鱼虾贝病毒分离纯化技术概述

多年来由于水产动物病毒病的流行,在世界范围内给水产养殖业,尤其是鱼类、对虾类和贝类养殖产业带来了严重的危害.病毒的分离纯化作为研究病毒病的必要手段,作用十分重要.因此,国内外学者对此进行了大量的研究,并取得了许多成果.本文综述了这3种水产动物病毒分离纯化的研究概况.     

西宁市特种养殖现状及发展建议

正特种养殖是指养殖具有特定经济用途和一定经济价值及不同生物学特性的动物,主要包括珍贵的毛皮动物、药用动物、特种禽类、水产类、部分观赏动物等,既有驯养的、可开发利用的,也有受保护的濒危野生动物[1]。为切实做好特种养殖的指导工作,笔者对西宁市区特种养殖现状和养殖对策进行了总结。1基本情况1.1地理特点西宁市地处青海东部,黄河支流     

我国养殖水生动物的病毒病

水产动物由病毒感染而引起的疾病，称为水产动物病毒病。 我国已报导的水产动物病毒病有草鱼出血病、青鱼出血病、传染性胰脏坏死病、传染性造血器官坏死病、鲤痘疮病、淋巴囊肿病、三角帆蚌痘病以及对虾肝胰腺细小病毒病等等。 草鱼是我国主要养殖鱼类之一，有着悠久的养殖历史，而草鱼出血病是鱼种培育阶段一种危害极大的病毒性疾病，致使草鱼的养殖受到严重影响。经过多年的研究，现在对草鱼出血病已有了系统而深入的认识。其病原为呼肠弧轮状病毒属（Ｒｅｃｒｏｔａｖｉｒｕｓ），草鱼出血病病毒（Ｇｒａｓｓ ｃａｒｐ Ｈｅｍｏｒｒｈａ…     

中国水产动物病毒学研究概述

本研究简要概述了过去几十年来中国水产养殖动物病毒学的代表性研究成果,主要涉及鱼类病毒、虾类病毒、两栖和爬行动物病毒等。此外,本研究还展望了水产动物病毒学研究的发展趋势,以有助于加深对中国水产养殖动物病毒学研究现状和未来发展的认识。     

水产用免疫刺激剂的种类与使用方法

免疫刺激剂(immunologic stimulant)是指能够调节动物免疫系统并激活免疫机能,增强机体对细菌和病毒等传染性病原体抵抗力的一类物质.近年来,国内、外均开展了将免疫刺激剂用于水产养殖动物传染性疾病预防的研究,其主要目的是为了将免疫刺激剂用于预防使用化学药物难于奏效的水产养殖动物的病毒和细菌性疾病.本文在简要叙述水产动物的免疫防御机制的基础上,比较详细地介绍了国内、外用于水产养殖动物疾病预防的免疫刺激剂种类、特性和水产用免疫刺激剂的使用方法.     

我国养殖动物病害防治研究的主要成就

我国对水产动物病毒病研究起步较晚，但研究较快。据华中农业大学水产学院陈昌福教授研究报道，我国养殖动物病害防治研究取得了以下主要成就： 1、开展了鱼类病毒病的研究，主要是草鱼出血病研究；[第一段]     

几种特种水产养殖动物的越冬

近几年，全国各地掀起了一股特种水产动物的养殖热潮。如何使特种水产动物安全越冬，是养殖成败的关键之一。下面将几种常见的特种水产养殖动物的越冬方法作简单介绍。     

江西京九铁路沿线特种水产动物产业结构调整与布局的研究

江西京九铁路沿线特种水产动物产业结构调整与布局的研究敖鑫如（南昌大学生物科学工程系）为了对京九铁路特种水产动物产业结构调整与布局进行分析研究，我于今年６、７二月，沿京九线现在特种水产重点生产的县、市进行了考察，走访了水产管理部门、养殖单位、农村专业户...     

全国最大规模的鱼类种苗生产基地──广东龙发渔业总公司（即原广东省水产局外经处龙发特种养殖试验场）

全国最大规模的鱼类种苗生产基地──广东龙发渔业总公司（即原广东省水产局外经处龙发特种养殖试验场）（封面广告说明词）驰名国内外的广东龙发渔业总公司，即原广东省水产局外经处龙发特种养殖试验场，是具有十多年历史的专业生产国内外名、特、优、新、珍稀鱼类和动物...     

