科尔沁沙地混生小叶锦鸡儿和人工杨树光合特性及其对气候的响应

利用LI-6400光合作用仪野外原位测定混生的小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla)和人工杨树(Populus spp.)的光合特性，通过对比分析这两种天然和人工植物干旱时期与降水后光合特性的差异及其与生理环境因子的关系，揭示其对干旱和降水的适应特性和响应机制。结果表明：① 干旱时期，两种混生植物的净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率([T_r)和气孔导度(G_s)大幅下降，出现明显的“午休”现象，且峰值提前，降水后小叶锦鸡儿“午休”现象消失；② [G_s和光合有效辐射(PAR)是影响小叶锦鸡儿和人工杨树Pn的主要生理和环境因子，干旱时期，小叶锦鸡儿光合特性主要受气孔调节作用的影响，降水后主要受环境因子(PAR)的影响；人工杨树不论在干旱时期还是降水后，其光合生理特性都相对较为稳定，且主要受PAR的影响；③ 小叶锦鸡儿通过保持较低的气孔开放程度，维持较低的Tr和较高的水分利用效率(WUE)，以适应干旱环境，人工杨树则通过较高的P_n、T_r和较低的WUE避免干旱胁迫的影响；降水后，小叶锦鸡儿光合特性的变化较人工杨树显著，对降水的响应更加强烈。混生群落中，小叶锦鸡儿和人工杨树对干旱和降水的适应机制明显不同，小叶锦鸡儿对环境变化的适应性更强。     

Responses of leaf water potential and gas exchange to the precipitation manipulation in two shrubs on the Chinese Loess Plateau

Regulation of leaf gas exchange plays an important role in the survival of trees and shrubs under future climate change. However, the responses of leaf water potential and gas exchange of shrubs in semi-arid areas to the precipitation alteration are not clear. Here, we conducted a manipulated experiment with three levels of precipitation, i.e., a control with ambient precipitation, 50% above ambient precipitation(irrigation treatment), and 50% below ambient precipitation(drought treatment), with two common shrubs, Salix psammophila C. Wang & C. Y. Yang(isohydric plant, maintaining a constant leaf water potential by stomatal regulation) and Caragana korshinskii Kom.(anisohydric plant, having more variable leaf water potential), on the Chinese Loess Plateau in 2014 and 2015. We measured the seasonal variations of predawn and midday leaf water potential(Ψpd and Ψmd), two parameters of gas exchange, i.e., light-saturated assimilation(An) and stomatal conductance(gs), and other foliar and canopy traits. The isohydric S. psammophila had a similar An and a higher gs than the anisohydric C. korshinskii under drought treatment in 2015, inconsistent with the view that photosynthetic capacity of anisohydric plants is higher than isohydric plants under severe drought. The two shrubs differently responded to precipitation manipulation. Ψpd, An and gs were higher under irrigation treatment than control for S. psammophila, and these three variables and Ψmd were significantly higher under irrigation treatment and lower under drought treatment than control for C. korshinskii. Leaf water potential and gas exchange responded to manipulated precipitation more strongly for C. korshinskii than for S. psammophila. However, precipitation manipulation did not alter the sensitivity of leaf gas exchange to vapor-pressure deficit and soil moisture in these two shrubs. Acclimation to long-term changes in soil moisture in these two shrubs was primarily attributed to the changes in leaf or canopy structure rather than leaf gas exchange. These findings will be useful for modeling canopy water-carbon exchange and elucidating the adaptive strategies of these two shrubs to future changes in precipitation.     

Severe drought strongly reduces water use and its recovery ability of mature Mongolian Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Litv.) in a semi-arid sandy environment of northern China

Trees growing in a semi-arid sandy environment are often exposed to drought conditions due to seasonal variations in precipitation, low soil water retention and deep groundwater level. However, adaptability and plasticity of individuals to the changing drought conditions greatly vary among tree species. In this study, we estimated water use (T_s) of Mongolian Scots pine (MSP; Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Litv.) based on sap flux density measurements over four successive years (2013-2016) that exhibited significant fluctuations in precipitation in a semi-arid sandy environment of northern China. The results showed that fluctuations in daily T_s synchronously varied with dry-wet cycles of soil moisture over the study period. The daily ratio of water use to reference evapotranspiration (T_s/ET₀) on sunny days in each year showed a negative linear relationship with the severity of drought in the upper soil layer (0-1 m; P<0.01). The decrease in Ts induced by erratic drought during the growing season recovered due to precipitation. However, this recovery ability failed under prolonged and severe droughts. The T_s/ET₀ ratio significantly declined with the progressive reduction in the groundwater level (g_w) over the study period (P<0.01). We concluded that the upper soil layer contributed the most to the T_s of MSP during the growing season. The severity and duration of droughts in this layer greatly reduced T_s. Nevertheless, g_w determined whether the T_s could completely recover after the alleviation of long-term soil drought. These results provide practical information for optimizing MSP management to stop ongoing degradation in the semi-arid sandy environments.     

