仔猪感染猪等孢球虫排卵囊规律观察

为了进一步研究猪等孢球虫的排卵囊规律,本实验室通过对仔猪进行9次人工感染猪等孢球虫试验,对其进行研究。结果表明:①潜隐期集中出现在感染后5 d,显露期为4~7 d。②感染1万、5万及100万组在第1次排卵囊结束1~2 d后出现第2次排卵囊高峰。③卵囊孢子化后出现厚壁型与薄壁型卵囊。④排卵囊后期薄壁型卵囊逐渐增多。     

人工感染猫芮氏等孢球虫卵囊排出规律的观察

芮氏等孢球虫是引起猫球虫病的常见病原之一,可引起猫腹泻、呕吐、吸收障碍、体重减轻、免疫力低下等症状。鉴于目前对猫芮氏等孢球虫卵囊排出规律不甚了解,造成预防治疗效果不佳,本试验通过猫口服感染芮氏等孢球虫卵囊试验,监测了芮氏等孢球虫的排卵囊规律。结果显示,接种后d7在幼猫粪便中检出芮氏等孢球虫卵囊,d10猫粪便中卵囊数量达到一个小高峰,随后有所下降,d13排卵囊达到最高峰,随后卵囊排出数逐渐下降,d19粪检卵囊呈阴性,直至d23粪检卵囊仍然呈阴性。     

鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫YL株多次传代后的致病性研究

为研究多次传代后的鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫(Eimeria tenella)YL株的致病性,分别以不同剂量的36代次柔嫩艾美耳球虫孢子化卵囊感染7日龄雏鸡,通过临床症状、死亡率、血便程度、潜隐期、盲肠病变、平均增重及每克粪便卵囊数(OPG)对其致病性进行评价.结果显示,不同剂量孢子化卵囊感染雏鸡均在感染后3d～4d出现血便,球...     

鸡胚接种柔嫩艾美耳球虫和堆形艾美耳球虫活卵囊的免疫保护试验

给18日龄鸡胚接种一定剂量的柔嫩艾美耳球虫(Eim eria tenella)和/或堆形艾美耳球虫(E.acervulina)孢子化卵囊,出雏后在无球虫环境中笼养,1~10日龄每天收集各组粪便样本,计数克粪便卵囊数(OPG),并于14日龄时以大剂量同源孢子化卵囊攻虫,以相对增重率(RWG)、饲料转化率(FCR)、相对卵囊产量(ROP)评价免疫保护效果。结果显示,以E.tenella或E.acervulina卵囊免疫18日龄鸡胚,其卵囊排出的潜隐期及达到峰值的时间与1日龄雏鸡接种组相一致,有相似的排卵囊曲线,提示其诱导免疫的建立是在出雏后开始建立的。攻虫后各免疫组的RWG由攻虫对照组的31.9%~51.7%提高到了76.5%~83.6%,RCR由攻虫对照组的4.11~4.89改善为2.72~2.96,ROP降至4.7%~23.5%。结果表明以一定剂量E.tenella和E.acervulina卵囊单独或混合经羊膜腔免疫18日龄鸡胚都可以建立起针对出雏后14日龄同源攻虫的良好免疫保护力。比较混合免疫E.tenella和E.acervulina卵囊组与单一接种E.tenella或E.acervulina卵囊组的免疫效果发现,混合免疫组的各项指标均稍优于后者。     

不同剂量E.tenella感染与雏鸡粪便卵囊排出情况的关系

本试验应用1.0×103、1.0×104和5.0×1043个不同剂量的柔嫩艾美耳球虫孢子化卵囊,进行人工感染发病。对雏鸡感染后不同时间的卵囊排出情况进行了观察。结果表明用3个剂量水平分别感染雏鸡时,卵囊排出均集中在第6～12d之间。其中第7d时的卵囊排出量最高,且3个剂量水平中,1.0×103组OPG最高达81.00;1.0×104个/只和5.0×104个剂量组略次之,分别为76.50和68.85;第7d以后各组的卵囊排出量均逐渐减少,到第13d时基本不再向外排卵囊。     

