鸡传染性喉气管炎病毒(ILTV)王岗株糖蛋白gB基因序列比较分析

根据已经发表的鸡传染性喉气管炎病毒（ILTV）SA2的株的gB基因序列,设计了1对引物,通过PCR扩增了ILTV王岗株的gB基因,并克隆到pUC119质粒的EcoR I位点中,经酶切鉴定证实后,进行了序列测定。结果表明,gB基因长2619bp,包含完整的阅读框架。序列比较分析表明,ILTV王岗株的gB基因核苷酸序列与英国的Throne 882和美国的6322个强毒株的gB基因序列完全一致,而与澳大利亚SA2疫苗株gB基因核苷酸同一性为99.8%,氨基酸的同一性为98.4%。与澳大利亚SA2疫苗株gB基因核苷酸和氨基酸序列比较发现,ILTV3个强毒株（王岗株,Throne 882株和632株)gB基因的核苷酸序列在第89位上均缺失1个碱基G,而在第102位核苷酸处又插入了1个碱基A,从而引起了在氨基酸序列中第29～32位5个氨基酸的移码突变。此变异是否与病毒的毒力有关尚待进一步研究。     

鸡传染性喉气管炎病毒烟台株gB基因的序列测定及其结构功能分析

研究以鸡传染性喉气管炎病毒(ILTV)烟台株为模板,PCR扩增出1条约2.7kb的gB基因片段,并将其克隆到pMD18-T载体中。序列测定显示,gB基因长2622bp,包含完整的阅读框架。序列比较分析发现,烟台株和王岗株、河北株的gB基因核苷酸序列与SA2株的相比均在第89位上缺失1个碱基G,而在第102位核苷酸处插入1个碱基A,从而引起氨基酸序列中第29～32位5个氨基酸的移码突变。烟台株还有另外7个碱基发生突变,使得其gB基因与河北株、王岗株、疫苗株的gB基因核苷酸同源性分别为99.8%、SA299.7%和99.6%,氨基酸的同源性分别为99.4%、99.4%、98.9%,表明不同ILTV毒株之间gB基因是非常保守的。     

鸡传染性喉气管炎病毒姻台株gB基因的序列测定及其结构功能分析

研究以鸡传染性喉气管炎病毒（ILTV）烟台株为模板，PCIK扩增出1条约2．7的gB基因片段，并将其克隆到pMD18-T载体中。序列测定显示，gB基因长2622bp，包含完的阅读框架。序列比较分析发现，烟台株和王岗株、河北株的班基因核苷酸序列与SA2株的比均在第89位上缺失1个碱基G，而在第102位核苷酸处插入1个碱基A，从而引起氨基酸序中第29-32位5个氨基酸的移码突变。烟台株还有另外7个碱基发生突变，使得其班基因与北株、王岗株、SA2疫苗株的gB基因核苷酸同源性分别为99．8％、99．7％和99．6％，氨基酸的同性分别为99．4％、99．4％、98．9％，表明不同ILTV毒株之间gB基因是非常保守的。划型相列河源     

鸡传染性喉气管炎病毒TK基因的克隆与鉴定

根据鸡传染性喉气管炎病毒（ILTV）TK基因的核苷酸序列，设计并合成了1对引物，利用该引物扩增出了长1800bp的TK基因核苷酸片段。将该基因克隆入PGEM-T载体后，对其进行酶切分析和序列测定。结果表明，扩增片段与发表的ILTV的TK基因核苷酸序列一致。以ILTV、正常绒毛尿囊膜组织、鸡传染性支气管炎病毒（IBV）、鸡新城疫病毒（NDV）感染鸡胚的尿囊膜DNA为模板进行PCR反应，结果该PCR反应体系对ILTV是特异的。敏感性试验表明，该PCR系统能检出50pg的ILTV感染尿囊膜的DNA。     

鸡传染性喉气管炎病毒gB基因的扩增及酶切分析

以从内蒙古区分离的2株传染性喉气管炎病毒(ILTV)株的DNA为模板，用设计好的1对引物对这2株毒株的gB基因进行了PCR扩增，并对扩增产物分别用BglⅡ、PstⅠ、HindⅢ限制性内切酶酶切分析。结果表明，2个分离株均能特异性地扩增出该病毒gB基因片段，片段大小完全一致，为2．6kb；扩增产物的酶切图谱与参考株完全一致。     

ILTVgB基因重组BCG菌株的构建及其免疫原性

gB基因是传染性喉气管炎病毒(ILTV)的主要保护性抗原基因,本试验以ILTV基因组为模板,利用PCR特异扩增出gB基因,将其连接到含有人结核分枝杆菌启动子hsp70基因和堪萨斯分枝杆菌α信号肽基因的表达载体pRR3上,从而构建了大肠杆菌-分枝杆菌穿梭表达质粒pR-α-gB,再电转化至BCG中,形成重组菌株rBCG-gB.热激后gB蛋白在耻垢分枝杆菌M.smegmatis mc2 155中高效表达,并且通过ELISA和Western blotting检测能够被抗ILTV gB蛋白的单克隆抗体识别.将106CFU的重组菌株rBCG-gB皮下注射免疫3周龄的SPF鸡,分别测定了淋巴细胞指数(SI),吞噬细胞的吞噬能力以及血清中IL-2和IFN-γ的水平,结果表明重组菌株rBCG-gB作为 .载体疫苗具有较强的免疫反应.动物保护试验结果表明,重组菌株rBCG-gB对鸡具有一定的免疫保护效果,能够保护SPF鸡抵抗ILTV强毒株的攻击,血凝抑制试验表明血凝抑制抗体滴度能够显著增加.     

