柚皮苷酶对柑橘类果汁脱苦效果的研究

柑橘类果汁中的苦味物质主要有以柚皮苷、新橙皮苷等为代表的黄烷酮糖苷类化合物和以柠檬苦素、诺米林等为代表的三萜系化合物。由于这些苦味物质的存在，使得柑橘类果汁在饮用时令消费者难以接受，因此，在柑橘类果汁的加工中，脱除苦味物质具有十分重要的意义。利用柚皮苷酶对柑橘类果汁进行了脱苦研究，结果表明，柚皮苷酶最小用量为0.5 g·L^-1、果汁温度为45～70℃、果汁pH值为3～5、作用最短时间为60 min，脱苦率达85％以上；在单因素试验的基础上，通过正交试验，柚皮苷酶对柑橘类果汁脱苦的适合工艺条件是柚皮苷酶用量为0.5 g·L^-1、果汁温度为60℃、果汁pH值为4、作用时间为90 min。此研究结果为柑橘类果汁的生产提供了理论依据。     

大孔树脂分离纯化柚皮黄酮的研究

该文以总黄酮含量和总黄酮回收率为考察指标，研究了大孔树脂分离纯化柚皮黄酮的工艺。结果表明：AB-8型树脂对柚皮总黄酮有较好的吸附分离性能，是分离纯化柚皮黄酮的适宜大孔树脂；AB-8型大孔树脂分离纯化柚皮黄酮的最佳工艺条件为：柱体积为160 mL，柚皮提取物上样量为62.5 mg/mL(以湿树脂体积计)，先用pH 4的水淋洗，再用30%的乙醇洗脱，洗脱剂用量为2.5～3倍湿树脂体积。AB-8大孔树脂按上述确定的吸附洗脱条件可重复使用3次。柚皮黄酮经上述工艺纯化后总黄酮含量达到39.67%，总黄酮回收率为62.48%。对经AB-8大孔树脂纯化后的柚皮黄酮进行高效液相色谱(HPLC)分析发现，柚皮黄酮主要为黄酮甙类。     

微波加热法提取柚果皮果胶的工艺（简报）

对新鲜柚果皮中果胶进行微波提取,采用咔唑比色法测定提取液中的果胶含量.探讨了料液比、微波功率、微波处理时间、盐析条件等对果胶得率和半乳糖醛酸含量的影响,运用L9(34)正变试验对微波加热提取果胶的工艺条件进行了优化.结果表明:微波功率对果胶得率有极显著影响,微波处理时间影响较小.较佳工艺是:液料比(V/m)8:1,调pH值为2.0,微波功率640W,处理时间8 min,盐析饱和硫酸铝用量与酸萃取液比例为3:5,此条件下提取柚皮果胶得率为4.457％,果胶的半乳糖醛酸含量为42.58％．     

超声波辅助提取木薯皮活性物质工艺

木薯皮乙醇提取物同时具有抗乙酰胆碱酯酶（AChE）和抗丁酰胆碱酯酶（BuChE）的活性,为了能充分提取和利用其抗胆碱酯酶活性物质,研究了超声波提取木薯皮活性物质的工艺。通过单因素试验和Box-Behnken Design法设计的响应面优化试验确定了超声波辅助乙醇提取木薯皮中抗胆碱酯酶活性物质的最优工艺条件,并比较了超声波提取与传统溶剂浸提的提取效果。试验结果表明：超声波辅助乙醇提取木薯皮中抗胆碱酯酶活性物质的最优工艺条件为：乙醇体积分数为95%,超声波功率550W,提取时间90min,提取温度60℃,液料比12mL/g,在此工艺条件下,木薯皮活性物质的平均得率为8.97%,质量浓度为0.5mg/mL时的AChE抑制率为54.62%,BuChE抑制率为45.7%;影响木薯皮活性物质得率的4个主要因素的显著程度排列顺序为：超声波提取功率＞提取温度＞提取时间＞液料比;与传统溶剂浸提法相比,超声波提取法具有提取速度快,得率高,提取物活性好,溶剂用量少等明显优势。     

黑米皮抗氧化活性物质的提取与分离工艺研究

该研究以总抗氧化能力为活性跟踪指标,应用正交试验研究了黑米皮抗氧化活性物质的提取条件。结果表明,黑米皮抗氧化物提取的最佳浸提条件为：以黑米皮为材料,以60%乙醇为溶剂,料液比1∶4、浸提温度60℃、浸提时间4 h。在此条件下,一次浸提率达71.4%,二次浸提率达85%以上。在去除黑米皮抗氧化提取物中的杂质时,选用石油醚或正己烷进行脱脂处理,对其总抗氧化能力的影响最小。通过静态与动态吸附性能比较,从8种大孔吸附树脂中筛选出对黑米皮抗氧化活性物质吸附性能最好的树脂为NKA-II,其最佳解吸剂为70%乙醇溶液。经NKA-II吸附分离后,黑米皮抗氧化提取物的总抗氧化能力提高4.00倍,总花色苷含量提高4.01倍。     

