锡兰肉桂无水乙醇提取物的抑菌活性

采用菌丝生长速率法和组织测定法,测定锡兰肉桂无水乙醇提取物对胡椒瘟病菌、香蕉枯萎病菌、芒果炭疽病菌和芒果蒂腐病菌的抑菌活性以及20%锡兰肉桂微乳剂对胡椒瘟病的保护作用。结果表明,锡兰肉桂无水乙醇提取物对胡椒瘟病菌具有较好的抑菌活性,在浓度1.5 mg/mL时抑菌率为91.94%,EC50为0.687 5 mg/mL;对芒果炭疽病菌的抑菌率为63.75%,但对芒果蒂腐病菌无抑菌活性。20%锡兰肉桂微乳剂对胡椒瘟病表现出较好的保护效果,当稀释100倍和50倍时抑制率分别为72.79%和78.91%。     

20种植物提取物对芒果炭疽菌的抑制作用

研究了16科20种（其中12种为中草药）植物的丙酮提取物对芒果炭疽病菌株的抑制作用,初步分析了利用植物源农药解决芒果炭疽病抗药性问题的可能性.结果表明,同一药物在不同浓度下作用效果可能存在较大的差异.芒果炭疽病抗药性菌株对供试植物丙酮提取物没有明显的抗药性,100mg/mL（每mL含100mg干物质的提取物）浓度下石菖蒲、艾草、阳春砂、益智、飞机草等植物在芒果炭疽菌抗药性菌株室内试验中其作用效果明显优于1000 mg/L多菌灵,其中石菖蒲丙酮提取物对芒果炭疽病菌敏感菌株（ZJS）、抗药性菌株（ZJR）有效中浓度EC50分别为5.91,4.06 mg/mL,艾草丙酮提取物对芒果炭疽病菌敏感菌株（ZJS）、抗药性菌株（ZJR）有效中浓度EC50分别为9.24,14.53 mg/mL.     

中草药提取物对 2 种杧果采后病原菌的抑菌活性

测定 71 种中草药丙酮提取物对杧果炭疽病菌 (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz.) 和杧果蒂腐病菌(Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat.)的抑菌活性以及对杧果（Mangifiera indica L.）采后炭疽病和蒂腐病的防治效果。试验结果表明,在 20 mg/mL 浓度下,丁香、肉桂、花椒、八角、肉豆蔻、山萘、益智、胡椒、荜茇等 9 种中草药提取物对该 2 株病原菌的平均抑制率大于 70 %,EC 50 的平均值为 4.30 mg/mL。在该浓度下,八角、荜茇提取物能有效降低杧果采后病害的发病率和发病指数,对杧果炭疽病的防效分别为 92.32 %、88.01 %,对杧果蒂腐病的防效分别为 55.07 %、56.79 %。     

山竹果皮提取物农药活性研究

探索山竹果皮提取物在农业中的杀虫抗菌活性,为新型植物源农药的开发提供理论依据。采用浸叶法测定山竹果皮乙醇、石油醚、氯仿、乙酸乙酯及正丁醇等5种提取物对斜纹夜蛾3龄幼虫拒食和毒杀活性;以生长速率法测定这5种提取物对12种植物病原真菌的抗菌活性。结果显示：山竹果皮提取物对斜纹夜蛾3龄幼虫均具有一定的拒食及毒杀作用,以氯仿提取物的拒食活性最高,其24和48 h拒食率分别为72.51%和65.75%;而毒杀作用以石油醚提取物最强,其处理5 d后,斜纹夜蛾的校正死亡率为53.70%。抑菌试验显示山竹氯仿提取物对芒果炭疽病菌、水稻纹枯病菌、番茄灰霉病菌和芒果蒂腐病菌等4种植物病原真菌具有明显抑制菌丝生长作用,其EC50值分别为0.230 5、0.429 3、0.265 2和 0.390 1 mg/mL。由此说明,山竹果皮提取物具有良好的杀虫抗菌活性,基于山竹产物开发新型植物源农药具有潜在的利用价值。     

不同杀菌剂对红麻炭疽病菌的室内毒力测定

利用生长速率法对采自福建漳州的红麻炭疽病菌进行了不同杀菌剂的室内毒力测定.结果表明,在供试的9种药剂中,50%咪鲜胺锰盐WP的抑制效果最好,其EC50和EC90分别为0.0443μg/ml和0.8077μg/ml:25%吡唑醚菌酯EC和10%的苯醚甲环唑WG也表现了良好的抑制效果,其EC50分别为0.1410μg/ml和0.4098μg/ml,EC90分别为954.8009μg/ml和207.7769μg/ml.     

