杜梅商品猪不同屠宰体重与背膘厚和屠宰率关系的研究

通过对32头(65～130 kg区段)杜梅商品猪的屠宰测定结果分析得出,杜梅商品猪不同屠宰体重与胴体重、背膘厚和屠宰率呈正相关,且相关性极显著(P<0.01);与肉质性状(pH、肉色、系水率)相关性不显著.同时,通过建立线性方程指导杜梅商品猪的出栏体重,指导实践.     

影响杜长大商品猪胴体评级的性状分析

为研究影响杜长大商品猪胴体评级的相关性状,选择206头活重在90～150 kg的商品猪进行称重、活体背膘P2点测定、屠宰性能测定,测定指标包括:活体重、背膘厚、胴体重、肩膘、6-7肋间膘、最后肋膘、肉色、肋骨数以及胴体等级等主要性能指标,分析性状间的相关性,对不同等级的各胴体性状进行显著性检验,并建立胴体等级与其他性状指标间的回归方程。结果:宰前活重在109.43～116.70 kg、活体背膘厚度11.47～13.44 mm时,胴体评级最优(1～2级);随着宰前活重的增加,肩膘厚、6-7肋间膘厚、最后肋膘厚随之增加,肉色值也有增加的趋势;胴体等级与活体背膘、肩膘厚、6-7肋间膘厚、最后肋膘厚、肉色、性别等性状具有显著的相关性。本研究为指导商品猪饲养管理、商品猪评级、改善养猪经济效益提供了参考依据。     

恩施黑猪胴体与肉质性状测定及性状间相关分析

为研究恩施黑猪的种质特性,本研究对104头9月龄左右的恩施黑猪体尺、胴体、肉质等性状进行了测量及相关分析;结果显示恩施黑猪9月龄平均体重为95.44±10.74 kg、胴体重62.80±8.13 kg、屠宰率为65.75±3.28%、总乳头数14.07±1.70个、成对乳头数6.21±0.91对、三点平均背膘厚3.56±0.69 cm、肌内脂肪含量为3.37±2.60%、肉色评分4.27±0.61、于背最长肌内主要检测到18种脂肪酸,其饱和脂肪酸为33.58±2.91 mg/g,不饱和脂肪酸为50.35±2.72 mg/g,单不饱和脂肪酸38.52±4.61 mg/g,多不饱和脂肪酸12.23±3.53 mg/g,硬脂酸含量比亚油酸高;阉公猪与母猪间肉色评分差异显著(P0.05),其他性状无显著差异;体重与肌内脂肪、背膘厚、胴体重极显著正相关;肌内脂肪含量与背膘厚极显著正相关,与胴体重显著正相关;背膘厚与胴体重极显著正相关,与头长、管围、滴水损失显著负相关;臀中肌中点处的背膘厚与3点平均背膘厚极显著正相关;成对的乳头数与肋骨数显著正相关。本研究结果为恩施黑猪种质特性的鉴定以及品种开发利用提供了基础理论依据。     

初生重、性别及屠宰体重对猪胴体性状和肉品质的影响

本文旨在研究初生重、性别和屠宰体重对扬翔华系杜洛克所产后代杜长大三元杂商品猪胴体性和肉品质性状的影响,为降低商品猪饲养成本和改善猪肉品质提供指导意见。试验选取体况相近且健康的杜长大三元杂商品猪共317头,按照其初生重(BW)分为低初生重组(BW1.22 kg)、中初生重组(1.23 kgBW1.43 kg)和高初生重组(BW1.44 kg)。公猪均在7日龄时去势,饲养条件相同并分析其胴体性能的差异,且在3个体重阶段(90～110 kg、110～130 kg和130～150 kg)屠宰进行肉质性能比较。结果表明,在胴体性能方面,眼肌面积和背膘厚在不同初生重间均差异不显著(P0.05);阉公猪的背膘厚(BF)显著高于母猪,提高了17.97%(P0.01);此外,眼肌面积和背膘厚随屠宰体重的增加而增加,但差异均不显著(P0.05)。在肉质性状方面,与母猪相比,公猪的大理石纹、肌内脂肪含量均分别极显著提高了4.34%、15.82%(P0.01);而大理石纹和肌内脂肪含量均随屠宰体重的增加而下降,其中低屠宰体重肌内脂肪含量显著高于高屠宰体重(P0.05),提高了18.5%,但与中屠宰体重组差异不显著(P0.05)。综上,初生重对猪胴体性状及肉质品质影响较小,阉公猪胴体性能良好,肉品质更优;猪肉品质在不同屠宰体重间稍有差异,为提高其风味、肉质感观等,建议扬翔1号猪配套系商品猪屠宰体重在110～130 kg范围最佳。     

