H6N1亚型禽流感病毒三重RT-PCR检测方法的建立

根据GenBank中H6亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)的HA基因、N1亚型AIV的NA基因和所有亚型AIV的M基因序列,分别设计并筛选出3对特异性引物,优化引物之间的浓度,建立了H6N1亚型AIV三重RT-PCR检测方法。对该法进行特异性、敏感性和临床样品检测。结果显示,所建立的方法对H6N1亚型AIV可特异性扩增出447(H6亚型AIV)、325(N1亚型AIV)和669bp(AIV)目的条带,对H6亚型AIV扩增出447、669bp目的条带,对N1亚型AIV扩增出325、669bp目的条带,对其他亚型AIV仅扩增出669bp目的条带,对常见禽病病原体均未扩增出任何条带;该法对H6N1亚型AIV检测下限为0.1pg;305份临床样品检测结果与病毒分离鉴定一致。本研究所建立的H6N1亚型AIV三重RT-PCR检测方法特异性强、灵敏度高,可同时快速鉴别检测H6、N1亚型AIV和所有亚型AIV,为H6N1亚型AIV的检测提供1种简便、快速和有效的方法。     

H10亚型和N8亚型禽流感病毒三重RT-PCR检测方法的建立

根据基因库中H10亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)HA基因、N8亚型AIV NA基因和所有亚型AIV M基因序列,分别设计筛选出3对特异性引物,优化引物之间的浓度,建立了H10亚型和N8亚型AIV三重RT-PCR检测方法。该法对含有H10和N8亚型AIV的模板可特异性扩增出267 bp(H10亚型AIV)、464 bp(N8亚型AIV)和693 bp(AIV)目的条带,对H10亚型AIV扩增出267、693 bp目的条带,对N8亚型AIV扩增出464、693 bp目的条带,对其他亚型AIV仅扩增出693 bp目的条带,对常见禽病病原体均未扩增出任何条带。该法对H10亚型和N8亚型AIV检测下限为10~3拷贝/μL。120份临床样品检测结果与病毒分离鉴定一致。研究建立的H10亚型和N8亚型AIV三重RT-PCR检测方法特异性强、灵敏度高,为同时快速鉴别检测H10亚型和N8亚型AIV提供一种简便、快速和有效的方法。     

H3N2亚型禽流感病毒三重RT-PCR检测方法的建立

为建立检测禽流感病毒(AIV)且同时区分H3N2亚型AIV的方法,本研究根据H3、N2亚型AIV HA、NA基因及AIV最保守M基因的保守区域,设计并筛选出3对特异性引物,通过优化反应条件,建立了AIV H3N2亚型和M基因三重RT-PCR的检测方法。对该法进行特异性及敏感性检测,并通过该三重RT-PCR方法对96份临床样品进行检测。结果显示,H3N2亚型AIV可扩增出3条特异性条带,其中518bp为AIV M基因、418bp为N2亚型AIV NA基因、271bp为H3亚型AIV HA基因;H3亚型和N2亚型AIV均可扩增出2条特异性条带,大小分别为518bp、271bp和518bp、418bp;其他亚型AIV可扩增出一条特异性条带,大小为518bp;常见禽病病原体均未扩增出任何条带。敏感性试验表明该法对H3N2亚型AIV的检测下限为100pg,96份临床样品检测结果与病毒分离鉴定结果一致。本研究所建立的AIV H3N2亚型和M基因三重RT-PCR为一种简便、快速、有效的检测方法。     

H10亚型和N8亚型禽流感病毒双重RT-PCR检测方法的建立

根据Gen Bank中H10亚型和N8亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)的HA和NA基因保守序列,分别设计筛选出2对特异性引物,用于H10亚型和N8亚型AIV的检测,优化引物之间的浓度,建立了同时检测H10亚型和N8亚型AIV的双重RT-PCR检测方法。该方法对H10N8亚型AIV可特异性扩增出267 bp(H10亚型)和464 bp(N8亚型)目的条带,对H10Ny(y≠8)亚型AIV仅扩增出267 bp目的条带,对HXN8(x≠10)亚型AIV仅扩增出464 bp目的条带,对其他亚型AIV和常见禽病病原体均未扩增出任何条带。该方法对H10亚型和N8亚型AIV检测下限均为104拷贝数/μL。本研究建立的H10亚型和N8亚型AIV双重RT-PCR特异性强、灵敏度高,可同时快速检测H10亚型和N8亚型AIV,为其感染的快速鉴别诊断提供一种简便、快速和有效的方法。     

禽流感病毒H9和N2亚型双重RT-PCR检测方法的建立

为建立简便快速检测H9及N2亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)的方法,根据AIV H9亚型和N2亚型基因序列,分别设计了2对针对H9亚型AIV的HA基因和N2亚型AIV的NA基因的引物,建立了H9亚型和N2亚型AIV双重RT-PCR检测方法。对H9N2亚型AIV的RNA模板进行RT-PCR扩增,可得到545bp H9基因特异性条带和341bp N2基因的特异性条带;对非H9亚型的N2亚型AIV进行扩增,则仅出现1个特异性扩增条带,即341bp N2基因条带;对非H9或N2亚型AIV和其他禽呼吸道病原体进行PCR扩增,结果均为阴性。结果表明该双重RT-PCR最低能检出100fg H9N2亚型AIV的cDNA模板。     

