Canopy interception loss in a Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica forest of Northeast China

Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica is one of the main species to be afforested in deserts of China. But little work has been carried out on the canopy interception loss of this plant species. For researching the canopy interception loss of a natural P. sylvestris forest, we observed the gross precipitation, gross snowfall, throughfall and stemflow in a sample plot at the Forest Ecosystem Research Station of Mohe in the Great Khingan Mountains of Northeast China from July 2012 to September 2013. Considering the spatial variability of the throughfall, we increased the area rather than the number of collector and randomly relocated them once a week. The results demonstrated that the throughfall, stemflow, and derived estimates of rainfall and snowfall interception loss during the main rainy and snowy seasons were 77.12%±5.70%, 0.80%, 22.08%±5.51% and 21.39%±1.21% of the incident rainfall or snowfall, respectively. The stemflow didn't occur unless the accumulated rainfall reached up to 4.8 mm. And when the gross precipitation became rich enough, the stemflow increased with increasing tree diameters. Our analysis revealed that throughfall was not observed when rainfall was no more than 0.99 mm, indicating that the canopy storage capacity at saturation was 0.99 mm for P. sylvestris forest.     

Mulching mode and planting density affect canopy interception loss of rainfall and water use efficiency of dryland maize on the Loess Plateau of China

High and efficient use of limited rainwater resources is of crucial importance for the crop production in arid and semi-arid areas. To investigate the effects of different soil and crop management practices(i.e., mulching mode treatments: flat cultivation with non-mulching, flat cultivation with straw mulching, plastic-covered ridge with bare furrow and plastic-covered ridge with straw-covered furrow; and planting density treatments: low planting density of 45,000 plants/hm~2, medium planting density of 67,500 plants/hm~2 and high planting density of 90,000 plants/hm~2) on rainfall partitioning by dryland maize canopy, especially the resulted net rainfall input beneath the maize canopy, we measured the gross rainfall, throughfall and stemflow at different growth stages of dryland maize in 2015 and 2016 on the Loess Plateau of China. The canopy interception loss was estimated by the water balance method. Soil water storage, leaf area index, grain yield(as well as it components) and water use efficiency of dryland maize were measured or calculated. Results showed that the cumulative throughfall, cumulative stemflow and cumulative canopy interception loss during the whole growing season accounted for 42.3%–77.5%, 15.1%–36.3% and 7.4%–21.4% of the total gross rainfall under different treatments, respectively. Soil mulching could promote the growth and development of dryland maize and enhance the capability of stemflow production and canopy interception loss, thereby increasing the relative stemflow and relative canopy interception loss and reducing the relative throughfall. The relative stemflow and relative canopy interception loss generally increased with increasing planting density, while the relative throughfall decreased with increasing planting density. During the two experimental years, mulching mode had no significant influence on net rainfall due to the compensation between throughfall and stemflow, whereas planting density significantly affected net rainfall. The highest grain yield and water use efficiency of dryland maize were obtained under the combination of medium planting density of 67,500 plants/hm~2 and mulching mode of plastic-covered ridge with straw-covered furrow. Soil mulching can reduce soil evaporation and retain more soil water for dryland maize without reducing the net rainfall input beneath the maize canopy, which may alleviate the contradiction between high soil water consumption and insufficient rainfall input of the soil. In conclusion, the application of medium planting density(67,500 plants/hm~2) under plastic-covered ridge with bare furrow is recommended for increasing dryland maize production on the Loess Plateau of China.     

Effects of native and invasive Prosopis species on topsoil physiochemical properties in an arid riparian forest of Hormozgan Province,Iran

Biological invasions can alter soil properties within the range of their introduced, leading to impacts on ecosystem services, ecosystem functions, and biodiversity. To better understand the impacts of biological invasions on soil, we compared topsoil physiochemical properties at sites with invasive alien tree species (Prosopis juliflora), native tree species (Prosopis cineraria, Acacia tortilis, and Acacia ehrenbergiana), and mixed tree species in Hormozgan Province of Iran in May 2018. In this study, we collected 40 soil samples at a depth of 10 cm under single tree species, including P. juliflora, P. cineraria, A. tortilis, and A. ehrenbergiana, as well as under mixed tree species. The results showed that organic matter, moisture, potassium, calcium, nitrogen, and magnesium in topsoil at sites with A. tortilis and A. ehrenbergiana growing in combination with P. cineraria were higher than that at sites where P. juliflora was present (P<0.05). Sodium at sites with A. tortilis and A. ehrenbergiana growing in combination with P. cineraria and P. juliflora was lower as compared to that at sites with just A. tortilis and A. ehrenbergiana. Electrical conductivity was lower at sites with A. tortilis and A. ehrenbergiana growing in combination with P. cineraria, and it was higher at sites with mixed Acacia and P. juliflora trees. Based on the generally more positive effect of native Acacia and P. cineraria on topsoil physiochemical properties as compared to the P. julifora, afforestation with native tree species is preferable for soil restoration. In addition, due to the negative effects of P. julifora on soil properties, P. julifora spread should be better managed.     

