鸭黄曲霉素中毒的防治

黄曲霉毒素中毒是鸭群采食黄曲霉毒素以及寄生黄曲霉的饲料而引发的中毒疾病,黄曲霉毒素中毒具有发病迅速、病死率高的特征,尤其是雏鸭对黄曲霉毒素的敏感性更高,极低含量就有可能导致发病。发病后,病鸭表现为肺脏结节、肝脏受损以及消化机能障碍等,严重降低了肉鸭品质,对养鸭业的影响极大。     

猪黄曲霉毒素急性中毒的诊治体会

黄曲霉广泛存在于自然界中,黄曲霉毒素是黄曲霉的终极代谢产物。目前已知黄曲霉毒素及衍生物有20多种。各种谷物和副产品极容易被黄曲霉污染,尤其是在夏季潮湿多雨季节,高温高湿环境下十分利于黄曲霉繁殖生长。黄曲霉在谷物饲料中寄生繁殖后会产生大量黄曲霉毒素,当动物进食了被污染的谷物饲料后,常常引起急性中毒。黄曲霉毒素中毒是严重危害动物养殖产业的1种中毒疾病,毒素主要损害动物肝脏,导致肝脏功能异常,肝细胞变性、坏死。笔者主要结合实际情况,就一起猪黄曲霉毒素急性中毒的诊断和防治进行分析。     

NSP可以防止肉鸡黄曲霉毒素中毒

黄曲霉(Aspergillus flavus)是一种能够引起饲料严重污染的霉菌，黄曲霉产生的黄曲霉毒素(anatoxin)毒性极强，不易破坏，能够对畜禽造成严重的危害。畜禽摄入被黄曲霉毒素污染的饲料可以出现生长不良，饲料转化率降低，死亡率增加，对疾病易感，而且黄曲霉毒素可以在动物源性食品中残留，给人类健康带来极大的安全隐患。此外，黄曲霉毒素对微营养状态的影响也引起了人们的关注。据报告，     

活性碳可减轻黄曲霉毒素毒性

活性碳可减轻黄曲霉毒素毒性李凯年译自《Ｒｅｓ．Ｖｅｔ．Ｓｃｉ》１９９４，（１）姜行知校黄曲霉毒素中毒是畜禽的一种重要疾病。在许多国家，畜禽饲料被黄曲霉毒素污染相当普遍。从污染饲料中清除黄曲霉毒素仍然是一个主要问题。人们曾试用许多方法如化学灭活、溶剂提...     

不同剂量黄曲霉毒素B_1对雏鸭生长性能的影响

黄曲霉毒素是一种毒性极强的剧毒物质,被世界卫生组织的癌症研究机构划定为1类致癌物[1].黄曲霉毒素慢性中毒畜禽会出现生长不良,饲料转化率降低,死亡率增加,对疾病易感,而且黄曲霉毒素还可以在动物源性食品中残留,给人类健康带来极大的安全隐患[2].     

关于黄曲霉毒B_1素影响仔猪生长、发育的试验情况

目前已知真菌毒素有150多种。真菌毒素能使人和家畜家禽产生各种疾病。在各种真菌毒素中,黄曲霉毒素的毒性最大,致癌力最强,危害最大。黄曲霉毒素B_1是目前致癌物质中最有害的一种,它还能引起突变和导致畸形。关于黄曲霉毒素对猪的毒害研究,国外报道很     

原料黄曲霉对牛奶品质的影响

黄曲霉毒素是一类主要由黄曲霉菌和寄生曲霉菌产生的代谢产物,其中以黄曲霉毒素 B1最为多见,危害性也最强,而牛奶检测超标的黄曲霉毒素 M1则是黄曲霉毒素 B1的代谢产物。目前各个国家对各种食品中的黄曲霉毒素 B1以及黄曲霉毒素 M1的含量都有严格限制。本文就黄曲霉毒素的产生、危害、检测、饲料黄曲霉毒素的控制措施等方面进行了简述,以期对奶牛生产有指导意义。     

