微波辐射松香季戊四醇酯的合成研究

在密闭条件下,利用微波辐射快速有效地合成了松香季戊四醇酯.常规酯化反应需要270 min,在微波密闭条件下,不仅反应时间大幅度地缩短至40 min,而且所得产品的质量也有提高.为了研究各反应因素对产品酸值和软化点的影响,设计了正交试验L9(34),并得出了微波密闭条件下合成松香季戊四醇酯的最佳反应条件:催化剂BEP用量0.30％、季戊四醇用量16％、反应时间40 min、微波功率200 W.该条件下合成的松香季戊四醇酯加纳色号为4、酸值12.7 mg/g、软化点102℃.     

生产浅色聚合松香酯类产品浅色剂的选择

依据松香的结构及其氧化机理,考察酚类、亚磷酸酯类、硫酯类等对聚合松香的浅色反应.结果表明:十二硫醇、环氧大豆油、SWC-80可作为聚合松香酯化的浅色剂,以SWC-80为浅色剂、DynOm为催化剂,制得的浅色聚合松香甘油酯,颜色为2号(加纳),酸值12.1 mgKOH·g-1,软化点为135℃;制得的浅色聚合松香季戊四醇酯,颜色为3号(加纳),酸值22.1 mgKOH·g-1,软化点为143℃.     

富马酸改性松香季戊四醇酯的合成

以富马酸和季戊四醇对松香进行改性,生产富马酸改性松香季戊四醇酯,研究温度、时间、原辅料配比等因素分别对富马酸改性松香和富马酸改性松香季戊四醇酯合成的影响,结果表明反应温度为195℃、反应时间4 h、富马酸加入量为松香的6%,为富马酸与松香的D-A加成反应的最佳条件;富马酸改性松香与季戊四醇酯化反应最优条件为:温度为270℃,反应时间8.5 h,季戊四醇加入的量为富马酸改性松香的14%。本研究工艺无需催化剂就能实现富马酸松香季戊四醇酯的合成,扩大稳定性试验表明反应得率91.3%,产品软化点125.5℃,酸值11.8 mg KOH/g。     

松香季戊四醇酯合成工艺的研究

以工厂所用的普通一级松香为主原料,采用多种催化剂,研究了合成浅色145#松香季戊四醇酯的工艺条件.实验选用8种国内外适合松香树脂的催化剂,主要探讨了催化剂种类及复配条件与产品质量之间的关系.并对反应温度、反应时间和原料配比等影响因子进行了探讨.通过实验得到,合成145#松香季戊四醇酯的适宜工艺条件为反应温度(275±2)℃,反应时间6 h(可根据实际需要适当延长),适宜的反应物配比为松香、季戊四醇、催化剂A、催化剂G的质量比为10.120.0020.0005.在上述工艺条件下,得到145#松香季戊四醇酯产品,其质量指标是色泽3(加纳比色),软化点91.7℃,酸值24.8 mg/g.     

浅色歧化松香钾皂的制备

实验以固体歧化松香和氢氧化钾溶液进行皂化反应制备浅色25%歧化松香钾皂,研究反应温度,皂化时间,酸值,脱色剂对反应的影响。结果表明在反应温度80℃,皂化时间75 min,酸值(KOH)2.0 mg/g,脱色剂加入量为反应物质量的0.2%的条件下,可制备出固含量为25%的浅色歧化松香钾皂,加纳色号较与现行方法制备的产品低2个色级。     

浅色歧化松香钾皂的制备

实验以固体歧化松香和氢氧化钾溶液进行皂化反应制备浅色25%歧化松香钾皂,研究反应温度,皂化时间,酸值,脱色剂对反应的影响。结果表明在反应温度80℃,皂化时间75 min,酸值（KOH）2.0 mg/g,脱色剂加入量为反应物质量的0.2%的条件下,可制备出固含量为25%的浅色歧化松香钾皂,加纳色号较与现行方法制备的产品低2个色级。     

信息动态

项目名称:无色松香及无色松香酯产业化项目 申报单位:广西梧州日成林产化工股份有限公司(二等奖) 1 项目简介 由广西梧州日成林产化工股份有限公司完成的无色松香和无色松香酯产业化项目于1998年提出计划,先后被列为1999年国家火炬计划项目和1999年广西科技与经济结合重大项目.项目于2003年9月通过广西区科技厅主持的国内相关专家进行的鉴定,技术水平处于国内领先.2004年3月,该项目主要产品无色松香、浅色松香树脂以及氢化松香被认定为广西区高新技术产品,同时该公司被认定为广西区高新技术企业.2004年4月,项目成果获得梧州市科技进步一等奖.2005年2月,项目成果获得广西科技进步二等奖.2008年5月,项目成果获得梧州市科技进步特别贡献奖.     

微波辐射下松香与多元醇的酯化反应研究

研究了微波辐射下松香与甘油、季戊四醇的酯化反应。反应以氧化锌为催化剂，在不通氮气和不加抗氧化剂的条件下，在650w功率微波辐射下常压反应30min，再在5kPa的压力下反应30min，制备的松香甘油酯酸值为8．3mgKOH／g，色泽为8，软化点82．0℃；松香季戊四醇酯的酸值为8．6mgKOH／g，色泽为7，软化点91．0℃。最佳反应物质量配比为：松香：甘油：氧化锌为20：2．4：0．068；松香：季戊四醇：氧化锌为20：3．2:0．034。     

松香烯丙醇酯的合成研究

探索了一种两步合成松香烯丙醇酯的新方法,即先以烯丙醇和对甲苯磺酰氯为原料,以NaOH为催化剂,通过O-酰化反应合成中间体对甲苯磺酸烯丙醇酯,再与松香纳皂发生亲核取代反应合成目标产物松香烯丙醇酯.通过单因素试验,得出合成中间体对甲苯磺酸烯丙醇酯的最佳工艺条件为:n(烯丙醇)∶n(对甲苯磺酰氯)为3∶1,反应温度0℃,反应时间3 h,产率达89.5%;合成目标产物松香烯丙醇酯的最佳工艺条件为:n(松香钠)∶n(对甲苯磺酸烯丙醇酯)为1.3∶1,反应温度40℃,反应时间2 h,产率达75.4%.利用TLC、IR和GC-MS对目标产物进行了分析和表征.试验表明,该法具有反应时间短、反应温度低的优点,能很好地避免原料因高温而发生的副反应.     

氢化松香酯类系列产品制备与应用研究

研究影响氢化松香酯化反应的主要因子——催化剂种类和用量,多元醇用量,反应温度和系统真空度。提出氢化松香酯类系列产品——甲酯、乙酯、甘油酯、季戊四醇酯、乙二醇酯、食品级松香酯、电子工业级松香等制备工艺。利用副产品制成显微镜用浸油。其产品质量均达到国外同类产品先进指标。填补了国内空白。并完成上述产品在胶粘剂、食品、电子、光学仪器等方面的应用研究。为我国松香改性产品系列化,综合利用和扩大应用开创一个先例。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.