大青山区油松人工林降雨分配特征研究

以大青山区30 a生油松人工林为研究对象,系统观测了林分对降雨的再分配作用,根据2006年的观测结果显示,油松人工林林冠穿透雨量、林冠截留、树干茎流所占降雨的比例分别为65.83%、33.04%、1.13%,枯枝落叶层有效拦蓄量为0.62mm,截留率为8.9%,地表径流率为2.6%;林冠穿透雨量、树干茎流量与林外降雨量均呈显著的线性正相关,而林冠截留量与降雨量呈幂函数关系。     

Sap flow characteristics and physiological adjustments of two dominant tree species in pure and mixed plantations in the semi-arid Loess Plateau of China

It is essential to understand the water consumption characteristics and physiological adjustments of tree species under drought conditions, as well as the effects of pure and mixed plantations on these characteristics in semi-arid regions. In this study, the normalized sap flow (SF_n), leaf water potential, stomatal conductance (g_s), and photosynthetic rate (P_r) were monitored for two dominant species, i.e., Pinus tabuliformis and Hippophae rhamnoides, in both pure and mixed plantations in a semi-arid region of Chinese Loess Plateau. A threshold-delay model showed that the lower rainfall thresholds (R^L) for P. tabuliformis and H. rhamnoides in pure plantations were 9.6 and 11.0 mm, respectively, and the time lags (τ) after rainfall were 1.15 and 1.76 d for corresponding species, respectively. The results indicated that P. tabuliformis was more sensitive to rainfall pulse than H. rhamnoides. In addition, strong stomatal control allowed P. tabuliformis to experience low g_s and P_r in response to drought, while maintaining a high midday leaf water potential (Ψ_m). However, H. rhamnoides maintained high g_s and P_r at a low Ψ_m expense. Therefore, P. tabuliformis and H. rhamnoides can be considered as isohydric and anisohydric species, respectively. In mixed plantation, the values of R^L for P. tabuliformis and H. rhamnoides were 6.5 and 8.9 mm, respectively; and the values of τ were 0.86 and 1.61 d for corresponding species, respectively, which implied that mixed afforestation enhanced the rainfall pulse sensitivity for both two species, especially for P. tabuliformis. In addition, mixed afforestation significantly reduced SF_n, g_s, and P_r for P. tabuliformis (P<0.05), while maintaining a high leaf water potential status. However, no significant effect of mixed afforestation of H. rhamnoides was observed at the expense of leaf water potential status in response to drought. Although inconsistent physiological responses were adopted by these species, the altered water consumption characteristics, especially for P. tabuliformis indicated that the mixed afforestation requires further investigation.     

樟子松固沙林土壤理化特性对林分密度的响应

为了研究樟子松人工固沙林林分密度对土壤理化特性的影响,在章古台地区选取林分密度分别为625（P₁）、775（P₂）、1 025（P₃）、1 175（P₄）株·hm^-2和1 250（P₅）株·hm^-2的樟子松中龄林（林龄为23~27 a）为研究对象,对0~100 cm深度的樟子松林地土壤按0~10、10~20、20~40、40~60、60~80、80~100 cm进行分层,分析其理化特性。结果表明：0~10 cm土层全氮和20~40 cm土层土壤容重随密度增加呈上升趋势,P₅显著高于P₁（P < 0.05）;0~80 cm土层全钾和0~60 cm土层pH随密度增加先升高后降低,P₃最高,且P₃样地全钾在10~60 cm土层显著高于P₁（P < 0.05）;pH在0~40 cm土层显著高于其他样地（P < 0.05）;0~10 cm土层全磷随密度增加而减小,P₁显著高于P₃~P₅（P < 0.05）;P₄或P₅样地有效钾在0~40 cm土层显著高于P₁、P₂样地（P < 0.05）,在40~100 cm土层显著高于P₃样地（P < 0.05）;P₂~P₄样地的土壤孔隙度在40~100 cm土层低于P₁和P₅样地。综合考虑林分密度对樟子松中龄林土壤理化特性的影响,章古台地区樟子松林的合理林分密度为1 025~1 175株·hm^-2,可采取间伐等营林管理措施调节林分密度,确保樟子松固沙林生长具有良好的土壤条件。     