猪黄曲霉毒素急性中毒的诊治体会

饲料中黄曲霉毒素对猪危害主要表现为影响生长发育的慢性经过。笔者就猪黄曲霉毒素急性中毒引起猪呕吐为主要表现的疾病的诊治情况进行了介绍,获得了84.2%的治愈率。     

家禽黄曲霉毒素中毒

黄曲霉毒素中毒(Aflatoxicosis)是畜禽的一种严重疾病,病因是食入被黄曲霉菌污染的饲料。这种真菌能产生一组极毒的代谢物,其中黄曲霉毒素B_1(aflatoxin B_1,AFB_1)的毒性最大。各类家禽,尤其是仔鸡、仔鹅、雏鸭和小火鸡对黄曲霉毒素B_1的毒性易感性最强。黄曲霉毒素主要损害肝脏,表现为肝坏死、胆管增生、黄疸和出血。家禽慢性中毒的特征是体重降低、饲料利用效率和产蛋量下降,易患传染病。肝细胞肿瘤的发生,尤其在雏鸭,被认为是黄曲霉毒素中毒的严重后果之一。被黄曲霉毒素污染的饲料,可用不同的方法去除污染,主要是对饲料中的毒素进行物理排除或化学钝化。此外,饲料添加剂,例如活性炭、苯巴比妥、半胱氨酸、谷胱甘肽、β-胡箩卜素、非瑟酮和硒,据报导也可有效地降低家禽的黄曲霉毒素中毒。黄曲霉毒素不仅对家禽有害,而且其存在于禽肉和蛋中的残毒,对人类健康也有危害,本文是讨论黄曲霉毒素B_1的急性和慢性中毒的重要特征,并介绍黄曲霉毒素中毒的预防和减轻中毒的方法。     

家禽黄曲霉毒素中毒的诊断和预防

黄曲霉毒素中毒是家禽中常见的霉饲料中毒,黄曲霉毒素是黄曲霉菌代谢的产物,是结构相似的化合物的总称。黄曲霉毒素及其衍生物有20种,其中8种有致癌作用,以B1、B2、G1、G2毒素的毒力增强,尤其以B1毒素更为突出。所以,目前产生的黄曲霉毒素均指B1毒素。寄生曲霉也能产生黄曲霉毒素,由此霉素引起的中毒成为黄曲霉毒素中毒。     

Aflatoxin M1 - isolation of a toxin-producing strain of the mold Aspergillus flavus

A strain of Aspergillus flavus producing aflatoxins B1, G1 and M1 was obtained. Aflatoxin M1 constitutes about 5% of the total amount of aflatoxins produced. Aflatoxin M1 was isolated from a crude chloroform extract and was identified by thin silica-gel layer chromatography (TLC), by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and spectral analysis.     

Clinical and pathologic changes in acute bovine aflatoxicosis: rumen motility and tissue and fluid concentrations of aflatoxins B1 and M1

Effects of aflatoxin on bovine rumen motility were determined by radiotelemetric techniques. Aflatoxin altered amplitude and/or frequency of rumen contractions in steers given dosages of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, or 0.8 mg of aflatoxin/kg of body weight. Effects of aflatoxin on rumen motility were dose dependent. An increase in elimination time of aflatoxin from rumen contents was observed in steers given the aflatoxin dosages of 0.4 to 0.8 mg/kg. The increase in elimination time of this toxin facilitates diagnostic capabilities for detecting bovine aflatoxicosis by obtaining rumen contents for analysis for aflatoxin. Aflatoxin M1 was detected in rumen contents from steers at 2 hours after aflatoxin was administered. Thus, intraruminal metabolism of aflatoxin B1 to M1 may occur.     

黄曲霉毒素B2a的研究进展

黄曲霉毒素(aflatox in,AFT)是一类有毒致癌化合物,污染粮食及其制品,给人类及动物健康造成严重威胁。AFB2a是AFT的一种,作者对AFB2a的毒性、生物学活性及其抗体的反应性进行了综述。由于AFB2a的毒性远远低于AFB1,而且AFB2a抗体能与AFB1及其在体内的代谢产物发生免疫学交叉反应,因此AFB2a的抗体,尤其是单克隆抗体对人、畜AFT中毒病的早期诊断、治疗、AFB1在体内的代谢转归、肿瘤预防以及食品卫生监测有着非常重要的意义,而有关AFB2a的单克隆抗体方面的研究,国内还未见报道。     

Characterization of the toxicity of the mycotoxins aflatoxin, ochratoxin, and T-2 toxin in game birds. III. Bobwhite and Japanese quail.

Bobwhite and Japanese quail were fed diets containing 1.25, 2.50, or 5.00 ppm aflatoxin; 1, 2, or 4 ppm ochratoxin A (OA); or 4, 8, or 16 ppm T-2 toxin. Aflatoxin induced mortality in bobwhites during the second and third week with 1.25 ppm (10%), 2.50 ppm (30%), and 5.00 ppm (40%), and during the same period with T-2 toxin at 8 ppm (20%) and 16 ppm (22.5%). Body weights of bobwhite quail were significantly decreased by the two higher levels of aflatoxin by 2 weeks of age, and by the two higher levels of T-2 toxin by 1 week of age. In Japanese quail, only the highest level of aflatoxin and T-2 toxin reduced body weight (by 3 weeks and by 1 week of age, respectively), and even then to a much lesser extent than in bobwhites (less than 10%). Aflatoxin did not affect feed-conversion ratio (FCR) in bobwhite quail, but the two higher levels of T-2 toxin increased FCR. None of the toxins induced mortality or increased the FCR in Japanese quail. Aflatoxin increased liver weight in both bobwhite and Japanese quail. OA increased kidney weight in 3-week-old Japanese quail but had no effect on the kidney weight of bobwhite quail. Mouth lesions were progressively more severe in bobwhite quail fed increasing levels of T-2 toxin, but lesions were far less severe in Japanese quail.     