不同屠宰体重对湘沙猪配套系胴体性能及肉品质的影响

试验旨在探讨不同屠宰体重对湘沙猪配套系商品猪胴体性能及肉品质的影响。试验选择23头湘沙猪配套系商品猪进行屠宰测定和肉质评定,按宰前活重分为3组,分别为100 kg组(组1)、115 kg组(组2)、130 kg组(组3)。结果表明:1)胴体性能:胴体重、屠宰率、胴体直长、3点平均背膘厚、3点平均皮厚和眼肌面积这6个指标有随着屠宰体重的增加而增加的趋势,数值均以组3最高,组2居中,组1最低。其中,胴体重组间差异极显著(P0.01);组3屠宰率比组1高出5.30个百分点(P0.05);组3胴体长极显著高于组1和组2(P0.01);3点平均背膘厚、3点平均皮厚和眼肌面积组3均极显著高于组1(P0.01);皮率以组3最高,分别比组1和组2高出1.93个百分点(P0.05)和1.91个百分点(P0.05)。2)肉品质:宰后1 h背最长肌pH、L、a和b在各组间差异均不显著(P0.05)。综上,湘沙猪配套系商品猪屠宰体重在100～130 kg之间,屠宰体重对其胴体性能有显著影响,而对其肌肉pH和肉色影响不明显;结合胴体性能和肉质,湘沙猪配套系商品猪的适宜屠宰体重为115 kg左右。     

皖南花猪的背膘厚度与胴体组成之相关分析

研究了皖南花猪背膘厚度与胴体组成之间的相关性,并利用回归分析建立了背膘厚与胴体组成之间的最优回归方程。结果表明,去势对猪的肌肉大理石纹、pH和皮率没有影响,去势猪的多数性状明显大于未去势猪,但去势猪的骨率和瘦肉率却明显小于未去势猪,表明去势对猪的膘厚及胴体组成有明显的影响。不同位置的背膘厚之间呈显著的正相关,6~7膘厚和荐膘厚与骨率和脂肪率之间的相关显著(P<0.01),荐膘厚与瘦肉率之间呈显著的负相关(P<0.05),三点平均膘厚仅与脂肪率存在显著的相关,而与皮率、骨率及瘦肉率之间没有明显的相关关系。肉色、大理石纹和pH与皮率、骨率、瘦肉率和脂肪率之间的相关不明显。去势加强了膘厚与胴体皮率、骨率以及脂肪率之间的相关性,可以提高猪胴体重,但这种提高体现在胴体产脂能力的增强,而胴体的产瘦肉能力没有增加。     

不同品系杜洛克后代商品猪胴体性状的比较分析

为研究不同品系杜洛克作为终端父本对其后代商品猪胴体性状的影响,选取214和108头分别由美系和加系杜洛克公猪配种、出生时间相近(±2 d)和体重相近(35±5 kg)的后代三元商品猪进行育肥饲养,结束饲养后开展屠宰试验,测定背膘厚度、眼肌厚度、瘦肉率和肋骨数。结果显示:加系杜洛克商品后代的背膘厚度、眼肌厚度显著(P<0.05)高于美系杜洛克后代商品猪;加系杜洛克后代商品猪的瘦肉率、肋骨数显著(P<0.05)低于美系杜洛克。同一品系不同性别间背膘厚度、眼肌厚度、瘦肉率均不显著(P>0.05),加系商品公猪肋骨数极显著低于母猪肋骨数(P<0.01)。结论:美系杜洛克后代商品猪的胴体性状优于加系杜洛克后代商品猪。     