大型艾美耳球虫生物学特性研究

为了掌握大型艾美耳球虫原始株的生物学特性,通过对大型艾美耳球虫原始株的潜隐期、致病性、免疫原性及药敏特性等方面进行研究。结果表明,大型艾美耳球虫原始株的潜隐期为168h,孢子化所需时间为37h~42h;在致病性试验中,不同接种剂量的显露期和排卵高峰一致,但卵囊产量不同,其中接种剂量为5×10~3个卵囊组的产卵囊量最多,与对照组相比,各感染组均出现不同程度的临床症状和病理变化。在免疫原性试验中,低剂量免疫(100个卵囊)可以对30 000个卵囊的攻虫量产生完全的保护力。在药敏试验中,根据临床表现、卵囊排出量、饲料转化率判断,大型艾美耳球虫对3种抗球虫药的药效最好是莫能菌素,药效最低的是氯苯胍。大型艾美耳球虫原始株致病性较强,免疫原性良好,对莫能菌素敏感,即莫能菌素对其有良好的防治效果,可作为防治家兔感染大型艾美耳球虫的首选药之一。     

猪弓形虫病的综合防治

猪弓形虫病是由弓形虫引起的,破坏猪细胞的侵袭性疾病。除了猪以外,还会引起狗、猫、牛、羊等动物发病,也可感染人。病猪通过粪便排出球虫卵囊,污染饲料、饮水、环境,导致其他感染,卵囊进入猪体内后,在细胞内繁殖,导致猪发病。1流行病学弓形虫属于顶器门、真球虫目、肉孢子虫科、弓形虫属。猫是弓形虫的唯一终末宿主。患病猪只通过粪便排出卵囊,卵囊对外界环境的抵抗力很强,可以存活1-1.5年。     

畜禽弓形虫病的防治

正刚地弓形虫是家猫和其他猫科动物的一种肠道球虫。猫是唯一的终末宿主(在其体内形成大配子和小配子),因此只有感染猫才能随粪便排出卵囊。卵囊很小,包含一个母孢子,随粪便排出时无感染力。可在1~5d内完全孢子化。完全孢子化的卵囊几乎对所有的恒温动物有感染性,恒温动物可作为刚地弓形虫的转续宿主。所谓转续宿主是指虫体在其体内可以生长或繁殖,但不能完成生活史的一种宿主。1致病机理孢子化卵囊被宿主采食后,在肠道中破裂并释放出子孢     

柔嫩艾美耳球虫YL株的生物学特性

用1×103个柔嫩艾美耳球虫(Eimeria tenella)杨凌株(YL)孢子化卵囊感染7日龄雏鸡,对其潜隐期、最早孢子化时间、卵囊形态及大小、孢子囊大小等生物学特性进行测定。另外,对9、11及13日龄的鸡分别经口感染1×103个E.tenella YL株孢子化卵囊,对肠道病变记分、平均增重、死亡率、血便排放情况等几项指标进行测定,研究同一剂量E.tenellaYL株孢子化卵囊对不同日龄鸡的致病性。结果表明,11日龄的鸡感染后相对增重减少17.7%,病变记分平均达3.0分,9日龄组和13日龄组相对增重分别降低12.0%和17.3%,病变记分分别为2.5分和2.6分。同时测得E.tenella YL株的潜隐期为110h,最短孢子化时间为17h,卵囊大小为22.3~27.7μm×17.1~23.0μm,孢子囊大小为9.9~13.6μm×6.2~7.4μm。     

和缓艾美耳球虫保定株早熟系的选育及生物学特性研究

按照Jefiers 1975年建立的艾美耳球虫属球虫早熟选育方法,对和缓艾美耳球虫保定株进行了早熟选育。通过连续11代的早熟选育后,获得了潜隐期由97h缩短至82h的早熟系。该早熟系经过5代连续非早熟选择性传代,潜隐期仍稳定在82h。排卵囊期为感染后第4~10天,其中第5天为高峰期。该早熟系的致病力较亲本株弱,同样剂量感染后早熟系感染组相对增重率显著高于亲本株感染组。该早熟系免疫原性良好,每羽鸡免疫100个以上卵囊即可较好抵抗1x10^5个亲本株的攻击,相对增重率达80.0%以上和卵囊减少率达90.0%以上。     