内陆河湿地芦苇叶功能性状特征及其对土壤环境因子的响应

植物功能性状是连接植物与外界环境的重要桥梁，其在不同环境梯度下的变化表现出了对异质环境的适应机制。本文以敦煌西湖国家级自然保护区克隆植物芦苇（Phragmites australis）为研究对象，设置了未退化、轻度退化、中度退化和重度退化4个梯度样地，研究环境异质条件下芦苇叶功能性状特征及其对土壤环境因子的响应。结果表明：① 各环境梯度下，芦苇叶功能性状特征变化显著（P<0.05），叶长、叶宽、叶面积、叶干重随环境梯度退化呈下降趋势，比叶面积随梯度退化呈上升趋势；② 芦苇各叶功能性状间呈协同变化的特征，叶长、叶宽、叶面积、叶干重之间呈极显著正相关（P<0.01），比叶面积与叶长、叶干重呈显著负相关（P<0.05）；③ 叶长、叶宽、叶面积、叶干重与土壤表层（0~30 cm）、中层（30~60 cm）水分呈显著正相关（P<0.05），而与土壤表层、中层含盐量呈显著负相关（P<0.05），说明土壤表层与中层的水分与盐分是芦苇叶功能性状最主要的驱动力。研究结果对干旱区内陆河湿地的保护、生态恢复及管理具有重要的指导意义。     

小麦条锈菌转主寄主小檗(Berberis germanensis)的人工接种鉴定

正条形柄锈菌小麦专化型(Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici),简称小麦条锈菌,是引起小麦条锈病(wheat stripe rust or yellow rust)的病原菌。近年通过人工室内接种证实小檗(Berberis spp.)是小麦条锈菌的转主寄主~([1]),由此揭示了小麦条锈菌是具有性、锈、夏、冬和担孢子5种孢子类型的全孢     

哈萨克斯坦阿尔泰山树木径向生长及其对气候要素的响应

针对哈萨克斯坦阿尔泰山南坡西伯利亚云杉（Picea obovata）和西伯利亚落叶松（Larix sibirica）开展树轮研究，建立树轮年表，计算年平均树轮宽度值和年平均断面积生长量（BAI），并分析在1988年发生升温突变前后，这2个树种树轮宽度指数变化趋势，及其树木径向生长对气候因子的响应。结果表明：在升温突变前后，2个树种树轮宽度指数变化趋势一致。但是，在升温突变后，其变化趋势均由不显著增加转为显著下降。即树木径向生长减缓；升温突变后，2个树种树木径向生长对降水的响应有所减弱，而对气温的响应有所增强，并且发生了树轮指数和气候因子间相关性“正负转换”的情况。     

Diversity of soil bacteria and fungi communities in artificial forests of the sandy-hilly region of Northwest China

Soil erosion is a serious issue in the sandy-hilly region of Shanxi Province, Northwest China. There has been gradual improvement due to vegetation restoration, but soil microbial community characteristics in different vegetation plantation types have not been widely investigated. To address this, we analyzed soil bacterial and fungal community structures, diversity, and microbial and soil environmental factors in Caragana korshinskii Kom., Populus tomentosa Carr., Populus simonii Carr., Salix matsudana Koidz, and Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. forests. There were no significant differences in the dominant bacterial community compositions among the five forest types. The alpha diversity of the bacteria and fungi communities showed that ACE (abundance-based coverage estimator), Chao1, and Shannon indices in C. korshinskii forest were significantly higher than those in the other four forest types (P<0.05). Soil organic matter, total nitrogen, and urease had a greater impact on bacterial community composition, while total nitrogen, β-glucosidase, and urease had a greater impact on fungal community composition. The relative abundance of beneficial and pathogenic microorganisms was similar across all forest types. Based on microbial community composition, diversity, and soil fertility, we ranked the plantations from most to least suitable as follows: C. korshinskii, S. matsudana, P. tabulaeformis, P. tomentosa, and P. simonii.     