一株鸡传染性喉气管炎病毒的分离鉴定及TK基因分析

黑龙江省牡丹江市某养鸡场28周龄蛋鸡发生以呼吸困难、咳血和产蛋下降为主要症状的疾病。本研究利用特异性引物,从发病鸡喉头及其分泌物中扩增出鸡传染性喉气管炎病毒(ILTV)gB基因的567 bp大小片段;将发病鸡喉头及分泌物处理后接种鸡胚,在鸡胚绒毛尿囊膜(CAM)上形成痘斑。病毒接种鸡胚肾细胞48 h后电镜下可以观察到典型的疱疹病毒粒子形态,并且该分离株能够与ILTV单克隆抗体发生特异性反应。动物回归试验显示,感染的SPF鸡出现典型ILT症状,并能够从发病鸡体内重新分离到ILTV,由此判定该分离株为ILTV,并将其命名为MDJ0442。根据NCBI登录的ILTV序列(HQ630064)设计引物,以MDJ0442基因组为模板,PCR扩增TK的基因片段,进行测序和序列分析。结果表明,与其他ILTV参考病毒株相比,TK基因的核酸同源性为99.62%。本研究可以为ILTV的流行病学调查和分子生物学研究提供参考。     

鸡传染性喉气管炎病毒WG株ICP4基因的鉴定及其在潜伏位点的表达

根据传染性喉气管炎病毒(Infectious laryngotracheitis virus,ILTV)SA-2株ICP4基因序列设计并合成3对引物,以ILTV中国王岗株(WG)DNA为模板扩增ICP4基因,并对其进行了序列测定。将ILTV WG株的ICP4基因及其推导的氨基酸序列,分别与ILTV SA-2株、BHV-1、EHV-1、EHV-4、MDV-1、MDV-2、HVT、PRV、VZV、HSV-1和HSV-2的ICP4基因及其推导的氨基酸序列比较后发现,ILTV毒株之间ICP4基因相对保守,核苷酸和氨基酸水平的同源性分别为99.7%和99.1%,但与其它α-疱疹病毒的ICP4基因的同源性则较低,低于3.0%。对潜伏感染鸡三叉神经节中病毒基因的检测显示,在人工感染ILTV WG株后第10 d～60 d内均能检测到ICP4特异RNA,而gB、gC、TK则未能检出。鉴于目前国内外对α-疱疹病毒潜伏感染相关基因以及ICP4基因序列和结构功能的研究,ILTV WG株ICP4基因的克隆和序列测定,以及病毒基因在潜伏感染鸡三叉神经节中的差异表达,为进一步研究ICP4基因的功能及确定潜伏感染相关基因奠定了基础。     

传染性喉气管炎病毒王岗株糖蛋白gB基因在重组杆状病毒中的表达

将克隆到pUC119中的传染性喉气管炎病毒（ILTV）糖蛋白gB基因，通过EcoRI位点克隆至杆状态病毒转移载体pVL1393中，构建成重组杆状病毒转移载体rpVLgB，将rpVLgB转移载体质粒与杆状态病毒DNA（Bac-N-Blue DNA)共转染Sf9昆虫细胞，经3轮蚀斑纯化，获得重组病毒并命名为rpVL－ILTVgB。PCR方法鉴定证明gB基因正确插入到杆状病毒基因组中，直接免疫荧光试验和Dot－ELISA结果均表明gB基因在重组杆状病毒感染的Sf9昆虫细胞保获得表达，表达的gB蛋白将作为鸡传染性喉气管炎的亚单位疫苗和诊断抗原。     

传染性喉气管炎病毒gB基因的主要免疫原片段在大肠杆菌中的表达

利用DNASIS等软件分析传染性喉气管炎病毒（ILTV）WG株的gB蛋白抗原性，筛选出一段抗原性较强的片段，该片段位于gB蛋白的403位至686位氨基酸残基之间。设计引物，引入双酶切位点EcoR Ⅰ，Sal Ⅰ，将目的片段t—gB插入原核表达载体pET30a（＋），得到重组表达质粒pET-tgB并转化到大肠杆菌BL21中，经IPTG诱导后，表达分子量为37Ku的融合蛋白His—tgB，表达量占菌体蛋白的40．6％。Western blot分析表明，His—tgB具有免疫反应性。重组蛋白免疫兔之后可以产生针对ILTV gB的特异性抗体。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.