Shedding of Oocysts in Piglets Experimentally Infected with Isospora suis

Christensen, S. AA. Henriksen: Shedding of oocysts in piglets experimentally infected with Isospora suis. Acta vet scand., 1994, 35, 165-172.–Forty-seven piglets were inoculated with doses of 100 to 50,000 sporulated oocysts of Isospora suis. After 5-7 days oocysts were found in faeces. The patent period extended from 8 to 16 days. The shedding of oocysts showed a cyclic pattern with 2-3 peaks separated by intervals of approximately 5 days. Subpatent periods were often seen between the peaks.The level of oocyst shedding during the initial days of the patent period reflected, to some extent, the inoculation dose. However, a maximum of OPG at the 100,000 level was observed among one or more piglets from all groups, regardless of the inoculation dose. Among the majority of piglets inoculated with more than 100 oocysts, the highest OPG-figures were observed in the first peak of the cyclic pattern. Unlike this, the maximum of OPG was observed in the second peak of the cycle among 6 of the 7 piglets inoculated with 100 oocysts only. The triphasic pattern was most pronounced in the low dosed group.The marked upscaling of oocyst production, as particularly registered in the low dosed groups, seams to explain at least part of the problems met under practical conditions, when trying to eliminate the transmission of oocysts between successive litters in the farrowing boxes.The cyclic excretion pattern and an apparent absence of autoinfections may indicate that the development of I. suis in the host includes several oocyst producing generations descending from the same initial infection.The presence of subpatent periods can probably explain the marked variation in OPG, as they are often recorded when examining faecal samples from piglets, even when the samples are originating from the same litter.     

保存在自来水中的微小隐孢子虫卵囊活性及感染性研究

微小隐孢子虫卵囊(CPO)保存在4℃自来水中1~30个月,通过体外脱囊技术检测CPO的脱囊率评价其活性,通过检测CPO感染免疫抑制BALB/c小鼠的潜伏期、排卵囊数量和末端回肠绒毛中的隐孢子虫数量来评价其感染性。结果表明,保存在自来水中1~13个月的CPO出现脱囊;小鼠在感染保存1~13个月的CPO后3~8 d开始排出大量的CPO,在末端回肠绒毛中寄生有大量的隐孢子虫;CPO的保存时间与潜伏期之间存在强烈的相关性(r2=0.98)。因此,CPO在自来水中能保持活性和感染性至少13个月,水是保存CPO的良好介质,水中活性CPO的长期存在对饮用水工业是一个严重的挑战。     

Activity of an anti-inflammatory drug against cryptosporidiosis in neonatal lambs

The efficacy of the anti-inflammatory drug Bobel-24 against experimental infection by Cryptosporidium parvum was evaluated in neonatal lambs. The animals were treated by oral administration of the drug at 50 or 500 mg/kg of body weight. The prophylactic/therapeutic treatment was started 4 h before inoculation of the lambs with oocysts and was continued for eight consecutive days. The therapeutic treatment was initiated at the onset of diarrhoea, after confirmation of infection, and was continued for six consecutive days. Infection was monitored by daily examination of faecal samples from the first day until 30 days post-inoculation. The criteria considered in evaluating development of the infection and the drug activity were: oocyst shedding, presence of diarrhoea and weight gain at 15 and 30 days post-inoculation. Bobel-24 was effective as a prophylactic/therapeutic treatment at the lowest dose (50 mg/kg of body weight); in the group treated with this dose of drug there was a longer prepatent period, a shorter patent period and a lower intensity of oocyst excretion than in the untreated control group, and the differences were all statistically significant (P<0.05). Moreover, one animal did not excrete oocysts, and two lambs had diarrhoea, for only 1 and 2 days. In the group treated with the higher dose of the drug, the diarrhoea lasted for a significantly shorter period (P<0.05) than in the untreated group.     

Infectivity and oocyst excretion patterns of Cryptosporidium muris in slightly infected mice

To determine the infectivity of Cryptosporidium to hosts in slight infections, we examined the infectivity and oocyst output patterns of Cryptosporidium muris in mice inoculated with small numbers of oocysts. One of the 25 ICR mice inoculated with 2.4 x 10(1) oocysts and 19 of the 25 mice inoculated with 2.4 x 10(2) oocysts shed oocysts in the feces after inoculation. Four of the 50 mice inoculated with 2.4 x 10(1) oocysts for 10 consecutive days also shed oocysts and their OPG values were similar to that of the mice which received 2.4 x 10(2) oocysts. Consequently, it is clear that less than 10% of the mice which received 2.4 x 10(1) C. muris oocysts for 10 consecutive days.     

Course of the endogenous developmental phase of selected Eimeria species in pheasants

The localization and duration of developmental stages of Eimeria colchici and Eimeria duodenalis were studied histologically. The prepatent period of the most pathogenic species from the caeca of pheasants – Eimeria colchici – was 6 days. The patent period began on the 7th day and finished on the 11th day post-infection with the maximum production of oocysts on days 8–9. In the case of Eimeria duodenalis the prepatent period was shorter – 4 days, and the duration of the patent period was 3–4 days without a significant increase in oocyst production.     