土壤水分胁迫对紫花苜蓿光合特性及其生物量的影响

紫花苜蓿是我国重要的豆科牧草，具有较强的抗旱能力，而水分亏缺是影响其产量的主要逆境因子之一。通过大田试验对不同水分胁迫下紫花苜蓿的光合特性及产量进行研究，结果表明：① 土壤水分胁迫对紫花苜蓿光响应参数影响显著(P＜0.05)，随着水分胁迫的加剧，最大净光合速率、表观量子效率、光饱和点逐渐降低，暗呼吸速率、光补偿点逐渐升高，从而直接影响紫花苜蓿光合作用对弱光的吸收和转化效率。② 随着水分胁迫的加剧紫花苜蓿叶片的净光合速率(Pn)和蒸腾速率(Tr)呈显著的下降趋势，气孔导度(Gs)呈先下降后上升的趋势，表明轻度水分胁迫下气孔因素是Pn下降的主要因素，中度和重度水分胁迫下非气孔因素是Pn降低的主要因素。③ 当光合有效辐射(PAR)为1 200 μmol·m^-2·s^-1时，轻度水分胁迫的水分利用效率(WUE)显著大于充分灌溉的WUE (P<0.05)，表明适度水分胁迫可提高紫花苜蓿叶片的水分利用效率。④ 轻度水分胁迫与充分灌溉干草产量之间无显著差异，表明轻度水分胁迫能达到高产节水的目的。     

Changes in rainfall partitioning caused by the replacement of native dry forests of Lithraea molleoides by exotic plantations of Pinus elliottii in the dry Chaco mountain forests,central Argentina

The replacement of native dry forests by commercial (exotic) tree plantations could generate changes in rainfall partitioning, which further affects the water cycle. In this study, we determined (i) the rainfall partitioning into interception, throughfall and stemflow, (ii) the role of rainfall event size on rainfall partitioning, (iii) the pH of water channelized as throughfall and stemflow, and (iv) the runoff in Lithraea molleoides (a native species) and Pinus elliottii (an exotic species) stands in the dry Chaco mountain forests, central Argentina. On average, interception, throughfall and stemflow accounted for 19.3%, 79.5% and 1.2% of the gross rainfall in L. molleoides stand, and 32.6%, 66.7% and 0.7% of the gross rainfall in P. elliottii stand, respectively. Amounts of interception, throughfall and stemflow presented positive linear relationships with the increment of rainfall event size for both tree species (P<0.01 in all cases). Percentages of interception, throughfall and stemflow were all related to the increment of rainfall event size, showing different patterns. With increasing rainfall event size, interception exponentially decreased, throughfall asymptotically increased and stemflow linearly increased. Both P. elliottii and L. molleoides stands presented significant differences in the pH values of water channelized as throughfall (6.3 vs. 6.7, respectively; P<0.01) and stemflow (4.5 vs. 5.8, respectively; P<0.01). Runoff occupied only 0.3% of the gross rainfall in P. elliottii stand and was zero in L. molleoides stand. Our results showed that the native species L. molleoides presented 13.6% more water reaching the topsoil (i.e., net rainfall; net rainfall=gross rainfall-interception-runoff) than the exotic species P. elliottii. This study improves our understanding of the effects of native vegetation replacement on the local water balance in the dry forest ecosystems.     

Effects of native and invasive Prosopis species on topsoil physiochemical properties in an arid riparian forest of Hormozgan Province,Iran