抗多菌灵的芒果炭疽病菌的杀菌剂筛选及其交互抗性测定

为筛选抗多菌灵的芒果炭疽病菌的杀菌剂,采用生长速率法测定23种杀菌剂对8株抗、感多菌灵的芒果炭疽病菌(Colletotrichum gtoeosporioides Penz.)的室内毒力.通过EC50值、EC90值及杀菌剂间的交互抗性测定等综合分析表明:对芒果炭疽病菌毒力最强的杀菌剂是咪鲜胺,其平均EC50值和EC90值分别为0.04、0.21μg/mL;苯醚甲环唑、丙环唑、吡唑醚菌酯、氟硅唑、氟硅唑·恶唑菌酮、戊唑醇、腈菌唑和多抗霉素对芒果炭疽病菌的毒力也较强,与多菌灵不存在交互抗性,这9种杀菌剂均可作为防治芒果炭疽病的首选杀菌剂.另外,三唑酮、异菌脲、三环唑和代森锰锌也有较好的抑菌效果,可用于芒果炭疽病的防治.通过交互抗性分析,在苯并咪唑类杀菌剂之间,苯并眯唑类杀菌剂与烯唑醇,嘧菌酯、醚菌酯与腈菌唑·醚菌酯,嘧菌酯、醚菌酯与三唑酮,苯醚甲环唑与氟硅唑·恶唑菌酮之间存在交互抗性;而百菌清与嘧菌酯、醚菌酯和腈菌唑·醚菌酯,恶霉灵与嘧菌酯、醚菌酯、腈菌唑·醚菌酯和三唑酮之间存在负交互抗性.     

咖啡炭疽病菌生物学特性及其毒力测定

根据形态及ITS序列对咖啡炭疽菌进行了鉴定，其次通过菌丝体生长速率法测定了咖啡炭疽病菌的生物学特性及其毒力。生物学特性测定结果表明：菌丝体生长最适合的温度为28～30℃，pH为7～8。赖氨酸和L-甘氨酸有利于菌丝体的生长，光照及碳源对菌落生长影响则不明显。室内毒力测定结果表明：97.5%腈菌唑对咖啡炭疽病菌的抑菌效果最好，其EC50为30.79 μg/mL；其次为95%粉锈宁，其EC50为216.30 μg/mL；接着为97.2%百菌清和98%抑霉唑，其EC50分别为305.61、360.77 μg/mL。     

植物提取物对薏苡黑粉病菌的抑制作用

[目的]为研制和开发防治薏苡黑粉病新型植物源农药提供参考。[方法]通过离体试验,测试20种植物提取物对黑粉病的抑制作用,并对抑菌效果较好的植物提取物进行了抑菌活性的初步研究。[结果]花椒、蒲公英和射干提取物对黑粉病菌的抑制效果较高,在提取物浓度为0.50 mg/mL时,担孢子萌发率分别为46.13%、43.44%和40.42%,担孢子抑制率分别为69.62%、68.14%和72.42%;当提取物浓度为0.25 mg/mL时,其冬孢子萌发率分别为47.18%、41.43%和46.43%,担孢子抑制率分别为73.78%、64.75%和75.16%。花椒提取物浓度为0.125 mg/mL时,对黑粉病菌菌丝生长的抑制效果最好,菌落直径为8.3 mm,抑制率为67.06%。[结论]花椒、射干和蒲公英植物体内有强烈的抑菌活性成分,具有巨大的开发潜力。     

银杏酸对6种蔬菜病原菌物的抑制作用

室内测定了银杏酸对5种蔬菜病原菌物菌丝生长的活性,结果表明:在70mg/mL浓度下,银杏酸对茄子立枯病菌、茄子白绢病菌24h的菌丝生长抑制率分别为65.2%、65.3%,对甘蓝黑斑病菌、白菜炭疽病菌、黄瓜枯萎病菌48h的菌丝生长抑制率在63.6%～77.3%之间;加药后,稀薄菌丝沿培养基表面生长,气生菌丝少,有的菌丝变色;对黄瓜枯萎病菌、甘蓝黑斑病菌、苦瓜枯萎病菌、白菜炭疽病菌等孢子萌发抑制率均在86%以上,其中对黄瓜枯萎病菌的抑制率最好;显微观察说明:银杏酸处理后,菌丝细胞出现不规则膨大、凋亡、黄化、扭曲、液泡变多、节间缩短等异常现象;毒力测定显示:银杏酸对甘蓝黑斑病菌抑制作用较强,EC50为24.80mg/mL。     

