崩岗侵蚀对土壤速效养分质量分数及化学计量比的影响

为揭示崩岗侵蚀对土壤速效养分及化学计量比的影响,选取福建省长汀县黄泥坑崩岗群微度、中度和强度崩岗3处为研究对象,测定和分析了0 ～ 30 cm土层集水坡面、崩壁、崩积体以及沟道部位的土壤基本物理性质、速效养分及化学计量特征.结果表明:1)随着侵蚀强度的增加,硝态氮和速效磷质量分数表现为强度＞中度＞微度,中度侵蚀崩岗铵态氮质量分数最低,速效钾质量分数最高;从水平方向上,各速效养分质量分数表现为速效钾(AK)＞铵态氮＞硝态氮＞速效磷(AP);垂直方向上,各速效养分质量分数大致随着土层深度而降低,但同一侵蚀强度内各质量分数差异较小.2)土壤速效氮为铵态氮与硝态氮的总和(AN),AN/AP比表现为微度＞强度＞中度,微度与中度差异显著(P ＜0.05);AK/AN比为中度＞微度＞强度,中度与强度差异显著(P ＜0.05);AK/AP比为微度＞中度＞强度,微度与中度差异显著(P＜0.05).3)从集水坡面、崩壁、崩积体至沟道,3种类型崩岗的铵态氮和硝态氮平均值都呈降低的趋势,速效磷逐渐升高,速效钾在崩积体处最低,其他3个部位变化不大;土壤AN/AP、AK/AP比呈降低的趋势,AK/AN比在沟道处最高.4)速效养分化学计量比与砂粒、粉粒、pH和有机质皆密切相关,黏粒、容重和含水率对其影响相对较小.     

黄土高原沟壑区种植植物和施肥对土壤矿质氮的影响

[目的]筛选能快速提升黄土高原沟壑区矿山废弃地土壤肥力的适宜恢复植物种类和种植模式,为该区实现资源的优化配置和促进农业的可持续发展提供科学依据。[方法]选取白三叶、草木樨、紫穗槐、柠条、黑麦草5种植物试材,在中国科学院长武农业生态试验站的模拟弃土场上做长期连续定位监测试验,监测不同速效氮处理下各植物小区0—10cm,10—20cm土层的养分含量变化。设3种施肥处理:A:设施有机肥(羊粪),施肥量为30 000kg/hm~2;B:施秸秆,施肥量为9 000kg/hm~2;C:不施肥,作为对照。[结果]与对照相比,单播模式土壤平均硝态氮含量为9.05mg/kg,比对照提高0.44mg/kg;混播模式土壤平均硝态氮含量为9.02mg/kg,比对照提高0.41mg/kg。单播模式土壤铵态氮平均含量为4.49mg/kg,比对照减少了2.06mg/kg;混播模式土壤铵态氮平均含量为7.06 mg/kg,比对照增加了0.51 mg/kg。[结论]不施肥和施秸秆条件下,单播模式对土壤改良效果优于混播模式;而在施有机肥条件下,混播模式对土壤改良效果优于单播模式。     

关中地区夏玉米全育期土壤速效养分时空分布规律

为了揭示关中地区土壤主要养分的动态变化规律,探明其时空有效性,在较为精确的时空尺度条件下研究了关中地区夏玉米生育期间0~100 cm范围土壤硝态氮、铵态氮、速效磷和速效钾的动态变化特征,结果表明:土壤硝态氮在0~100 cm范围内空间分布特征较为明显,在40~60 cm处为硝态氮累计峰值,第30~50 d范围为剖面上硝态氮快速耗竭期;土壤铵态氮在整个玉米生育期间空间变化梯度较时间变化梯度要小,变化趋势大致与硝态氮一致;土壤速效磷空间梯度变异明显,表现为从上至下速效磷含量递减,夏玉米生育期间土壤剖面速效磷几乎是同步递减;土壤速效钾则是时间变异特征比空间变异特征更显著,证明土壤剖面上速效钾变异过程具有相对较强的整体性,与钾素的移动能力较强有一定的关系。     

