直播稻密度对不同类型中粳品种产量的影响

[目的]探寻直播稻密度与不同类型中粳品种产量的关系。[方法]以镇稻99、连粳7号和淮稻5号为试验品种,分析基本苗密度对3个品种产量及其构成因素的影响。[结果]基本苗密度对3个品种产量影响不显著,淮稻5号基本苗密度为121.50万/hm2时产量最高;连粳7号基本苗密度为98.55万/hm2时产量最高;镇稻99基本苗密度为100.00万～111.00万/hm2时产量较高。[结论]直播稻镇稻99、连粳7号基本苗密度定在105.00万/hm2左右较为合适,而淮稻5号基本苗密度定在120.00万/hm2左右比较适宜。     

双季早稻主栽品种不同机插密度比较

[目的]摸索庐江县庐城镇双季早稻主栽品种全程机械化最佳栽插密度。[方法 ]设置了3个栽培密度水平,比较不同栽培密度水稻茎蘖动态及产量构成。[结果]栽培密度越大茎蘖苗峰值越高。栽插密度25 cm×12 cm水稻产量最高,达8 358.0 kg/hm2。[结论]在高肥力田块双季早稻主栽品种全程机械化最佳栽插密度为25 cm×12 cm,而肥力水平较低的田块栽插密度以25 cm×10 cm为好。     

直播稻密度对不同类型中粳品种茎秆性状的影响

[目的]探寻直播稻密度与不同类型中粳品种茎秆性状的关系。[方法]以镇稻99、连粳7号和淮稻5号为试验品种,分析基本苗密度对3个品种茎秆性状的影响。[结果]连粳7号生长量最大,株高最高,抗倒伏能力最强,干物质积累及经济系数最高;且3个品种的直播稻基本苗90万,11m。时,植株茎秆抗倒伏能力最强,产量及经济系数最高。[结论]直播稻连粳7号为最优品种,且3个品种基器苗密度定在90万／hn2最为适宜。     

四个香菇品种的对比试验及DUS测试

[目的]针对4个香菇主栽品种进行品比试验,筛选出适宜品种。[方法]通对过韩香1号、釜山1号、香菇VED与L808等4个香菇品种间的对比试验和DUS测试,获取各品种菌丝生长速度和性状特征的差异,并对其产量进行比较。[结果]香菇VED菌丝生长速度最快,釜山1号菌丝生长速度最慢;品种间性状对比DUS测试结果,釜山1号同L8082个品种的母种菌丝生活力差异较大,但其子实体各性状指标均比较接近;前三潮菇产量对比试验,L808品种产量最高。[结论]可为香菇的工厂化生产提供参考依据。     

六安地区再生稻新品种筛选试验

[目的]筛选适合六安市裕安区乃至周边地区推广的再生稻主导品种。[方法]以13个再生稻新品种为试验材料,研究对比各品种的产量、综合农艺性状、生育期和抗性表现。[结果]头季稻参试品种比对照品种丰两优香1号增产的有7个,增幅3.78%～9.45%,产量最高的品种为隆晶优1212;二茬稻比对照品种丰两优香1号增产的有6个,增幅5.27%～10.36%,产量最高的品种为友两优2152。头季稻有效穗,隆晶优1212最高;二茬稻有效穗,领优华占最高。参试品种纹枯病一般轻发,稻曲病一般未发或轻发;大部分参试品种抗倒性较强。[结论]筛选出适合在裕安区乃至周边地区种植的高产、多抗、优质杂交稻新品种隆晶优1212、友两优2152、领优华占、全两优一号、桃优香占、深优粤禾丝苗等。     

玉屏县水稻新品种展示及品比试验

[目的]筛选出生育期适中、高产优质、适宜玉屏县种植的优良水稻品种,为当地水稻品种选择与更新提供依据。[方法]以贵州禾睦福有限公司推荐的水稻新品种（组合）为试验对象,分析比较各品种在玉屏县的特征特性及增产潜力。[结果]在同等栽培条件下,J香优168产量最高,综合性状、抗性较好;野香优冰丝产量较高,田间植株长势整齐、健壮,抗性好,综合性状表现最好;香两优619和宜优2108综合性状表现较好。[结论]以上4个品种产量高、适应性广、抗性强,适宜在玉屏县种植,可大面积推广。     

