构为2～4 a生各占1/3的林分竹笋产量最高;立竹度为13 500株·hm-2、平均胸径为3～5 cm、年龄结构为2～4 a生各占1/3的林分经济效益最高.     

楠木人工林生态系统生物量、碳含量、碳贮量及其分布

对32年生楠木人工林生物量、碳含量、碳贮量及其空间分布进行测定.结果表明;楠木林分平均生物量为174.33 t·hm-2,其中乔木层为166.73 t·hm-2,占林分生物量的95.6%;楠木林分生态系统各组分碳含量为树干0.576 9 gC·8-1,树皮0.465 4 gC·g-1,树枝0.523 2 gC·g-1,树叶0.495 8 gC·g-1,树根0.493 1 gC·g-1,灌木层0.498 9gC·g-1,草本层0.473 3 gC·g-1,苔藓层0.414 3 gC·g-1,枯落物层0.388 2 gC·g-1;土壤碳含量平均值为0.013 9gC·g-1,随土层深度增加各层次土壤碳含量逐渐减少;楠木林分生态系统总碳贮量为227.59 t·hm-2,其中乔木层91.33 t·hm-1,占楠木林分生态系统总碳贮量的40.13%,灌木层0.38 t·hm-2,只占0.17%,草本层1.71 t·hm-2,占0.76%,苔藓层0.63 t·hm-2,占0.28%,枯落物层0.66 t·hm-2,占0.29%,林地土壤(0～80 cm)碳贮量为 132.88t·hm-2,占58.40%;其碳库空间分布序列为土壤(0～80 cm)＞乔木层＞草本层＞枯落物层＞苔藓层＞灌木层;楠木林分净生产量为8.570 6 t·hm-2a-1,其中乔木层净生产量为6.669 1 t·hm-2a-1,占林分总量的77.82%.楠木林分碳素年固定量4.253 6 t·hm-2a-1,其中乔木层碳素年固定量3.573 6 t·hm-2a-1,占林分总量的84.01%.     

内蒙古大青山前坡油松人工林生长特征研究

以内蒙古大青山前坡38 a生、17 a生油松人工林为研究对象,对林分生长特征、部分立地因子特征进行调查分析,研究造林立地因子对人工林生长的影响。结果表明:(1)38 a生油松人工林平均树高、胸径和冠幅分别为7.36 m、9.8 cm和261.1 cm;17 a生油松人工林平均树高、胸径和冠幅分别为2.86 m、8.1 cm和209.5 cm。(2)在林分密度相近时,38 a生油松人工林不同坡位平均树高、胸径、冠幅大小顺序均为:下坡位>上坡位;在不同坡向,上述指标大小顺序为:北坡>东坡>西坡>南坡,且相互之间差异显著(P<0.05)。(3)林地土层厚度和土壤砂砾含量通过改变水分和养分物质储量对油松生长产生影响。以南坡为代表的阳坡平均土层厚度83.9 cm,砂砾含量58.9%,以北坡为代表的阴坡平均土层厚度53.6 cm,砂砾含量为42.0%,不同坡向之间的差异极显著(P<0.01)。土壤含水率随砂砾含量的增加而降低,且相关性显著(P<0.05)。(4)38 a生油松林分密度在<2000株·hm-2或>2700株·hm-2时,平均树高、胸径均低于2300株·hm-2。因此,在今后林分经营过程中应对高密度林分加强抚育间伐,优化林分结构,提高林分生产力和生态功能。     

顶果木人工林经济效益与成熟年龄研究

通过树干解析造材获得木材产量,采用动态和静态相结合的经济评价方法对桂中地区36年生顶果木人工林经济效益与成熟年龄进行研究。结果显示:顶果木36 a主伐时可获得木材845.7 m3·hm-2,木材销售收入889409.8元·hm-2。静态指标中,总利润达683642.2元·hm-2,投资利润率为9.23%,投资利税率为10.25%,投资回收期为35.02 a;动态经济指标的财务净现值为3972.0元·hm-2,财务内部收益率为13.22%。静态和动态经济指标均表明36 a的顶果木人工林造林项目盈利能力较强。造林项目敏感性分析表明,木材价格变化对经济效益的影响最明显,规格材盈亏临界价格为223.8元·m-3,财务净现值最大时作为经济成熟龄为18 a。     

新疆天山林区森林潜在生产力的计算(英文)

本文利用Miami模型和Thornthwaite Memorial模型分析计算了新疆天山林区范围内8个 县的森林潜在生产力,并利用Thornthwaite Memorial模型分析计算了其潜在木材产量。研 究表明,天山林区林分当前平均产量为3.7 m3"hm-2"a-1,只有平均潜在生产力的49%。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。