芒果炭疽病菌对甲基硫菌灵的敏感性测定

采用生长速率法测定了采自中国芒果主产区、泰国、夏威夷等地的127个芒果炭疽菌对甲基硫菌灵的敏感性。结果表明,芒果炭疽菌株对甲基硫菌灵的EC50值范围为0.005 7~7.850 5μg/m L,最大EC50值是最小EC50值的1 377倍。不同地区、不同染病部位、不同年份的芒果炭疽菌株对甲基硫菌灵的敏感性不同,采自四川菌株敏感性最低,采自夏威夷菌株敏感性最高;不同分离部位敏感性程度依次为枝、果、叶;2011~2013年,菌株敏感性逐年降低,存在很大的抗药性风险。     

Physicochemical Studies on Resistant StarchIn VitroandIn Vivo

Resistant starch (RS), producedin vitroby hydrolysis of retrograded pea starch gels and amylose gels by porcine pancreaticalpha-amylase, was characterised by X-ray diffraction, size exclusion chromatography and methylation analysis. These techniques showed that RSin vitroconsisted of semi-crystalline, mostly linear material that was present in two main molecular size subfractions (DP_n>100 andDP_n20–30) with a third, minor subfraction (DP_n≤5). The extent of retrogradation of amylose was found to be of primary importance in determining the RS content of starch. Analysis ofin vivoRS, recovered during an ileostomy study, produced results that were similar to those obtained from RSin vitro. Anin vitromodel for the structure of resistant starch is proposed.     

Alpha-amylase/subtilisin Inhibitor Levels in Australian Barleys

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine the bifunctional alpha-amylase/subtilisin inhibitor (BASI) content of barley grain from 11 cultivars grown in six diverse locations in Australia. The inhibitor ranged from 119 to 254 μg/g in 57 barley samples. Genotype had a significant (P<0·05) effect on BASI content but there was no effect due to environment. Total protein varied independently of BASI and was influenced by environment and genotype. BASI content was higher (P<0·05) in malting barley than in feed barley and was correlated positively (r=0·29;P<0·05) with alpha-amylase activity in corresponding malts. The ELISA used monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies raised against purified BASI. In immunoblot analysis the monoclonal antibody showed high specificity for the inhibitor in barley and also detected the inhibitor in wheat. Low levels of inhibitor (mean 3·2 μg/g) were found in 12 Australian wheat cultivars using the ELISA developed for barley. The assay had a linear working range of 5–50 ng/mL with a detection limit of 2 ng/mL. Reproducibility between assays was good (CV=4·9%) but mean recoveries were high, ranging from 116–129% when purified inhibitor was added to barley extracts. The ELISA may have useful applications in brewing research and barley breeding programmes.     

NR/ENR/SiO_2复合材料的阻尼性能研究

采用机械混炼的方法制备不同ENR含量的NR/ENR/SiO2复合材料,使用动态热机械分析仪(DMA)和橡胶加工分析仪(RPA)对NR/ENR/SiO2复合材料的动态力学性能和阻尼性能进行分析。结果表明:ENR对NR/ENR/SiO2复合材料的阻尼性能具有显著影响。动态热机械分析测试结果表明,随着ENR用量的增多,NR/ENR/SiO2复合材料在使用温度范围内的损耗因子积分面积增大,阻尼性能提高。橡胶加工分析频率扫描和应变扫描测试结果表明,在频率小于10 HZ不同应变时,加入了ENR的NR/ENR/SiO2复合材料的阻尼因子均高于NR/SiO2复合材料。扫描电镜分析结果证实,ENR的加入减少了SiO2的自聚,改善了填料在橡胶基体中的分散,从而使NR/ENR/SiO2复合材料力学性能得到提高。     

In VitroDigestion of Wheat Microstructure with Xylanase and Cellulase fromTrichoderma reesei

Resistant starch (RS), producedin vitroby hydrolysis of retrograded pea starch gels and amylose gels by porcine pancreaticalpha-amylase, was characterised by X-ray diffraction, size exclusion chromatography and methylation analysis. These techniques showed that RSin vitroconsisted of semi-crystalline, mostly linear material that was present in two main molecular size subfractions (DP_n>100 andDP_n20–30) with a third, minor subfraction (DP_n≤5). The extent of retrogradation of amylose was found to be of primary importance in determining the RS content of starch. Analysis ofin vivoRS, recovered during an ileostomy study, produced results that were similar to those obtained from RSin vitro. Anin vitromodel for the structure of resistant starch is proposed.     