淡水养殖动物病害防控与饲料的关系分析(上)

<正>现代渔业发展的重要方向是提升水产养殖产品的质量,包括营养质量、卫生与安全质量、食用质量等。水产养殖产品的质量受到养殖动物种类(不同种类所具有的营养质量有差异)、病害与药物的使用(药物残留)、水域环境(风味、安全质量)、饲料质量(风味、安全质量)等的直接影响。其中,养殖水产动物的病害防控成为重要节点。如果养殖水产动物健康、具有很好的抗病防病能力,在实际养殖生产过程中,既可减少对水体、池塘、水产动物消毒、杀菌、杀虫等药物的使     

Viral infections in cultured fish and shrimps: current status and treatment methods

Aquaculture is growing post-haste in recent years particularly in the fish and shrimp production. The rapid growth of aquaculture and increasing demand for fish have led to a rapid development of the fish and shrimp industry, resulting in increased production of both fish and shrimps. As a result, there is a greater risk of disease outbreaks. Mass mortalities in aquaculture are primarily due to infectious diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Among them, viral diseases are the most devastating, causing huge loss in the production of both cultured fish and shellfishes. There are several effective methods of treatment for these disease outbreaks. This review focuses on various methods of controlling the viral pathogens using various treatment methods like use of medicinal plants and seaweed extracts, bioactive compounds from actinomycetes, vaccines, probiotic microbes, chemicals, nanoparticles, and green synthesis of nanoparticles.

     

A future vision for disease control in shrimp aquaculture

Aquaculture is the fastest‐growing animal production sector, and shrimp production already exceeds that of the capture fishery. Viruses and bacteria account for the majority of disease losses for shrimp farmers. Viral pandemics in the mid 1990s and, more recently, a bacterial pandemic from 2009 to 2015 have led to the conclusion that future, sustainable shrimp aquaculture will depend on the development of more efficient, biosecure production facilities that cultivate specific pathogen‐free (SPF) shrimp, genetically improved for growth and disease tolerance or resistance. Major requirements for development, maintenance, and use of SPF stocks in aquaculture are effective pathogen surveillance and disease prevention methods. When protective measures fail and diseases occur in production ponds, there are currently only a few approved and practical therapeutic methods available for use with bacterial pathogens and none so far for viral pathogens. To improve existing methods of prevention and therapy and to develop new ones, research is being carried out on the nature of shrimp–pathogen interactions. Promising results have been obtained at the laboratory level for possible applications involving the use of immunostimulants for “immune priming” or “trained immunity” of RNA interference and of endogenous viral elements. Some of these promising new directions are discussed.     

动物病毒细胞受体研究及应用

细胞受体是介导病毒入侵的决定因素。本文阐述动物病毒与细菌受体间的关系，一般来说二者之间是一对一，但也有多个病毒共用一个受体或一个病毒有多个受体的情况。病毒与受体的相互作用启动子病毒的生命特环，包括结合和进入的过程；一些寻找病毒受体的直接观察法及分子生物法。介绍了一些已经确定的病毒受体及其在对虾病毒病研究中的应用。     

Melanin-containing feedstuffs protect Litopenaeus vannamei from white spot syndrome virus

International Aquatic Research - Viral diseases are a serious issue for the shrimp aquaculture industry. White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) has been considered one of the most dangerous pathogens...     

对虾的主要疾病及其诊断方法

诊断对虾病原的方法有传统的形态病理学（光镜和电镜直接观察和组织病理学等）、扩增和生物测定、微生物学和血清学方法，对皮下及造血组织坏死病毒病（IHHNV）、肝胰脏细小病毒病（HPV）、拖拉症（Taura syndrome,TS）、白斑综合症（WSSV）、斑节对虾型杆状病毒病（MBV）和杆状对虾病毒病（BP）等病原均采用非放射性的基因组探针目前已研制出了NHP、某些弧菌（Vibrio spp）和微孢子虫的传统基因探针，根据聚合酶链式反应（PCR），采用DNA扩增方法确立的检测某些病原的高敏感性方法也应用在对虾病原诊断上。     

Recent insights into host–pathogen interaction in white spot syndrome virus infected penaeid shrimp

Viral disease outbreaks are a major concern impeding the development of the shrimp aquaculture industry. The viral disease due to white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) observed in early 1990s still continues unabated affecting the shrimp farms and cause huge economic loss to the shrimp aquaculture industry. In the absence of effective therapeutics to control WSSV, it is important to understand viral pathogenesis and shrimp response to WSSV at the molecular level. Identification and molecular characterization of WSSV proteins and receptors may facilitate in designing and development of novel therapeutics and antiviral drugs that may inhibit viral replication. Investigations into host–pathogen interactions might give new insights to viral infectivity, tissue tropism and defence mechanism elicited in response to WSSV infection. However, due to the limited information on WSSV gene function and host immune response, the signalling pathways which are associated in shrimp pathogen interaction have also not been elucidated completely. In the present review, the focus is on those shrimp proteins and receptors that are potentially involved in virus infection or in the defence mechanism against WSSV. In addition, the major signalling pathways involved in the innate immune response and the role of apoptosis in host–pathogen interaction is discussed.     