两种唐松草鉴定为小麦叶锈菌的转主寄主

 引起小麦叶锈病的小麦叶锈菌(Puccinia triticina)是转主寄生菌,其转主寄主主要为唐松草属(Thalictrum)种类,也包括扁果草属(Isopyrum), 牛舌草属(Anchusa), 铁线莲属(Clematis)和蓝蓟属(Echium)的个别种类。然而,迄今,中国仅有亚欧唐松草和瓣蕊唐松草被报道为小麦叶锈菌转主寄主。本文对采集于陕西的东亚唐松草(T. minus var. hypoleucum)、甘肃的贝加尔唐松草(T. baicalense),通过人工接种小麦叶锈菌确定它们是否能够作为小麦叶锈菌的转主寄主。同时,本文作者收集自然条件下贝加尔唐松草组织上受侵染产生的锈子器样品,通过其ITS区序列分析以确定小麦叶锈菌的有性循环是否在田间条件下发生。结果表明,小麦叶锈菌的担孢子均可侵染东亚唐松草和贝加尔唐松草,完成其性子器和锈子器阶段,产生的锈孢子可侵染感病小麦产生夏孢子堆,从而证实东亚唐松草和贝加尔唐松草均可作为小麦叶锈菌的转主寄主。来自贝加尔唐松草22个锈子器样品的ITS区序列比对,表明其与NCBI网上提交的小麦叶锈菌享有95%~96%的序列同源性。由此推测,自然条件下,中国小麦叶锈菌可能侵染感病唐松草完成有性循环。     

柑橘叶点霉属(Phyllosticta spp.)真菌的遗传多样性分析

利用筛选的11条ISSR引物对从我国柑橘主产区和国外收集的135株叶点霉属真菌菌株进行扩增,扩增产物进行凝胶电泳,扩增图谱用NTSYS-pc2.10软件进行群体聚类分析。结果显示,共扩增出116个DNA条带,其中多态性位点为112个,多态率为96.55%;平均每个引物可以扩增出10.55个条带,扩增产物大小在250~3 000 bp。聚类分析显示,中国柑橘叶点霉属真菌可以分为4个种,即P.citricarpa、P.citriasiana、P.capitalensis和P.citrichinaensis。以遗传相似性系数0.97为阈值时,柑橘黑斑病病原菌(P.citricarpa)种群可分为5个亚类,subclade-I的菌株来自中国的本地早、温州蜜柑、槾橘和南丰蜜橘,subclade-II的菌株均来自中国的砂糖橘,subclade-III的菌株来自非洲莫桑比克柠檬和葡萄柚、佛罗里达甜橙、南非甜橙和来自杭州市场上进口的澳橘,subclade-IV的菌株来自中国的甜橙,subclade-V的菌株来自中国的柠檬,表明我国柑橘黑斑病病原菌具有丰富的遗传变异,其遗传变异与寄主相关;我国与国外的柑橘黑斑病病原菌在起源上可能存在差异。P.citriasiana、P.capitalensis和P.citrichinaensis种群内也存在遗传变异,但其遗传变异与地理分布和寄主未发现相关性。该研究结果为研究柑橘叶点霉属真菌的遗传多样性奠定了基础。     

吉林省白杨锈菌鉴定

 银白杨,杨属植物,广泛种植于中国东北部地区,其锈病发生特别严重。在本研究中,根据形态特征和生活史将白杨锈菌鉴定为Melampsora laricis。使用杨树锈病叶片上的担孢子对日本落叶松及白山落叶松进行接种试验,结果证实了其精子器和锈子器世代发生在落叶松植物上。     

云南、广西三七黑斑病病原链格孢菌的鉴定

正黑斑病是三七栽培生产中常见的一大病害,叶片受害产生近圆形或不规则水浸状病斑,常导致成株落叶、幼苗生长点及茎秆顶端腐烂枯死。其病原一般认为是链格孢属真菌人参链格Alternaria panax Whetzel~([1,2]),也有相关研究证明黑斑病病原为细链格孢Alternaria tenuis Nees~([3]),后定名为链格孢Alternaria alternata Keissl~([4])。本研究利用ITS序列和histone 3部分编码序列的PCR鉴定,结合形态学鉴定,分析三七主产区黑斑病菌的组成和分布情况及几种病原菌的致病力差异,以期为三七黑斑病防治提供理论依据。     