荔枝皮原花青素提取工艺优化

为充分利用作为废弃物的荔枝果皮资源,对荔枝皮原花青素的提取工艺进行了研究,首先用高效液相色谱(HPLC)方法比较了甲醇、乙醇和丙酮3种溶剂在提取荔枝皮原花青素中的效果,其次采用中心组合设计对荔枝皮原花青素提取工艺的提取温度、提取液浓度和提取时间3因子的最优化组合进行了响应面试验,并且采用AB-8填充柱对荔枝皮提取物中原花青素进行纯化,试验研究得出较佳工艺条件为:采用68%的乙醇为提取溶剂,提取温度61℃,提取时间105min。最后采用此优化工艺方法比较了4个品种的荔枝中果皮原花青素的提取效果以及其清除自由基DPPH·的能力,选择桂味品种作为工业化提取原料。     

水热法提取桑叶中异槲皮苷工艺参数优化

为减少天然活性成分溶出传质阻力、提高异槲皮苷提取率,应用水热反应辅助醇提法同步提取桑叶中异槲皮苷,采用响应曲面法分析优化桑叶中异槲皮苷溶浸的适宜参数,并利用扩散模型探究异槲皮苷的溶浸传质过程。结果表明:当乙醇体积分数为57%、桑叶质量与乙醇体积比为1:7、水热温度154℃、反应80 min时,5.000 0 g桑叶可溶浸异槲皮苷3.649 1 mg/g,约是乙醇浸提异槲皮苷(0.071 0 mg/g)的51倍;影响异槲皮苷溶浸的因素顺序为水热时间水热温度料液比乙醇体积分数;解析红外光谱图可知,水热反应有助于桑叶木质素中苯基丙烷结构单元中C-O-C和C=C分解,促使纤维素表面水解反应发生;内部扩散模型表明异槲皮苷存在渗透溶浸、内部扩散和固液扩散3个扩散过程,且扩散速率常数随边界层厚度增加而变小,为有效实现桑叶综合利用提供理论研究基础。     

酶法辅助提取柑桔皮总黄酮的工艺优化研究

为了充分利用农业废弃物柑桔皮,进一步提高柑桔皮中总黄酮的提取效率,在单因素试验的基础上,采用中心组合设计对柑桔皮总黄酮纤维素酶法辅助提取工艺中的提取时间、提取温度、pH值和酶用量4因子的最优化组合进行了定量研究,建立并分析了各因子与黄酮得率关系的数学模型.结果表明:最佳的工艺条件为酶用量0.55%、提取时间123 min、pH值4.4、温度48℃.经试验验证,在此条件下,黄酮得率为(3.51±0.13)%,与理论计算值3.62%基本一致.说明回归模型能较好地预测柑桔皮中总黄酮的提取得率.     

苦荞麦麸皮总黄酮提取工艺及其数学模型研究

为充分利用荞麦资源，该文测定了苦荞麦麸皮总黄酮的含量，对苦荞麦麸皮总黄酮的提取工艺及其数学模型进行了研究。试验结果表明：苦荞麦麸皮总黄酮的含量为6.01%；乙醇提取法的最佳工艺条件为乙醇浓度80%，提取温度80℃，料液比1∶50，提取时间2.5 h，该工艺条件下总黄酮提取率达94.01%；建立了以总黄酮提取率为目标值，以各提取工艺参数为因子的二次多项式模型，经验证计算值与试验值拟合良好。     

光皮木瓜齐墩果酸超声波辅助提取及纯化工艺

以光皮木瓜为原料,利用超声波辅助提取及大孔吸附树脂纯化齐墩果酸。通过二次正交旋转组合设计优化提取工艺条件,采用静态吸附和解吸试验筛选合适的大孔树脂,并运用动态吸附和解吸试验验优化纯化条件。结果表明,超声波辅助提取最佳工艺条件为:超声功率600 W、提取温度53℃、液料比8:1、超声波提取70 min,回流提取120 min,齐墩果酸得率为3.000 mg/g;XDA-1型大孔树脂对齐墩果酸具有较好的吸附和解吸效果,最佳纯化工艺条件为上柱液浓度0.794 mg/mL,吸附流速0.5 mL/min;以90%浓度乙醇洗脱,洗脱流速1.0 mL/min,纯化后得提取物中齐墩果酸纯度可达26.55%。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.