干湿交替程度对土壤速效养分的影响

降雨和灌溉引起的干湿交替显著影响土壤速效养分的转化和迁移。为了探究干湿交替程度对土壤速效养分的影响,采用室内模拟干湿交替试验,设置轻度(DW1,复水至60%WHC)、中度(DW2,复水至45%WHC)、重度(DW3,复水至30%WHC)3种干湿交替程度,并以恒湿处理(CM,恒定60%WHC)为对照,探究试验前后土壤pH、水溶性有机碳(dissolved organic carbon,DOC)、铵态氮、硝态氮、速效磷及速效钾的变化。结果表明:DW1土壤pH比其他各组低0.25~0.45,其余各组间差异不显著;培养后CM组DOC下降20.01%,DW组下降37.04%~41.36%,不同程度干湿交替处理间差异不显著。土壤铵态氮含量在培养后下降18.19%~42.02%,各处理间表现为DW3>DW2>DW1;土壤硝态氮含量较培养前急剧增长,表现为DW1>DW2>DW3,DW2的铵态氮和硝态氮含量与CM组基本一致。土壤速效钾和速效磷培养前后变化不大,但DW2速效磷含量较其他各处理减少2.93~4.00 mg/kg,而DW3的速效钾含量较其他各处理减少3.69~14.72 mg/kg。干湿交替显著降低土壤DOC和铵态氮含量,增加土壤硝态氮含量,对土壤pH、速效磷、速效钾影响不大。干湿交替程度的增强能提高土壤pH,促进铵态氮的产生,抑制硝态氮和速效钾的生成,但对DOC和速效磷影响不大。     

渭北旱地夏闲期秸秆还田和种植绿肥对土壤水分、养分和冬小麦产量的影响

研究渭北旱地秸秆和绿肥还田土壤水分、养分的变化,对黄土高原旱区作物高产稳产有重要意义。以夏季裸地休闲为对照,研究免耕小麦秸秆还田和种植豆科绿肥及二者混合对渭北旱地冬小麦产量,播前、开花期和收获后土壤水分、硝态氮、铵态氮、有效磷和速效钾数量的影响。试验结果表明,秸秆还田和种植绿肥对冬小麦籽粒产量和生物量无影响;夏闲期种植绿肥和秸秆＋绿肥处理使播前和开花期60—160cm土壤贮水减少;种植绿肥处理表层0-20cm土壤硝态氮在播前显著增加10．7kg·hm-2,收获期增加18．4kg·hm-2;开花期种植绿肥土壤有效磷提高43．4kg·hm-2,收获期有效磷数量仍较对照高24．4kg·hm-2;秸秆还田和种植绿肥对土壤铵态氮和速效钾没有显著影响。可见,一年秸秆还田和种植绿肥对冬小麦产量没有产生显著影响,种植绿肥降低了土壤贮水,但提高了表层土壤硝态氮和有效磷数量,不同栽培方式对土壤铵态氮和速效钾含量没有影响。     

保水剂用量对矿区紫花苜蓿生长的影响

中国北方矿区生态环境脆弱、水土流失严重,植被恢复难度大。为得出矿区紫花苜蓿种植中保水剂的最佳用量,以矿区废弃地土壤为基质,研究6种质量分数的保水剂(0、0.15%、0.30%、0.45%、0.60%和0.90%)对紫花苜蓿存活时间、矿区土壤的土壤含水率、土壤养分及对紫花苜蓿生长状况(光合作用、叶绿素质量分数、生物量和根冠比)的影响。结果表明:施加保水剂能延长紫花苜蓿存活时间,增加土壤含水率,保蓄土壤养分,提高土壤养分质量分数,增强紫花苜蓿光合效率和水分利用效率,减少叶绿素破坏分解,使紫花苜蓿生物量增加。与对照相比,添加保水剂的处理紫花苜蓿存活时间延长6.16%~35.05%,土壤含水率提高1.04%~8.78%,土壤全氮、全磷和全钾质量分数分别提高13.40%~35.54%、2.61%~18.93%和8.53%~15.89%,速效氮、速效磷和速效钾质量分数提高5.88%~47.02%、17.88%~101.73%和12.5%~31.55%。净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度和水分利用效率分别增加8.94%~96.96%、5.64%~61.12%、14.17%~135.05%、14.85%~49.71%和1.08%~16.48%,叶绿素质量分数增加9.48%~30.29%。紫花苜蓿生物量增加17.01%~61.96%。综合各指标改良效果,以保水剂质量分数0.30%~0.45%为矿区废弃地紫花苜蓿种植的适宜浓度。     