Determination of aflatoxins in cheeses]

To investigate cheeses for the presence of aflatoxins we chose the very sensitive method of Tuinstra and Bronsgeest (1975) used for the determination of aflatoxin M1 in milk. The method was slightly modified and the presence of aflatoxins was determined in 54 samples of different cheeses. Aflatoxin M1 was found out in 24% of the investigated samples. Most of positive samples were found among the soft cheeses (53.8 3/4), then in processed cheeses (13.6%) and in hard cheeses (12.5%). Aflatoxin M1 was not found in the group of mouldy cheeses and Olomouc cake cheeses, which were investigated in a smaller range. Positive findings did not exceed concentrations of 10 ng per kg, i.e. they did not even reach the value of permissible concentration as proposed in the Czech Socialist Republic for foods (5 microgram per kg).     

牛奶中主要霉菌毒素毒性的研究进展

牛奶中主要的霉菌毒素包括黄曲霉毒素、赭曲霉毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、T-2毒素、伏马菌素等。作者对霉菌毒素的毒性研究现状进行了综述,以期为开展牛奶霉菌毒素风险分析提供毒理学数据参考。     

黄曲霉毒素吸附剂的效率及其在奶牛上的研究

饲料中黄曲霉毒素可通过代谢途径从奶中排出,因此,在饲料中添加吸附剂,减少动物机体所吸收毒素的量,成为降低奶中AFM1含量的重要策略。为此,本章对黄曲霉毒素吸附剂的筛选试验、各种吸附剂在吸附试验和奶牛试验中的效率以及吸附剂的主要不利作用作了综述。     

Detection of aflatoxin B1 in tissues of free-living game animals (Lepus europaeus, Phasianus colchicus, Capreolus capreolus, Anas platyrhynchos)]

This contribution states concentrations of products of toxogenic mould fungus Aspergillus in livers, kidneys and testes of specific game animals. In hares (Lepus europaeus), there was determined an average concentration in livers of 0.407 microgram.kg-1 +/- 0.29, in kidneys 0.658 microgram.kg-1 +/- 0.60, in testes 0.523 microgram.kg-1 +/- 0.27 and in the ovaries 0.207 microgram.kg-1 +/- 0.19. Higher values were found in those animals with silage pits, hayricks and liquid manure pits nearby. In roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), average concentration of Aflatoxin showed the following results:livers--0.696 microgram.kg-1 +/- 0.59, kidneys--0.794 microgram.kg-1 +/- 0.48, testes--0.367 microgram.kg-1 +/- 0.22. The different values found in the organs are likely to be dependent upon the varying resistance of species when digesting, and also upon the wide-spread variance of intaken food. Average concentration of Aflatoxin B1 in pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) were recorded to be in livers 0.329 micrograms.kg-1 +/- 0.38, and in kidneys 0.676 micrograms.kg-1 +/- 0.59. Controlled contents of mycotoxin in livers of mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) was found to be 0.840 micrograms.kg-1, in kidneys 0.594 micrograms.kg-1 +/- 0.85. Animals living in ecologically strained localities showed maximum values of 3.605 micrograms.kg-1 in kidneys and 2.484 micrograms.kg-1 in livers. An alimentary and inhalatory path for mycotoxin or for solely mould fungus into the organism could be found in the rearing of chicken. Detection of Aflatoxin B1 was performed by the means of proved radioimmunological screening method (33) that had been accompanied by routine chromatographic methods.     

黄曲霉毒素的传统去毒方法和生物降解研究进展

黄曲霉毒素B1具有高毒性、高致畸性和高致突变性,是危害最大的真菌毒素之一。黄曲霉毒素污染严重威胁动物的生产性能和人类健康,每年给饲料工业和畜牧业生产带来巨大的经济损失。对黄曲霉毒素污染的控制急需一种安全、高效而且环保的解毒方法。文章对传统去毒方法和新型生物技术降解黄曲霉毒素的研究进行了综述。     

母牛流产原因分析及对牛黄曲霉毒素中毒病的诊治体会

母牛流产是奶牛养殖中普遍存在的问题,如果不采取积极预防和治疗措施,会导致母牛繁殖周期延长、产犊率降低,从而对养殖业的经济效益造成重大损害。本研究调查分析了2022年10月至2023年9月期间某牛场母牛的流产情况。统计结果显示,29头可繁殖母牛共产下29头小牛,其中9头新生小牛不幸死亡,流产率近1/3。为明确流产原因,本研究对环境、饲料、用药等多方面进行了调查和检测。经研究发现青贮饲料严重霉变,黄曲霉毒素B1含量显著超标。综合各项检查,初步判断母牛长期食入黄曲霉毒素污染饲料是导致流产的根本原因。此外,本研究提出了一系列有针对性的防控对策,包括监测动物健康、规范饲料管理、定期检测霉菌毒素等,以最大限度地预防和减少母牛的流产问题,并期望对广大奶牛养殖户提供一定帮助。