纳米TiO_2/天然橡胶复合材料的抗菌性研究

采用溶胶凝胶法,以钛酸四丁酯掺杂金属Ag制备纳米二氧化钛(Ag-TiO2)水溶胶,并与天然胶乳湿法共混制备得到纳米TiO2/天然橡胶复合材料。紫外可见光谱表明,金属Ag能提高TiO2的光催化性能;透射电子显微镜观察到TiO2颗粒粒径为50nm左右,并且均匀的吸附在胶粒表面。研究此复合材料的抗菌性能结果表明,其具有良好的抗细菌和抗霉菌效果,对大肠杆菌的抗菌率达到90%以上,特别是硫化过后的纳米TiO2/天然橡胶复合材料的抗细菌率更达98.5%。     

Polymorphism of Low Mr Glutenin Subunits in Triticum tauschii

A collection of 173 Triticum tauschii accessions was analysed to evaluate the variability of low molecular weight (M_r) glutenin subunits. These proteins were analysed by one-step one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and were divided into B-, C- and D-subunits in accordance with their electrophoretic mobility. Extensive polymorphism, both in the number and electrophoretic mobility, was detected in lowM_r glutenin subunits present in T. tauschii. Thirty different patterns for B-subunits and forty-three for C-subunits were identified, some of which were with identical electrophoretic mobility than those observed in hexaploid wheat. Glutenin subunits with the same electrophoretic mobilities of low M_r D-glutenin subunits as well as subunits encoded at the Glu-D4 and Glu-D5 loci, were also detected in accessions of T. tauschii. These results provide new basic knowledge regarding the genetics variability of the low M_r glutenin subunits, as well as their potential to create novel germplasm for the improvement of wheat quality in breeding programs.     

巴西橡胶树AnnHb1基因的克隆及表达分析

根据一个从巴西橡树胶乳cDNA文库中获得的EST片段的序列设计引物,通过RACE的方法获得了橡胶树编码annexin的cDNA,命名为AnnHb1。序列分析表明,AnnHb1长为1 198 bp,含有945 bp的阅读框,62 bp的5'-UTR和191 bp的3'-UTR,编码314个氨基酸,分子量为35.99 ku,等电点为8.18。该氨基酸序列与蓖麻、麻疯树、棉花、苜蓿、烟草和拟南芥中的annexin的同源性分别为82%、72%、72%、64%、60%和60%。半定量RT-PCR分析结果表明AnnHb1基因在愈伤、花、树皮、叶、胶乳中均有表达,其中在愈伤组织中表达量最低,树皮中表达量最高。     

环氧天然胶／天然胶／高乙烯基顺丁胶共混物研究

环氧化天然胶／天然胶／高乙烯基顺丁胶（ＥＮＲ／ＮＲ／Ｈｖ－ＢＲ）共混物形成ＥＮＲ和ＮＲ／Ｈｖ－ＢＲ两相体系，加入吸附剂ＡＣ能消除塑化剂渗出。ＥＮＲ／ＮＲ／Ｈｖ－ＢＲ共混物具有较好的减震性能、优异的力学性能及较高的低温应力保持率。     

Protein Inhibitors ofAlpha-amylase in Mature and Germinating Grain of Rye (Secale cereale)

The activities of endogenous (R-type) and exogenous acting (D-type) protein inhibitors ofalpha-amylase and the activities ofalpha- and total amylase were determined in milling fractions of rye. High D-type amylase inhibitor activities were detected in the embryo (255 IU/g) and in the endosperm fraction (64·9 IU/g), low inhibitor activities were found in the aleurone layer fraction (25·9 IU/g). The highest R-typealpha-amylase inhibitor activity was found in the aleurone layer fraction (32·6 IU/g), and the lowest value in the epidermis containing fraction (5·0 IU/g). The D- and R-typealpha-amylase inhibitor activities varied with growing conditions. D-type amylase inhibitor activities were found to be high in those samples which grew under drought conditions and low in samples cultivated under wet and cool weather. Higher R-typealpha-amylase inhibitor activities were found in rye genotypes cultivated under wet conditions and lower values under dry weather. There were small variations inalpha-amylase inhibitor activities between sprout-stable and sprout-sensitive rye genotypes. The D- and R-typealpha-amylase inhibitor activities of all varieties were stable during 72 h of germination. Similar soil conditions will therefore lead to differentialalpha-amylase inhibitor activities depending on weather conditions during growth.