舍饲型合作猪胴体品质性状相关性分析

选择4个屠宰体重区间对舍饲型合作猪胴体品质进行了研究。结果表明:25~30 kg屠宰,后腿丰满度理想,产肉性能高,瘦肉率59.62%,屠宰率66.315%,具有皮薄(0.5 cm)、背膘薄(0.797 cm)、眼肌面积大(16.15 cm2)的特点,属于优良的瘦肉型小型猪。宰前活重与胴体重、眼肌面积,胴体重与屠宰率、眼肌面积呈极显著正相关(P0.01);宰前活重与屠宰率、背膘厚、骨率,胴体重与背膘厚、骨率,屠宰率与眼肌面积,背膘厚与眼肌面积,皮厚与后腿比例,眼肌面积与瘦肉率、骨率,瘦肉率与皮率呈显著正相关(P0.05);背膘厚与瘦肉率,后腿比例与脂率,瘦肉率与骨率存在显著负相关(P0.05)。     

运输应激状态猪血液皮质醇含量与肉质性状之间的关联性分析

试验旨在研究商品猪血液中皮质醇含量与宰后的胴体性状和肉质表观指标之间的相关性并探讨其内在联系。在具有秋季典型气温时间(2012年8月20日),选取120头商品猪,猪只运输时间约为2h,运输到屠宰场后休息1.5h后屠宰,取血液样品测定皮质醇含量,取背最长肌测定肉质指标,并测定猪只的胴体重和背膘厚。根据测定得到的皮质醇浓度,将猪只分成三个组,低皮质醇组(120ng/mL)、中皮质醇组(120~130ng/mL)和高皮质醇组(130ng/mL),比较三组之间肉质和胴体指标之间的差异。结果表明,在肉质指标方面,除中皮质醇组猪只的24h的电导率有升高的趋势(P=0.08)外,其余均无显著差异;在胴体性状方面,高皮质醇组胴体重极显著高于(P0.01)低皮质醇组,高皮质醇组背膘厚显著高于(P0.05)低皮质醇组,与中浓度皮质醇组差异均不显著。猪只血液中皮质醇含量与胴体重和背膘厚度都存在着极显著的正相关,相关系数分别为0.349和0.274。各肉质指标之间也存在相关性,其中pH与电导率为极显著的负相关,pH与肉色的L值呈极显著的负相关,45min时测定的肉色L值与滴水损失相关系数为0.234,猪只胴体重和背膘厚度呈极显著的正相关关系,相关系数为0.596。结果提示,无法通过猪只血浆皮质醇浓度的高低来评估宰后猪肉品质,但一定程度内较高的皮质醇浓度会有利于个体增重和背部脂肪的沉积。     

不同屠宰重肥育猪的胴体品质和肉品质分析比较

为研究肥育猪屠宰重对胴体品质、肉品质的影响,选择100、120、140kg的"杜×长×大"肥育猪进行屠宰试验。结果表明:140kg组胴体重比100、120kg组高(P0.05);100kg组屠宰率显著高于120、140kg组;140kg组背膘厚、板油重显著高于100、120kg组(P0.05);140kg组亮度L*45min低于120kg组(P0.05),黄度b*45min低于100、120kg组(P 0.05),其他肉色指标差异不显著(P0.05);不同屠宰重的背最长肌眼肌面积、pH、滴水损失、剪切力、大理石纹以及水分、肌内脂肪、粗蛋白质、灰分含量差异均不显著(P0.05);随着屠宰重的增加,脯氨酸显著增加(P0.05),140kg组羟脯氨酸显著低于其他两组(P0.05),其他氨基酸和肌苷酸无显著变化(P0.05);屠宰重与胴体重、屠宰率存在极显著的三次曲线回归关系(P0.01),与胴体重、背膘厚、板油重、红度a*48h呈正相关关系(P0.05),与屠宰率、b*45min呈负相关关系(P0.05)。由此可知,屠宰重对100～140kg杜长大肥育猪肉品质无显著影响,对胴体品质有显著影响。     

The influence of the width of the saddle tree on the forces and the pressure distribution under the saddle