Development of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) procedure for the detection of baculovirus associated with white spot syndrome (WSBV) in penaeid shrimp

The causative viral agent was purified from diseased shrimp Penaeus japonicus with white spot syndrome (WSBV). Several hundred clones were obtained from libraries of the purified viral genomic DNA. According to the results of nucleotide sequence analysis, none of the WSBV clones showed considerable sequence homology with those of other known viruses, indicating that WSBV is a new virus causing a serious disease in shrimp. Based on the sequence data of WSBV genomic DNA, a pair of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers was designed. After 30 cycles of PCR amplification of viral genomic DNA extracted from WSBV, a single product of the expected size was detected. Southern blot hybridization confirmed that the amplified product was specific to the DNA of WSBV. The PCR system was able to detect 1 pg of WSBV DNA after 30 cycles, and efficiently amplify the target region of WSBV gene in the total nucleic acids extracted either from the diseased shrimp or hatchery shrimp with no signs of viral infection.     

Loop-mediated isothermal amplification: an emerging technology for detection of fish and shellfish pathogens

Fish and shellfish diseases are a constant threat to the sustainability and economic viability of aquaculture. Early diagnosis plays a vital role in management of fish and shellfish diseases. Traditionally, various biochemical and serological tests have been used for fish disease diagnosis. However, the time and expertise required for such diagnoses makes it difficult for aquaculturists to easily adopt them under production conditions. Polymerase chain reaction and probe-based nucleic acid detection have become increasingly popular in fish and shellfish diagnostics. Recently, a novel technique called loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) has been developed, which is highly sensitive and rapid. LAMP has been used for the detection of bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic diseases in both animal and plants. In aquaculture, LAMP-based detection of pathogens like Edwardsiella tarda, E. ictaluri, Nocardia seriolae, Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae, white spot syndrome virus and infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus have been reported. In this review, the application of LAMP for the detection of aquaculture-associated pathogens is discussed.     

中国明对虾Kazal型丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂基因(Fc-Kazal)的重组表达及活性分析

Kazal型丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂可以通过精确调控丝氨酸蛋白酶的活力,在生物体的防御应答等众多生物过程中发挥重要作用。以前期克隆的中国明对虾Kazal型丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂基因(Fc-Kazal, GenBank注册号为DQ318856)为基础,对其功能结构域进行序列比对和进化分析;组织表达分析结果表明,该基因在血细胞、鳃和淋巴器官等组织中高水平表达,而在眼柄、神经和肌肉中无表达;利用原核表达系统对该基因成熟肽区域成功进行了重组表达,纯化后的目的蛋白最终得率为0.4 g/L培养液;活性分析结果显示,复性后的rFc-Kazal对鳗弧菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、杀鲑气单胞菌、苏云金芽孢杆菌有明显的抑菌作用。     

Infection of IHHN virus in two species of cultured penaeoid shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) and Litopenaeus stylirostris (Stimpson) in Ecuador during El Niño 1997–98

Infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) was first noted in blue shrimp Litopenaeus stylirostris (Stimpson) in mid-1981. Since that time, at least 12 species of penaeoid shrimp have been reported to be infected with IHHNV. Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) represents a shrimp species highly refractory to the disease, whereas L. stylirostris was highly susceptible to the disease. Since the beginning of the shrimp farming industry in Ecuador, viral diseases have been observed in L. vannamei and L. stylirostris. Of these, L. vannamei represents ≈ 80% of cultured shrimp. Histopathology, ultrastructure and in situ DNA hybridization confirm the presence and assess the prevalence of IHHNV in pond-reared shrimp, and especially in abnormally small animals of both species. Although IHHNV may be considered enzootic in cultured L. vannamei in Ecuador, we did not find high prevalence (Cowdry A bodies) in specimens of diseased pond shrimp before 1996. From that time to 1998, a higher prevalence of IHHNV has been observed in both species. The epizootic of the IHHNV disease has been related to the oceanographic and climatological conditions caused by El Niño. In addition, it has been suggested that large quantities of wild shrimp post-larvae of both species that were stocked in shrimp farms, infected as latent carriers in 1997, from which the virus could spread to a larger population of these shrimp in 1998.