Biological invasions can alter soil properties within the range of their introduced, leading to impacts on ecosystem services, ecosystem functions, and biodiversity. To better understand the impacts of biological invasions on soil, we compared topsoil physiochemical properties at sites with invasive alien tree species (Prosopis juliflora), native tree species (Prosopis cineraria, Acacia tortilis, and Acacia ehrenbergiana), and mixed tree species in Hormozgan Province of Iran in May 2018. In this study, we collected 40 soil samples at a depth of 10 cm under single tree species, including P. juliflora, P. cineraria, A. tortilis, and A. ehrenbergiana, as well as under mixed tree species. The results showed that organic matter, moisture, potassium, calcium, nitrogen, and magnesium in topsoil at sites with A. tortilis and A. ehrenbergiana growing in combination with P. cineraria were higher than that at sites where P. juliflora was present (P<0.05). Sodium at sites with A. tortilis and A. ehrenbergiana growing in combination with P. cineraria and P. juliflora was lower as compared to that at sites with just A. tortilis and A. ehrenbergiana. Electrical conductivity was lower at sites with A. tortilis and A. ehrenbergiana growing in combination with P. cineraria, and it was higher at sites with mixed Acacia and P. juliflora trees. Based on the generally more positive effect of native Acacia and P. cineraria on topsoil physiochemical properties as compared to the P. julifora, afforestation with native tree species is preferable for soil restoration. In addition, due to the negative effects of P. julifora on soil properties, P. julifora spread should be better managed.     

Effects of water stress on growth phenology photosynthesis and leaf water potential in Stipagrostis ciliata (Desf.) De Winter in North Africa

Stipagrostis ciliata (Desf.) De Winter is a pastoral C₄ grass grown in arid regions. This research work focused on assessing the growth of S. ciliata accessions derived from two different climate regions (a wet arid region in the Bou Hedma National Park in the central and southern part of Tunisia (coded as WA), and a dry arid region from the Matmata Mountain in the south of Tunisia (coded as DA)) under water stress conditions. Specifically, the study aimed to investigate the phenological and physiological responses of potted S. ciliata seedlings under different water treatments: T₁ (200 mm/a), T₂ (150 mm/a), T₃ (100 mm/a) and T₄ (50 mm/a). Growth phenology, net photosynthesis (P_n), stomatal conductance (g_s), midday leaf water potential (Ψ_md), predawn leaf water potential (Ψ_pd), soil water content (SWC) and soil water potential (Ψ_s) were observed during the water stress cycle (from December 2016 to November 2017). The obtained results showed that the highest growth potential of the two accessions (WA and DA) was recorded under treatment T₁. The two accessions responded differently and significantly to water stress. Photosynthetic parameters, such as P_n and g_s, decreased sharply under treatments T₂, T₃ and T₄ compared to treatment T₁. The higher water stress increased the R/S ratio (the ratio of root dry biomass to shoot dry biomass), with values of 1.29 and 2.74 under treatment T₄ for accessions WA and DA, respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied, and the separation of S. ciliata accessions on the first two axes of PCA (PC1 and PC2) suggested that accession DA was detected in the negative extremity of PC1 and PC2 under treatments T₁ and T₂. This accession was characterized by a high number of spikes. For treatments T₃ and T₄, both accessions were detected in the negative extremity of PC1 and PC2. They were characterized by a high root dry biomass. Therefore, S. ciliata accessions responded to water stress by displaying significant changes in their behaviours. Accession WA from the Bou Hedma National Park (wet arid region) showed higher drought tolerance than accession DA from the Matmata Mountain (dry arid region). S. ciliata exhibits a significant adaptation capacity for water limitation and may be an important species for ecosystem restoration.     

异色瓢虫和龟纹瓢虫幼虫对番茄潜叶蛾低龄幼虫的捕食功能反应

为明确异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis和龟纹瓢虫Propylea japonica对番茄潜叶蛾Tuta absoluta的控害能力。本试验在实验室条件下选取异色瓢虫和龟纹瓢虫4龄幼虫对番茄潜叶蛾低龄幼虫(1龄、2龄)的捕食功能反应和搜寻效应进行系统研究。结果表明,异色瓢虫和龟纹瓢虫4龄幼虫对番茄潜叶蛾低龄幼虫的捕食功能反应均符合HollingⅡ模型;两种瓢虫的日捕食量与猎物密度在一定范围内呈正相关关系,当猎物密度N→+∞时,异色瓢虫和龟纹瓢虫对番茄潜叶蛾1、2龄幼虫的理论日最大捕食量Na_max分别为147.06头、140.85头和333.33头、149.25头。异色瓢虫的最高日捕食率达98%,显著高于龟纹瓢虫的最高日捕食率79%。两种瓢虫对番茄潜叶蛾搜寻效应随猎物密度的增大而降低,且异色瓢虫对番茄潜叶蛾的搜寻效应显著高于龟纹瓢虫,异色瓢虫对番茄潜叶蛾低龄幼虫的最高搜寻效应高于0.90,而龟纹瓢虫对番茄潜叶蛾低龄幼虫的最高搜寻效应低于0.80。异色瓢虫对番茄潜叶蛾低龄幼虫的捕食能力稍强于龟纹瓢虫,但两种瓢虫对番茄潜叶蛾低龄幼虫均有较好捕食作用,可在一定程度上控制低龄幼虫的数量,故可将两种瓢虫作为番茄潜叶蛾重要的生物防治材料加以研究和利用。     