As there is no statistical evidence that saddle fit influences the load exerted on a horse's back, this study was performed to assess the hypothesis that the width of the tree significantly alters the pressure distribution on the back beneath the saddle. Nineteen sound horses were ridden at walk and trot on a treadmill with three saddles differing only in tree width. Kinetic data were recorded by a sensor mat. A minimum of 14 motion cycles were used in each trial. The saddles were classified into four groups depending on fit. For each horse, the saddle with the lowest overall force (LOF) was determined. Saddles were classified as "too-narrow" if they were one size (2 cm) narrower than the LOF saddle, and "too-wide" if they were one size (2 cm) wider than the LOF saddle. Saddles two sizes wider than LOF saddles were classified as "very-wide". In the group of narrow saddles, the pressure in the caudal third (walk 0.63 N/cm(2)+/-0.10; trot 1.08 N/cm(2)+/-0.26) was significantly higher compared to the LOF saddles (walk 0.50 N/cm(2)+/-0.09; trot 0.86 N/cm(2)+/-0.28). In the middle transversal third, the pressure of the wide saddles (walk 0.73 N/cm(2)+/-0.06; trot 1.52 N/cm(2)+/-0.19) and very-wide saddles (walk 0.77 N/cm(2)+/-0.06; trot 1.57 N/cm(2)+/-0.19) was significantly higher compared to LOF saddles (walk 0.65 N/cm(2)+/-0.10/ 0.63 N/cm(2)+/-0.11; trot 1.33 N/cm(2)+/-0.22/1.27 N/cm(2)+/-0.20). This study demonstrates that the load under poorly fitting saddles is distributed over a smaller area than under properly fitting saddles, leading to potentially harmful pressures peaks.     

Monitoring of the mare during the perinatal period at the clinic and in the stable

Complications in late gestation are challenging problems for the equine clinician and are causes of considerable distress to owners. Health problems in a pregnant mare in each stage of gestation can adversely affect the pregnancy. It is important to obtain a thorough history and perform a detailed and systematic examination of the pregnant mare so that the mare may be classified as normal or high-risk. However, even after a thorough examination, practitioners may face problems with the interpretation and assessment of risk. Normal mares should foal in the stable or pasture. Mares classified as having a high-risk pregnancy need to be monitored precisely for signs of oncoming foaling with attendance of trained personnel when labour begins. A valuable method for monitoring of the high-risk mare is assessing fetoplacental well-being. Fetoplacental well-being is most accurately assessed with ultrasonography as well as several available hormone profiles. We are proposing our scoring system of the mare's health, which may be useful in the assessment of risk during pregnancy and help clinicians to decide whether sending the mare to the clinic is reasonable or unnecessary.     

中国饲料工业协会第五届理事会顾问、会长、常务副会长、副会长、秘书长、副秘书长、常务理事、理事名单

顾问刘中一张德邻宋瑞祥聂振邦张子仪戎易王维四会长白美清国务院原副秘书长、第四届理事会会长常务副会长(8人,以姓氏笔划为序)刘永好新希望集团董事长、第四届理事会副会长刘汉元通威股份有限公司董事长、第四届理事会副会长陈丹广东恒兴集团股份有限公司董事长、第四届理事会副会长张延喜农业部原副部长、第四届理事会副会长吴明夏湖南正虹科技发展股份有限公司董事长、第四届理事会副会长陶一山唐人神集团股份有限公司董事长、第四届理事会副会长温鹏程广东温氏食品集团有限公司董事长、第四届理事会副会长谭竹洲原化学工业部副部长、第…     

鸡胆囊交感节后神经元的定位研究

为了找出支配鸡胆囊交感节后神经元的分布规律,选用体重1.5 kg～2.5 kg的成年母鸡6只,将CT-HRP溶液注入胆囊壁,动物存活3 d～4 d后,经左心室灌流固定,取内脏神经节、肾上腺神经节以及双侧胸、腰和荐段交感干神经节,制成50 μm的连续冰冻切片,TMB法呈色反应,置明视野显微镜下观片统计.结果发现,支配鸡胆囊的交感传出神经元胞体位于内脏神经节(占41.1%)、肾上腺神经节(占40.5%)和T2～T7交感干神经节(占18.4%),在交感干神经节中标记细胞的峰值位于T5、T6交感干神经节.所有的标记细胞以位于右侧的占优势.     