林地开垦对黄土区坡面土壤养分空间分布的影响

研究黄土高原侵蚀环境下林地开垦后坡面土壤养分空间分布状况,确立林地开垦后侵蚀驱动的坡地土壤养分空间变异特征。以黄土高原丘陵区子午岭林地和开垦28年的侵蚀坡面为研究对象,分析土壤主要性质和养分含量的变化情况,运用经典统计学和地统计法分析坡面土壤基本性质和养分空间分布规律。林地开垦后坡面土壤pH增加了0.24个单位,有机质、全氮、全磷和铵态氮、硝态氮、速效磷和速效钾分别降低了13.77,1.14,0.10 g/kg和6.05,1.63,4.99,58.44 mg/kg。林地的土壤有机质、全氮和全磷的变异系数大于开垦地,而pH和各速效养分的变异系数小于开垦地。开垦后中坡位和下坡位养分含量减少幅度较大,上坡位减少幅度较小。林地和开垦地的土壤各指标都呈中等或强烈的空间自相关。林地开垦增强了有机质、全氮、全磷、铵态氮、速效磷和速效钾的空间异质性,但减小了pH的空间异质性,地形等结构性因子主导了土壤养分空间异质性的形成。林地开垦后,pH、有机质、全氮和全磷变程增大,铵态氮、硝态氮和速效钾变程减小,速效磷在2个坡面上的变化趋势不一致。研究结果表明林地开垦极大地减少了坡面土壤养分含量,但减少幅度与坡位和坡面形态有关。同时,开垦增大了坡面土壤有机质、全氮和全磷的空间依赖性,减小了速效养分的空间依赖性。     

黄土高原沟壑区不同施肥条件下土壤速效钾含量研究

在可利用耕地资源很少的黄土高原地区,查清耕地土壤肥力,指定适合的肥料,增加土地的活力和动力,显得尤为重要。速效钾是植物需要的重要元素,更是一个衡量土壤肥力的重要指标。试验在黄土高原陕西省长武农业生态试验站模拟弃土场,设3种施肥处理:A施有机肥(羊粪),施肥量为30 000kg/hm~2;B施秸秆,施肥量为9 000kg/hm~2;C不施肥,AO(施有机肥,不种植物)、BO(施秸秆、不种植物)、CK(不施肥、不种植物)作为对照,选取了白三叶、草木樨、紫穗槐、柠条、黑麦草5种植物为试材,探究了在不同土壤速效钾处理下各植物小区0—10,10—20cm土层的养分含量。结果表明:0—10cm,在施肥条件下,(有机肥、秸秆)土壤速效钾含量要高于不施肥土壤含量。在不施肥条件下,所有小区土壤速效钾含量均低于空地(CK)。10—20cm层内,在3种不同施肥条件下,各小区土壤速效钾含量基本持平,变化不大,只有在黑麦草+白三叶小区内施有机肥条件下,土壤有效钾含量较高。在不同施肥条件下,草木樨小区土壤速效钾含量比空地(CK)提高了5.14mg/kg,增幅为3.46%。土壤速效钾含量均表现为:有机肥秸秆不施肥。在不施肥条件下,同样出现了平均含量低于空地的情况,这也从侧面说明了初期土壤培肥时需要补充植物生长所需的养分。在长武长期连续定位试验数据基础上,采用实地种植和长期观测相结合的研究方法,定量模拟研究了不同施肥条件下土壤速效钾含量,为该地区合理利用土壤速效钾,进行生态环境建设、土壤资源的持续高效利用和农业生产提供依据。     

PAM对黄土坡地水分养分迁移特性影响的室内模拟试验(简报)

为了研究聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)在黄土区集中暴雨条件对坡地水土及养分流失的影响,采用室内降雨模拟试验方法,探讨了在暴雨(2mm/min)条件下施加PAM对黄土坡地土壤养分流失及硝态氮淋溶特征的影响.试验结果表明,与对照处理相比较,施加PAM对径流硝态氮流失的影响不明显,但显著改变了径流磷和钾浓度随时间变化过程,分别降低了径流磷和钾的流失量为82%和84%;施加PAM减少了坡地土壤流失量93%,也降低了泥沙中硝态氮、速效磷和速效钾的流失量分别为 78%,95%和95%;施加PAM影响了坡地上壤水分再分布过程,减少了上壤水分深层的渗漏,从而降低了土壤硝态氮淋失的潜在风险.     