A drought resistance index to select drought resistant plant species based on leaf water potential measurements

The water deficit in arid and semi-arid regions is the primary limiting factor for the development of urban greenery and forestation. In addition, planting the species that consume low levels of water is useful in arid and semi-arid regions that have poor water management measures. Leaf water potential (Ψ) is a physiological parameter that can be used to identify drought resistance in various species. Indeed, Ψ is one of the most important properties of a plant that can be measured using a pressure chamber. Drought avoiding or drought resistant species have a lower Ψ than plants that use normal or high levels of water. To determine drought resistance of species that are suitable for afforestation in arid urban regions, we evaluated twenty woody species in the Isfahan City, central Iran. The experimental design was random split-split plots with five replications. The species were planted outdoor in plastic pots and then subjected to treatments that consisted of two soil types and five drip irrigation regimes. To evaluate the resistance of each species to drought, we used the Ψ and the number of survived plants to obtain the drought resistance index (DRI). Then, cluster analysis, dendrogram, and similarity index were used to group the species using DRI. Result indicates that the evaluated species were classified into five groups: (1) high water consuming species (DRI>-60 MPa); (2) above normal water consuming species (-60 MPa≥DRI>-90 MPa); (3) normal water consuming species (-90 MPa≥DRI>-120 MPa); (4) semi-drought resistant species (-120 MPa≥DRI>-150 MPa); and (5) drought resistant species (DRI≤-150 MPa). According to the DRI, Salix babylonica L., Populus alba L., and P. nigra L. are high water consuming species, Platanus orientalis L. and Albizia julibrissin Benth are normal water consuming species, and Quercus infectoria Oliv. and Olea europaea L. can be considered as drought resistant species.     

Morphological and physiological differences in heteromorphic leaves of male and female Populus euphratica Oliv.

Leaf traits can directly reflect the adaptation strategies of plants to the environment. However, there is limited knowledge on the adaptation strategies of heteromorphic leaves of male and female Populus euphratica Oliv. in response to individual developmental stages (i.e., diameter class) and canopy height changes. In this study, morphological and physiological properties of heteromorphic leaves of male and female P. euphratica were investigated. Results showed that both male and female P. euphratica exhibited increased leaf area (LA), leaf dry weight (LDW), leaf thickness (LT), net photosynthetic rate (P_n), transpiration rate (T_r), stomatal conductance (g_s), proline (Pro), and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, decreased leaf shape index (LI) and specific leaf area (SLA) with increasing diameter and canopy height. Leaf water potential (LWP) increased with increasing diameter, LWP decreased significantly with increasing canopy height in both sexes, and carbon isotope fraction (δ¹³C) increased significantly with canopy height in both sexes, all of which showed obvious resistance characteristics. However, males showed greater LA, LT, P_n, T_r, and Pro than females at the same canopy height, and males showed significantly higher LA, SLA, LT, P_n, T_r, g_s, and MDA, but lower LWP and δ¹³C than females at the same canopy height, suggesting that male P. euphratica have stronger photosynthetic and osmoregulatory abilities, and are sensitive to water deficiency. Moreover, difference between male and female P. euphratica is closely related to the increase in individual diameter class and canopy height. In summary, male plants showed higher stress tolerance than female plants, and differences in P_n, g_s, T_r, Pro, MDA, δ¹³C, and LWP between females and males were related to changes in leaf morphology, diameter class, and canopy height. The results of this study provide a theory for the differences in growth adaptation strategies during individual development of P. euphratica.     

石楠叶斑病病原鉴定及对药物敏感性测定

石楠(Photinia serrulata Lindl.)是华中地区一种重要的绿化树种。近年来在武汉地区石楠上发现一种新的叶斑病。本文通过组织分离法、致病性测定等从病株分离得到致病病原菌,并通过形态学鉴定、分子生物学鉴定等,最终确定该致病菌为小孢拟盘多毛孢(Pestalotiopsis microspora)。在室内测定了P.microspora对7种常见杀菌剂的敏感性,结果表明,7种杀菌剂对P.microspora的菌丝生长均有抑制作用,但不同杀菌剂之间EC50值相差较大。450 g·L~(-1)咪鲜胺水剂、70%甲基托布津可湿性粉剂、10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂EC50值分别为0.099、0.142和0.631μg·mL~(-1)。25%三唑酮可湿性粉剂EC50值在7种杀菌剂中最大,为37.625μg·mL~(-1)。这是国内外关于P.microspora引起石楠叶斑病的首次报道。     