以Ypt1基因序列为靶标的辣椒疫病菌快速分子检测

PCR primers were designed based on the sequence of Ras-related protein gene (Ypt1) of P. capsici. According to the multiple sequence alignment, Ypt1 has the sufficiently polymorphic intron region for the development of P. capsici-specific primers (PcYpt1F/PcYpt1R). One primer pair was developed which can amplify one P. capsici-specific fragment of 156 bp. Using the primer pair, the P. capsici infected plants and soils were detected. Additionally, Ypt1 has an appropriate region for the development of Phytophthora genus-specific primers (Ypt1F/Ypt1R), which can amplify a fragment of about 540 bp from 14 different Phytophthora specices and a fragment of about 350 bp in Pythium species, with no amplification from fungal species. By PCR optimization using P. capsici genomic DNA, the detection sensitivities of 10 pg and 10 fg DNA were achieved in standard PCR (PcYpt1F/PcYpt1R) and nested PCR (Ypt1F/Ypt1R and PcYpt1F/PcYpt1R), respectively. The developed primers were proved to be efficient in detection of Phytophthora pathogens from diseased plant tissues and residues in soils.     

一种由可可毛色二孢引起的春芋新病害

正可可毛色二孢(Lasiodiplodia theobromae(Pat.) GriffonMaubl.)是由Griffon和Maublanc~([1])在对Botryodiplodia theobromae进行订正的基础上而确立,Alves等~([2])于2008年对这个种又进行了研究并补充了DNA序列信息。可可毛色二孢是一种重要的病原菌,可引起多种植物的枯萎、根腐及焦枯等病害症状~([3,4])。而假可可毛色二     

ChiVMV在滇重楼上的首次发现及部分基因序列分析

滇重楼(Paris yunnanensis)是主要分布在我国西南地区尤其是云南的珍贵药材.2016年,从云南省德宏州芒市的滇重楼种植基地上观察到叶片斑驳、皱缩、坏死和花叶的滇重楼罹病植株.利用马铃薯Y病毒属(Potyvirus)、烟草花叶病毒属(Tobamovirus)、黄症病毒属(Luteovirus)和菜豆金色花叶...     

冬青卫茅根腐(疫)病

 从杭州、南京冬青卫茅(Euonymus japonicus L.)根腐病株上分离到8个疫霉菌株,鉴定为三个种:Phytophthora meadii,P.palmivora,P.citropkthora。冬青卫茅是P.meadii、P.Palmivora、P.citrophthora新寄主。P.meadii主要分布在杭州,P.palmivora和P.citrophthora主要分布在南京.地下水位高、土壤积水可能是影响该病发生的主要环境因素.     

向日葵黑茎病菌TaqMan-MGB探针实时荧光快速检测方法

 向日葵黑茎病菌是我国进境检疫性有害生物名录中的一种检疫性真菌。根据向日葵黑茎病菌及其近似种的ITS序列差异,设计并合成特异性引物和探针,建立了向日葵黑茎病菌的实时荧光PCR检测方法。特异性试验结果表明,该检测方法能特异性检测向日葵黑茎病菌;灵敏度试验结果表明,最低检测限量为20 μL反应体系中总DNA含量0.1 pg;实时荧光PCR优化反应条件为引物终浓度0.6 μmol·L^-1,探针终浓度0.3 μmol·L^-1。实际样品检测结果表明,该方法可用于疑似携带向日葵黑茎病菌样品的检测与初筛。此方法快速、灵敏,整个反应过程约1 h,检测过程完全闭管,无需PCR后续处理,为早期快速检测向日葵黑茎病菌提供了重要参考。     

Effects of temperature on flowering phenological traits of Populus euphratica Oliv. and Populus pruinosa Schrenk populations,Xinjiang, China

The aims of this study were to explore the interspecific differences of Populus euphratica Oliv. and Populus pruinosa Schrenk populations and the intraspecific differences of males and females within the same species in flowering phenological traits, and the effects of temperatures on flowering phenological traits in different growth years (2001-2003 and 2013-2015). The results showed that P. euphratica population flowered earlier than P. pruinosa population. Moreover, flowering phenological period of population, number of days of flowering phenological period per population, number of days of flowering phenological period per plant and average number of days of flowering period per plant of P. euphratica population were less than those of P. pruinosa population. The differences between male and female within the same species indicated that the flowering periods of males P. euphratica and P. pruinosa populations were earlier than those of female plants. For both species, flowering phenological traits were significantly and negatively correlated with the average temperatures in previous ten days, previous one month and previous three months of flowering. Both species are sensitive to temperature changes and adjust to the changes by advancing the start of flowering and prolonging the duration of flowering.