不同剂量维生素C对蛋鸡免疫机能的影响

为探索不同剂量维生素C对蛋鸡免疫机能的影响,将240只体重相近的45日龄罗曼褐壳蛋鸡随机分为A、B、C、D、E 共5 组,每组设4个重复,每个重复12羽.A组为对照组,对B、C、D、E 4组的鸡颈部皮下注射新城疫Ⅰ系疫苗,在4个试验组的日粮中分别添加0、250、500、750 mg/kg的维生素C,分别在处理后的第7、14、21、28天采样测定供试鸡的脾脏、胸腺、法氏囊等免疫器官指数及血清中的新城疫抗体HI效价.结果显示,添加维生素C的C、D、E 组的脾脏、胸腺、法氏囊等免疫器官指数均显著高于B 组(P＜0.05),HI效价也显著高于B组(P＜0.05),日粮中500 mg/kg的维生素C添加量效果最好(P＜0.05).表明在鸡的日粮当中适当添加维生素C能显著促进脾脏、胸腺、法氏囊等免疫器官的生长发育,增强免疫系统产生抗体的能力,能改善鸡体的免疫机能.     

潞党参对蛋鸡H5N1禽流感抗体效价和免疫器官指数的影响

本试验研究了潞党参煎剂和左旋咪唑对蛋鸡禽流感抗体效价和免疫器官指数的影响.将1 548只海蓝褐蛋雏鸡随机分为3组,A组为潞党参,剂量按0.75 g/kg添加在饮水中;B组为左旋咪唑,C组为对照.在给鸡群接种禽流感H5N1疫苗的前1 d,把潞党参煎剂和左旋咪唑分别连续给鸡群饮水3d.2周后每组随机抽取24只鸡翅下静脉采血,检测各组鸡血凝抑制抗体效价.于免疫后35日龄、42日龄、49日龄,每组随机抽取5只鸡称重,剖杀,摘取胸腺、脾脏和腔上囊并称重,计算3种免疫器官指数.试验重复3次,结果显示,与对照组相比A组的抗体效价和免疫器官指数均差异显著(P＜0.05),表明潞党参可提高雏鸡的体液免疫水平,增强其非特异性免疫功能,并促进免疫器官的发育.     

蜂胶疫苗的免疫效果及注射部位病理组织变化

蜂胶具有免疫增强作用,能增加抗体产生,使血清蛋白和丙种球蛋白含量提高,提高白细胞和巨噬细胞吞噬能力。与传统佐剂相比,蜂胶疫苗具有结构稳定,耐热抗冷,提前中和抗体的产生,延长免疫保护期等特点。蜂胶疫苗免疫后,不但局部组织学影响明显小于油苗注射组,而且可趋化大量吞噬细胞到注射局部,促进抗原高效递呈。     

不同剂量安普霉素对肉鸡新城疫免疫效果及机体免疫机能的影响

120羽罗斯308肉鸡均按常规程序接种新城疫(ND)疫苗,并随机分4组:A组空白对照,B、C、D 3组自10日龄分别以治疗单倍量(0.045%)、3倍量(0.135%)、5倍量(0.225%)混饮硫酸安普霉素,连续5 d。17、33日龄检测各组鸡ND抗体水平,法氏囊、脾脏和胸腺的器官指数,观察组织病理学变化。结果显示:17日龄时,B组各指标无明显变化(P>0.05);C组法氏囊指数显著降低(P<0.05),胸腺皮质和法氏囊细胞少量出血和坏死;D组抗体效价、胸腺和法氏囊指数极显著降低(P<0.01),各器官病变同C组且加重。33日龄时,B组脾脏皮质有出血,其他变化不明显;C组胸腺和法氏囊指数显著降低(P<0.05),胸腺皮质出血,法氏囊水肿;D组抗体效价、胸腺指数显著降低(P<0.05),法氏囊指数极显著降低(P<0.01),法氏囊和胸腺皮质细胞有出血和坏死。结果表明:治疗量硫酸安普霉素对鸡ND体液免疫及免疫器官无影响,3和5倍治疗量可抑制ND免疫效果,损伤中枢免疫器官,应用时需注意。     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征弱毒活疫苗免疫猪脾脏转移因子的制备及其活性分析

从猪繁殖与呼吸综合征(PRRS)弱毒活疫苗免疫猪脾制备转移因子(TF),检测其免疫活性,为开发新型免疫增强剂和有效防制PRRS提供科学依据。用PRRSV弱毒活疫苗免疫健康育成猪,无菌采集脾,通过透析法从脾提取TF。应用磺基水杨酸法、茚三酮反应和硝酸-钼酸铵试验等方法检测TF的主要成分,经高效液相色谱法测定TF中氨基酸种类及其含量;通过鸡红细胞吞噬试验和MTT法,检测TF对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬功能和外周血淋巴细胞增殖活性的调节作用。进而将9头4周龄健康仔猪随机分为A、B和C组,每组3头。A组每头猪左、右侧耳后分别肌内注射1头份PRRSV疫苗和1mL TF;B组每头猪注射1头份PRRSV疫苗与1mL TF的混合液;C组每头猪注射1头份PRRSV疫苗与1mL生理盐水混合液。免疫后20d,通过MTT法检测每组猪外周血淋巴细胞(PBLC)的增殖活性。制备的TF内无蛋白质成分,含有核酸和18种氨基酸,每毫升TF含核酸21.5μg、总氨基酸3.479mg。TF能显著增强小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞对鸡红细胞的吞噬能力和PBLC增殖活性。当TF与PRRSV疫苗分开或混合注射给4周龄仔猪后,能够显著提高仔猪PBLC的增殖能力。从PRRS弱毒活疫苗免疫猪的脾制备了TF,其能显著提高巨噬细胞的吞噬功能和外周血淋巴细胞的增殖活性。     