火烧对福建三明杉木人工林迹地土壤养分的影响

为了研究福建三明地区火烧迹地杉木人工林地的土壤速效养分变化,采用调查取样和室内分析相结合的方法,对上、中和下3个坡位的土壤,分别在火烧前、火烧2个月、1年和2年后,分析速效性养分质量分数的变化.结果表明:硝态氮质量分数在火烧2个月和1年后相比火烧前均有上升趋势,且火烧1年内,上坡位较中坡位和下坡位的硝态氮质量分数要低,在火烧2年后硝态氮质量分数略低于火烧前水平,但未达到显著差异;铵态氮质量分数与硝态氮质量分数的变化趋势相反,在火烧的第1年内持续下降,但在火烧第2年后显著升高;不同时间的速效磷质量分数,在不同坡位间无显著差异,火烧的第1年内,其质量分数变化不明显,在火烧2年后显著升高,这可能是土壤矿化速度加快造成的结果;无机氮/速效磷比值在火烧2年后显著降低,速效磷质量分数剧增是影响其比值的主要因素.火烧在短期内,加快了土壤速效性养分循环,但要注意可能造成氮素从森林生态系统中流失.研究以期为火烧对土壤养分的长期影响提供数据基础,为森林生态系统火烧迹地的人工林经营,提供科学的理论依据.     

Soil health – What should the doctor order?

The concept of soil health has been extensively reviewed in the scientific literature, but there is only patchy and inconsistent information available to farmers and growers who are concerned about the declining condition of their soils and are looking for appropriate test methods and management interventions to help reverse it. Although there are well‐established laboratory methods for soil chemical analysis, and a range of laboratory and field methods for measuring soil physical properties, only now are methods starting to emerge for soil biological analysis. This study provides an overview of the methods that are currently available commercially (or are close to commercialization) for farmers and growers in the UK. We examine the science underpinning the methods, the value of the information provided and how farmers and advisors can use results from such assessments for informed decision‐making in relation to soil management.     

Soil testing in the united states

Abstract

There has been a marked change in the soil testing procedures used in the United States by state soil testing laboratories since the early 1950's. In the Coastal Plain states of the south and east, the Double Acid extraction procedure is used for P, K, Ca, and Mg determinations. Bray P₁ is the most frequently used method for P extraction except for the alkaline soils of the west where the Olsen method is used. Neutral normal ammonium acetate is the most frequently used extractant for K, Ca, and Mg determinations. The Morgan extraction procedures for P, K, Ca, and Mg, commonly used in the 1950's, is used by only a few states in the northeast and west. Although similar extraction reagents are used in many sections of the United States, there is considerable variance among states regarding weighed versus volume sampling, soil to solution ratio, shaking speed and time, and extraction vessel size and shape. For soil water pH, there is little variance in method as most states are using a 1:1 soil to solution ratio. The only exception is in several western states where water pH's are read in a saturated soil paste.

Considerable efforts are underway to standardize the techniques used to test soils primarily for the extractable elements.     

植物根系对土壤团聚体形成作用机制研究回顾

土壤团聚体是土壤结构的基本单元,土壤水力侵蚀的微观描述即为土壤团聚体的破裂过程。研究表明:植物根系可以改变土壤的力学以及水文特征,促进土壤团聚体的形成和稳定。因此,对近20年国内外的相关研究成果进行较为系统的回顾,从根系对土壤团聚体的物理、生物、电化学作用3个研究视角,分析了植物根系对土壤团聚体形成的作用机制,提出了现有研究中存在的问题及研究趋势,这对深入认识植物根系对土壤团聚体的影响及其作用机制、发展根-土相互作用的土壤侵蚀过程模型具有重要的意义。     

土壤可蚀性研究现状及展望

<正> 土壤可蚀性(soil erodibility)是指土壤是否易受侵蚀破坏的性能,也就是土壤对侵蚀介质剥蚀和搬运的敏感性。与侵蚀营力一样,土壤可蚀性是影响土壤侵蚀量大小的又一个重要因子。在水土保持学科中,我国习惯上把“水”和“土”并列使用,而国际上则用“soil loss”、“soil erosion”、“soil conservation”或“soil and water conservation”等术语。显然,土壤是水土保持学科的重点。另一方面,土壤侵蚀营力等是土壤流失过程中的外部因素,而土壤性质才是内在因素,因此,水土保持学科中核心的也是重要的问题,应该是土壤保护。土壤可蚀性研究在水土保持研究工作中具有重要意义,国际上把土壤可蚀性研究一直作为水土保持学科研究的重要内容之一。     

土壤抗蚀抗冲性研究综述

该文是对土壤抗蚀抗冲性与其内在性质研究历史和特点的综述,并提出了今后研究的方向。     

Human-altered and human-transported (HAHT) soils in the U.S. soil classification system