禽流感病毒 H3N2亚型三重 RT-PCR 检测方法的建立

为建立检测禽流感病毒（AIV ）且同时区分 H3N2亚型AIV 的方法,本研究根据 H3、N2亚型AIV HA、NA基因及AIV最保守M 基因的保守区域,设计并筛选出3对特异性引物,通过优化反应条件,建立了AIV H3N2亚型和M 基因三重RT‐PCR的检测方法。对该法进行特异性及敏感性检测,并通过该三重RT‐PCR方法对96份临床样品进行检测。结果显示,H3N2亚型AIV可扩增出3条特异性条带,其中518 bp为AIV M 基因、418 bp为N2亚型AIV NA基因、271 bp为H3亚型AIV HA基因;H3亚型和N2亚型AIV均可扩增出2条特异性条带,大小分别为518 bp、271 bp和518 bp、418 bp;其他亚型AIV可扩增出一条特异性条带,大小为518 bp;常见禽病病原体均未扩增出任何条带。敏感性试验表明该法对 H3N2亚型AIV的检测下限为100 pg ;96份临床样品检测结果与病毒分离鉴定结果一致。本研究所建立的AIV H3N2亚型和M 基因三重RT‐PCR为一种简便、快速、有效的检测方法。     

H5亚型和N6亚型禽流感病毒二重RT-PCR检测方法的建立

为了建立一种快速、简便的H5亚型、N6亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)的检测方法,根据GenBank中H5亚型、N6亚型AIV的HA和NA基因保守序列,分别设计了2对特异性引物,通过优化条件,建立了H5亚型和N6亚型AIV二重RT-PCR检测方法。特异性试验结果显示,该方法对H5N6亚型AIV特异性扩增出418bp和251bp目的片段,对H5Ny(y≠6)亚型AIV扩增出418bp目的片段,对HxN6(x≠5)亚型AIV扩增出251bp目的片段,对其他亚型和常见的禽病病原体均未扩增出目的片段;敏感性结果显示,该方法对H5亚型和N6亚型最低检测限为1.59×10-5ng/μL。本研究建立的H5亚型和N6亚型AIV检测方法,具有特异性强,灵敏度高的特点,为H5亚型和N6亚型AIV临床检测以及防控提供了有效方法。     

H9和H6亚型禽流感病毒二重RT-PCR检测方法的建立

试验旨在建立可同时鉴别检测H9和H6亚型禽流感病毒（avian influenza virus,AIV）的二重RT-PCR方法。根据GenBank中H9和H6亚型AIV的HA基因保守序列,分别设计2对特异性引物,优化引物浓度与退火温度等条件,建立了可同时鉴别检测H9和H6亚型AIV的二重RT-PCR检测方法。用该法对H9和H6亚型AIV混合感染样品、H9亚型AIV单一感染样品和H6亚型AIV单一感染样品进行扩增,结果均得到对应的目的条带,而对其余亚型AIV及其他禽病病原体均未扩增出特异性条带。该法对H9和H6亚型AIV的检测下限均为5×10⁴拷贝/μL。本研究建立的二重RT-PCR检测方法特异性强、敏感性高、稳定性和重复性良好,可同时鉴别检测H9与H6两种亚型AIV,为H9与H6亚型AIV的监测提供技术支撑。     

禽流感病毒 H9和 N2基因双重 RT-PCR 方法的建立

为建立简便快速检测H9及N2亚型禽流感病毒（AIV ）的方法,根据AIV H9和N2基因序列,分别设计了2对针对H9亚型AIV的HA基因和N2亚型AIV的NA基因的引物,建立了 H9亚型和N2亚型AIV双重RT‐PCR检测方法。对H9N2亚型AIV的RNA模板进行RT‐PCR扩增,可得到545 bp H9基因条带和341 bp N2基因的特异性条带;对非H9亚型的N2亚型AIV进行扩增,则仅出现1个特异性扩增条带,即341 bp N2基因条带;对非H9或N2亚型AIV和其他禽呼吸道病原体进行PCR扩增,结果均为阴性;结果表明该双重RT‐PCR最低能检出100 fg H9N2亚型AIV的cDNA模板。     

H6N1亚型禽流感病毒GeXP检测方法的建立

根据基因库中H6亚型禽流感病毒(AIV) HA基因、N1亚型AIV NA基因和所有亚型AIV M基因序列,分别设计筛选出3对特异性引物,优化反应条件,建立了H6N1亚型AIV GeXP检测方法。该法对H6亚型AIV的检测出现194 bp (H6)、164 bp (AIV通用检测) 2个目的峰,对N1亚型AIV的检测出现249 bp (N1)、164 bp 2个目的峰,对H6N1亚型AIV的检测出现194 bp、249 bp和164 bp 3个目的峰,对其他亚型AIV的检测只出现164 bp通用检测目的峰,对常见禽病病原体均未出现任何检测峰;该法对H6亚型和N1亚型AIV检测下限为102拷贝/μL。本研究建立的H6亚型和N1亚型AIV高通量GeXP检测方法特异性强、灵敏度高,可同时快速鉴别检测H6亚型、N1亚型和所有亚型AIV,为H6N1亚型AIV的检测提供了一种简便、快速和有效的方法。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.