Harnessing the genetic toolbox for the benefit of the racing Thoroughbred

The understanding and application of genetics have grown extremely quickly since it has become possible to sequence the whole genome of an organism. The human genome sequence was completed in 2001 and that of the horse in 2007. The significance of this is that it makes it more feasible to explain how both genetically simple and complex traits are transmitted from one generation to the next and, therefore, to make informed breeding decisions, modify how horses are managed and trained to minimise the risk of disease and injury, and improve methods of prevention, diagnosis and treatment of many conditions. The science of genetics/genomics will continue to grow internationally, limited only by the funds available. The application of the science to man, horses and other species raises very complex moral and commercial issues. Thoroughbred breeders are perceived by some as resistant to change, but their apparent intransigence is often based on a genuine concern for the integrity of the breed. By taking control of the application of the advances in genetics, the Thoroughbred industry potentially has the opportunity to improve both the health and performance of Thoroughbreds. If, however, the science is applied in an uncoordinated manner, driven by commercial interests with no underlying concern for the horses themselves, there is a very real risk that breeders, the Thoroughbred breed and individual horses will all suffer as a consequence.     

陕北白绒山羊繁育中心羊场绒山羊日粮的评价

试验选择陕北白绒山羊繁育中心羊场的成年健康母羊（怀孕前期）16只,育成母羊13只,育成公羊13只,空腹称重。测定每只羊1d的采食量,计算其摄入的营养成分含量,并与原苏联绒用山羊饲养标准比较,进行饲养水平评价。结果显示,与饲养标准比较,陕北白绒山羊繁育中心羊场的育成母羊代谢能高2．68MJ,粗蛋白低59．29g,钙低3．00g,磷低1．52g;育成公羊代谢能高3．47MJ,粗蛋白低81．92g,钙低4．42g,磷低2．62g;成年母羊代谢能高2．51MJ,粗蛋白低91．33g,钙低3．09g,磷低1．93g。结合羊的体况综合评价饲养水平基本合理,但尚需要按饲养标准增加粗蛋白、钙、磷等营养物质的供给量。     

Evidence for the non-involvement of the uterus in the lifespan of the corpus luteum in the cyclic dog

Progesterone levels in peripheral blood of dogs were analysed during the cycle in which hysterectomy (n = 5) or sham surgery (n = 3) was performed as well as during the cycle of dogs (n = 5) hysterectomized at least one year prior to this study; the data were compared with the findings in control dogs (n = 3). The averages of the duration of the luteal period observed in the three experimental groups were not significantly different from those of control dogs. Immediately after surgery, the progesterone level decreased from 25 to 50% of the presurgical level, but returned to presurgical level in about four days. Prolactin levels were elevated for about 30 h after surgery. Nevertheless, the averages of the mean prolactin levels for each animal during the luteal period of the experimental groups were not significantly different from those of control dogs. It is concluded that in the dog, the uterus is not involved in the lifespan of the cyclic corpus luteum.     

犊牛腹泻与肠道菌群的变化

本文检测腹泻犊牛的直肠内8种主要正常菌群的变化,并与健康犊牛进行对比。结果发现,犊牛腹泻时,大肠杆菌、双岐杆菌和乳杆菌变化较大,而其它菌群变化较小。腹泻或将腹泻时,大肠杆菌数增加,双岐杆菌和乳杆菌数下降。腹泻康复或即将康复时,大肠杆菌减少,双岐杆菌、乳杆菌数增加。     

古浪县北部荒漠草场改良过程中植被变化动态的研究

结合古浪县北部荒漠草场生态治理工程,在自由放牧、围栏封育和人工补播条件下,对退化草场的植物种类、植被盖度、生产力水平等进行了初步的调查研究。结果表明：1）随自由放牧时间的延长,草场植被盖度、生产力逐渐下降,植物种类逐渐减少;2）随围栏封育时间的延长,放牧压力减轻,草场植被盖度、生产力逐渐提高,物种丰富度增加;3）人工补播种草加快了草场的恢复演替速度。围栏封育和人工补播使草场植物群落优势种得到加强,沙蒿Artemisia desertorum,沙米Agriophyllum squarrosura,短花针茅Stipa breviflora大量生长,草场植被盖度和生产力大幅度提高,是恢复和改良退化草场的一条行之有效的途径。