ABSTRACT

Human-altered and human-transported (HAHT) soils are widespread across the globe and are concentrated near where people live and work. Although some of the HAHT soils are significant because they can be hazardous to human, animal, and plant health, most are not mapped or classified to the same extent as agricultural soils. The purpose of this article is to discuss the occurrence, types, and importance of HAHT soils and to document the historical and proposed classification of HAHT soils in Soil Taxonomy. There are two main forms of materials that define HAHT soils: human-altered soils formed in human-altered materials (HAM) from the soil surface to 50 cm (or to bedrock if shallower) or more and human-transported soils formed in human-transported materials (HTM) from the soil surface to 50 cm (or to bedrock if shallower) or more. The HAHT soils mainly occur in urban areas, transportation corridors, mined lands, landfills, filled shallow water, and agricultural areas on anthropogenic landforms. Hazards include danger from radioactivity, pollution, content of hazardous artifacts, or presence on unstable landforms that may fail during heavy rains or earthquakes. The HAHT soils are extensive, and their extent is growing. In the past, few HAHT soils were described or classified adequately because the U.S. Soil Taxonomy system was established for agricultural and other naturally occurring soils. However, HAHT soils are now being recognized and classified in many soil classification systems at very high levels. A new soil order is proposed for U.S. Soil Taxonomy that would include the most obvious profoundly and intentionally altered HAHT soils. A discussion and justification is given for an unofficial proposal. Input will be collected from international groups of scientists, and modifications of the unofficial proposal are expected. The long-term result of establishing a new soil order will be to enable proper classification, allocation, and mapping of HAHT soils worldwide.     

金沙江干热峡谷中退化的土壤生态系统生物学特征初探

Distribution characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity were studied in the dry red soil and Vertisol ecosystems with different degradation degrees in the Yuanmou dry hot valley of the Jinsha River,China.Results showed that Hymenoptera,Araneae and Collembola were the dominant groups of soil animals in the polts studied.The numbers of groups and individuals and density of soil animals in the dry red soil series were higher than those in the Vertisol series,and the numbers of individuals and density of soil animals decreased with the degree of soil degradation.Bacteria dominated microbiococnosis not only in the dry red soils but also in the Vertisols.Microbial numbers of the dry red soil series were higher than those of Vertisol series,and decreased with the degree of soil degradation.The activities of catalase,invertase,urease and alkaline phosphatase declined with the degradation degree and showed a significant decline with depth in the profiles of both the dry red soils and the Vertisols,but activities of polyphenol oxidase and acid and neutral phosphatase showed the same tendencies only in the Vertisols.It was concluded that the characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity could be used as the bio-indicators to show the degradation degree of the dry red soils and Vertisols.Correlation among these soil bio-indicators was highly significant.     

关于土壤可蚀性指标的讨论

该对主要土壤可蚀性指标进行了评述，指出土壤的可蚀性是一个相对概念，同一土壤在不同侵蚀动力条件下，其抗侵蚀能力是不同的。每一土壤均具有抗蚀性的抗冲性，在土壤侵蚀过程中，何居主导地位，主要取决于侵蚀动力的方式和强度。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区不同退耕模式的土壤水文性质影响对比

为系统评价黄土丘陵沟壑区在“退耕还林(草)”工程实施后不同退耕模式下的土壤水分涵养功能,选取0-200 cm土层的蓄水量、土壤含水量分层比、土壤水吸力和土壤含水量年际变化率作为土壤层水分蓄存、渗透、保持和稳定性的表征指标,分别对比了不同退耕模式下的土壤水文性质。结果表明:(1)各退耕模式下土壤蓄水量差异显著,撂荒模式的土壤蓄水量最高,为还灌和还乔模式下的1.6,1.7倍;(2)还乔模式下表层土壤水分的渗透性最优,深层土壤水分的渗透潜力最大;(3)各退耕模式的土壤持水性差异显著,还乔模式下土壤水分的保持能力突出;(4)撂荒模式土壤水分的稳定性最佳,各模式0-200 cm内土壤水分的稳定性在30年前后出现拐点,土壤含水量的年际变化率由负转正,并在120 cm以下土层较为稳定。     

我国几种农田土壤硝化势的研究

对我国三种土壤类型的农田土壤剖面的硝化势进行研究 ,结果表明 ,培育 2 8天时的土壤硝化势与土壤pH值存在着极显著的正相关 ,r =0 75 0 ,土壤剖面各层土壤有机质含量与土壤硝化势也呈正相关 ,但统计没有达到极显著。说明土壤 pH和土壤有机质含量是影响硝化作用的主要因素。同时对 3种土壤上氮肥通过淋洗和反硝化损失的可能性进行了推测