维生素C对蛋鸡部分免疫器官指数及新城疫抗体效价的影响

为了探讨不同剂量维生素C（vitamin C,VC）对蛋鸡免疫机能的影响,将240只体重相近的45日龄罗曼褐壳蛋鸡随机分为A、B、C、D、E 5组,每组4个重复,每个重复12只。A组不进行免疫,日粮中也不添加VC,为对照组,B、C、D、E 4组颈部皮下注射新城疫Ι系疫苗进行免疫,并在该4组日粮中分别添加0、250、500、750 mg/kg的VC,分4周测脾脏、胸腺、法氏囊等免疫器官指数及血清中新城疫HI抗体效价。结果显示,添加VC的C、D、E组,蛋鸡脾脏、胸腺等免疫器官指数均显著（P＜0.05）或极显著（P＜0.01）高于B组,法氏囊指数在第21、28天显著高于B组（P＜0.05）,新城疫HI抗体效价极显著高于B组（P＜0.01）,且以日粮中500 mg/kg的VC添加量效果最好。由此可见,在鸡的日粮中适当添加VC能促进脾脏、胸腺等免疫器官的生长发育,显著增强免疫系统合成分泌抗体的能力,从而提高鸡体的免疫机能。     

禽流感DNA疫苗和转移因子联合免疫效果研究

为研究禽流感DNA疫苗和转移因子联合免疫的免疫增强效果,试验用DH5α工程菌增殖的重组质粒pCAGGoptiHA5和转移因子联合免疫SPF鸡(转移因子采用口服和注射两种方式进行协同免疫),免疫后不同时间监测各组免疫鸡只的免疫器官指数、血清HI抗体水平变化情况。结果表明:联合免疫试验组抗体水平显著高于DNA疫苗单独免疫组,联合免疫组鸡只的法氏囊、胸腺和脾脏免疫器官指数均显著增加(P0.05),但转移因子的口服和注射两种免疫方式之间差异不显著(P0.05)。说明禽流感DNA疫苗和转移因子联合免疫协同作用显著。     

“护生源”对家禽免疫力的影响

将试验用雏鸡分为对照组、A组(在注射疫苗前7 d开始在饮水中添加"护生源",连续添加14 d)、B组(常规注射疫苗),在雏鸡14、21、28、35日龄分别测定新城疫病毒抗体水平和免疫器官指数。结果显示:各个时间点,A组新城疫病毒抗体水平和免疫器官指数均显著高于B组和对照组(P0.05)。表明护生源能够提高家禽免疫力,增强机体正气。     

ELISA法检测猪瘟抗体消长规律的试验研究

本试验采用间接ELISA方法,检测猪瘟(CSF)常规免疫仔猪的CSF抗体水平。试验分A、B两组,A组首免注射4头份猪瘟兔化弱毒疫苗,B组首免注射2头份猪瘟兔化弱毒疫苗;二免两组均注射2头份猪瘟兔化弱毒疫苗。试验结果表明,注射疫苗后10d,开始产生抗体,20d-30d抗体达到峰值,二免后抗体峰值维持40d以上。首免4头份的仔猪比首免2头份的仔猪CSF抗体峰值出现的早,维持时间长。     

日粮中添加不同剂量大蒜素对SPF鸡生长性能与免疫机能的影响

本试验旨在研究日粮中添加不同剂量大蒜素对7日龄SPF鸡生长性能和免疫机能的影响.105只7日龄SPF鸡平均分为3组:A组为饲喂常规日粮的对照组,B、C组为日粮中分别添加150mg/kg和300mg/kg大蒜素的试验组.饲喂大蒜素后1～6周、8周对各组鸡只称重;饲喂后3～5周、9周对各组鸡只采血,测其血清中新城疫病毒(NDV)及H9亚型禽流感病毒抗体滴度,分析全血中免疫细胞含量;第5、6周时每组剖杀6只鸡,测定胸腺、法氏囊免疫器官指数.结果表明,B组鸡只体重从饲喂大蒜素后第4周起逐渐高于其它组,而C组的体重始终低于其他组;A、B、C各组免疫ND、H9亚型禽流感灭活疫苗后抗体水平差异不显著;饲喂后3周,B、C组淋巴细胞、粒细胞、红细胞总数于均高于A组,饲喂后5周,B组粒细胞含量与A组相比差异显著(P＜0.05);B组鸡只的法氏囊和胸腺指数分别在饲喂后5、6周时显著高于A、C组(P＜0.05).结果显示,日粮中添加150mg/kg大蒜素具有促进SPF鸡生长性能、提高免疫机能的作用,而300mg/kg剂量大蒜素对SPF鸡生长性能具有一定的抑制作用.     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.