Comparison of viability and infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts stored in potassium dichromate solution and chlorinated tap water

The present study was undertaken to compare the viability and infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts that had been stored for 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 20, 25 and 30 months at 4 degrees C in 2.5% potassium dichromate (Cr) or chlorinated tap water, respectively. An excystation protocol was performed in vitro to evaluate viability. One hundred and eighty female BABL/c mice were used to evaluate the infectivity of oocysts by investigating the prepatent period of C. parvum infection, the quantity of oocysts excreted, and the number of parasites that colonized the villi of the ileum. The results showed that C. parvum oocysts preserved in Cr for 1-16 months or in water for 1-13 months were capable of excystation in vitro and infection of mice. The excystation rates of oocysts and the prepatent periods in mice infected by oocysts stored in Cr and water were not significantly different (p>0.05), and there was a strong correlation between prepatent period and duration of oocyst storage (Cr: R2=0.92; water: R2=0.98). There were no significant differences in oocyst shedding from feces or parasitism of the terminal ilea of mice by Cryptosporidia between the two storage media (p>0.05). In conclusion, C. parvum oocysts may be stored at 4 degrees C in water instead of Cr for the purposes of laboratory research. However, the presence of viable C. parvum oocysts in water is a severe challenge to the drinking water treatment industry.     

Eimeria tenella搭载科学卫星对虫体生物学特性影响的初探

为探讨微重力与太空辐射等因素对鸡球虫生物学特性的影响，我们首次将一株已孢化的柔嫩艾美耳球虫搭载于返回式科学试验卫星。卫星运行７天后返回地面。     

The prepatent and patent periods of Eimeria alabamensis and further description of the exogenous stages

Eimeria alabamensis infections were established in calves 5 to 6 weeks of age by adminestering 10 million, 80 million, or 100 million sporulated oocysts. The prepatent period was 6 to 8 days (mean 6.6). Oocyst discharges usually lasted for 2 to 3 days although a few calves passed oocysts throughout the rest of the 3-week observation period. Calves with oocyst discharge exceeding 1 million oocysts per g of feces had a moderate diarrhea at the time of peak oocyst discharge. No other clinical signs were observed in any of the infected calves. Reinoculations with 100 million sporulated oocysts given 3 weeks after the initial inoculations of 10 million or 80 million oocysts resulted in infections characterized by greatly reduced oocyst discharges. Sporulated oocysts of E. alabamensis were 16 to 24 μ by 12 to 16 μ and were usually ovoid. The oocyst wals consisted of two layers. Sporocysts were elongate-ellipsoid, had a distinct Stieda body, and were 10 to 12 μ by 4 to 6 μ. Completely sporulated oocysts were first observed after 5 days at 25 °C, and most were sporulated after 8 days. Oocysts did not sporulate at 4 °C, 33 °C, and 37 °C.     

Experimental transmission of intestinal coccidiosis to piglets: clinical, parasitological and pathological findings.

Twenty-eight piglets coming from a "specific pathogen free" herd were inoculated at three days of age with 50 000 or 100 000 sporulated oocysts of Isospora suis. Fecal samples were examined for oocyst shedding daily and several clinical parameters were recorded. Ten piglets were used as normal controls. Groups of piglets were euthanized from three days to 12 days postinoculation and routine necropsies were performed. Bacteriological, virological, parasitological and histopathological examinations were made on the intestinal tracts. The incubation period was four to five days. Clinical signs and microscopic intestinal lesions observed in the experimentally infected animals were similar to those reported in spontaneous cases of porcine neonatal coccidiosis. Lesions of villous atrophy in the small intestine seemed to result from the destruction of villous epithelial cells mainly during the peak of asexual reproduction which occurred around four to five days postinoculation. Intracellular coccidial organisms were difficult to find during the late atrophic and villous regrowth stages of the intestinal lesions. The prepatent period varied from four to seven days and the most common was five days. Eighty percent of the piglets kept alive more than four days postinoculation have shed oocysts. Piglets dosed with old sporulated oocysts (ten months old) shed many more oocysts than those infected with a fresh inoculum (less than two months old). The patent period was not determined precisely with the design of the experiment but some of the infected piglets shed oocysts for at least five days.