川东南再生稻稻作区水稻新品种品比试验

[目的]筛选川东南地区＂中稻—再生稻＂种植模式下的最适水稻品种。[方法]以Ⅱ优838作对照,比较25个品种在川东南地区＂中稻—再生稻＂种植模式下的头季稻和再生稻的主要农艺性状、产量及产量构成因素以及抗逆性。[结果]川优3203、川香198、冈优2009、蓉穗415、宜香1313、Ⅱ优498、Ⅱ优3213、Ⅱ优615等8个品种头季产量高,再生力强,再生稻产量高,抗逆性强;华优75、G优802、一丰8号、Ⅱ优9号、内5优5399、冈优1237等6个品种2季产量均达10 500 kg/hm2以上,再生力较强,再生稻产量也较高;宜香3551、泸优2号、川优89头季和再生季均表现与对照相比显著减产;天龙优504、冈优1237头季中稻产量较高。[结论]在川东南地区,川优3203、川香198、冈优2009、蓉穗415、宜香1313、Ⅱ优498、Ⅱ优3213、Ⅱ优615等8个品种适合作为＂中稻—再生稻＂品种推广应用。     

不同秋播期对甜玉米品种金银蜜脆产量和品质的影响

[目的]研究不同秋播期对甜玉米品种金银蜜脆的品质和产量影响。[方法]以甜玉米新品种金银蜜脆为供试材料,通过分期播种,研究不同秋播期对金银蜜脆植株性状、穗粒结构和产量的影响。[结果]随着播期推迟,株高、穗位高、穗长、行粒数、穗重和产量呈抛物线型变化,双穗率逐渐降低,穗粗变细,秃尖增加,可溶性糖分和营养成分增加,甜度和风味更优。[结论]该品种在杭州市的适宜播期为7月25日—8月15日,此时播种穗粒结构最优,产量最高,鲜食品质最佳,种植效益最高。     

中籼水稻多品种(组合)引种对比研究

[目的]为水稻品种种植选择提供参考。[方法]选取7个品种(组合)参加展示,考察产量与质量性状、全生育期天数,并比较抗逆性。[结果]参加展示品种(组合)产量7 282.5~8 854.5 kg/hm2,产量水平表现较高,米质表现都比较好,全生育期142~145 d,抗性较好。[结论]7个品种表现均较好,建议继续示范推广。     

绍兴县紫云英品种（系）比较试验

[目的]筛选适宜绍兴县种植的紫云英品种。[方法]以宁波大桥和江西余江为供试品种,设2个播量处理,分别对2个品种物候期、株高和鲜草产量进行比较分析。[结果]宁波大桥为迟熟品种,江西余江为中熟品种;相同播种量宁波大桥株高均高于江西余江,同一品种播种量为22.5 kg/hm2的植株高于播种量30.0 kg/hm2的植株;2个品种盛花期鲜草产量都达到18 000.0kg/hm2以上。[结论]绍兴县南部山区可以迟熟品种宁波大桥为主,北部平原稻田以中熟品种江西余江为主。     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pulque</Emphasis>, An Alcoholic Drink from Rural Mexico,Contains Phytase. Its <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> Effects on Corn Tortilla

Pulque is made by fermenting the agave sap or aguamiel of Agave atrovirens with a whole array of microorganisms present in the environment including several lactic acid bacteria and yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ascorbic acid was determined in pulque and aguamiel, respectively. Phytase activity in lees, liquid and freeze-dried pulque was assayed by measuring the appearance of phosphate from phytate by a colorimetric method likewise phosphate from phytate present in fresh corn tortilla was measured after in vitro incubation with pulque. Iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium and selenium contents were measured in pulque and corn tortilla as well as in nixtamalized corn flour (NCF), the latter is used to make instant tortilla, since corn provides most of the energy as well as most of the phytate in the Mexican rural diet. Pulque showed phytase activity but much less ascorbic acid and iron than previously reported; additionally, phytase in pulque hydrolyzed most of phytate’s corn tortilla. Lees, which is mostly made of pulque’s microbiota, significantly accumulated iron and zinc but no selenium. NCF was fortified with iron by the manufacturers but poorly blended. There were significant differences on selenium content between tortillas samples, apparently some soils in central Mexico are selenium deficient. Moderate pulque intake appears to increase the bioavailability of iron and zinc bound by phytate in corn.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.