不同龄期异色瓢虫对核桃全斑蚜的捕食功能反应

核桃全斑蚜是近年来新发现的一种核桃树上的新害虫,为明确异色瓢虫对核桃全斑蚜的控害潜能,室内研究了不同龄期异色瓢虫对不同密度核桃全斑蚜的捕食能力。结果表明：不同龄期异色瓢虫对核桃全斑蚜的捕食功能反应均符合Holling-Ⅱ型圆盘方程。异色瓢虫各龄幼虫及成虫对核桃全斑蚜的日最大理论捕食量由大到小依次为4龄幼虫、雌成虫、雄成虫、3龄幼虫、2龄幼虫和1龄幼虫; 4龄幼虫对核桃全斑蚜的瞬间攻击率最强,处理时间最短。异色瓢虫的寻找效应随着猎物密度的增加而降低,4龄幼虫寻找效应最强。即异色瓢虫对核桃全斑蚜具有较强的捕食能力。     

内陆河湿地芦苇叶功能性状特征及其对土壤环境因子的响应

植物功能性状是连接植物与外界环境的重要桥梁，其在不同环境梯度下的变化表现出了对异质环境的适应机制。本文以敦煌西湖国家级自然保护区克隆植物芦苇（Phragmites australis）为研究对象，设置了未退化、轻度退化、中度退化和重度退化4个梯度样地，研究环境异质条件下芦苇叶功能性状特征及其对土壤环境因子的响应。结果表明：① 各环境梯度下，芦苇叶功能性状特征变化显著（P<0.05），叶长、叶宽、叶面积、叶干重随环境梯度退化呈下降趋势，比叶面积随梯度退化呈上升趋势；② 芦苇各叶功能性状间呈协同变化的特征，叶长、叶宽、叶面积、叶干重之间呈极显著正相关（P<0.01），比叶面积与叶长、叶干重呈显著负相关（P<0.05）；③ 叶长、叶宽、叶面积、叶干重与土壤表层（0~30 cm）、中层（30~60 cm）水分呈显著正相关（P<0.05），而与土壤表层、中层含盐量呈显著负相关（P<0.05），说明土壤表层与中层的水分与盐分是芦苇叶功能性状最主要的驱动力。研究结果对干旱区内陆河湿地的保护、生态恢复及管理具有重要的指导意义。     

Size- and leaf age-dependent effects on the photosynthetic and physiological responses of Artemisia ordosica to drought stress

Drought is one of the most significant natural disasters in the arid and semi-arid areas of China. Populations or plant organs often differ in their responses to drought and other adversities at different growth stages. At present, little is known about the size- and leaf age-dependent differences in the mechanisms of shrub-related drought resistance in the deserts of China. Here, we evaluated the photosynthetic and physiological responses of Artemisia ordosica Krasch. to drought stress using a field experiment in Mu Us Sandy Land, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China in 2018. Rainfall was manipulated by installing outdoor shelters, with four rainfall treatments applied to 12 plots (5 m×5 m). There were four rainfall levels, including a control and rainfall reductions of 30%, 50% and 70%, each with three replications. Taking individual crown size as the dividing basis, we measured the responses of A. ordosica photosynthetic and physiological responses to drought at different growth stages, i.e., large-sized (>0.5 m²) and small-sized (≤0.5 m²) plants. The leaves of A. ordosica were divided into old leaves and young leaves for separate measurement. Results showed that: (1) under drought stress, the transfer efficiency of light energy captured by antenna pigments to the photosystem II (PSII) reaction center decreased, and the heat dissipation capacity increased simultaneously. To resist the photosynthetic system damage caused by drought, A. ordosica enhanced its free radical scavenging capacity by activating its antioxidant enzyme system; and (2) growth stage and leaf age had effects on the reaction of the photosynthetic system to drought. Small A. ordosica plants could not withstand severe drought stress (70% rainfall reduction), whereas large A. ordosica individuals could absorb deep soil water to ensure their survival in severe drought stressed condition. Under 30% and 50% rainfall reduction conditions, young leaves had a greater ability to resist drought than old leaves, whereas the latter were more resistant to severe drought stress. The response of A. ordosica photosynthetic system reflected the trade-off at different growth stages and leaf ages of photosynthetic production under different degrees of drought. This study provides a more comprehensive and systematic perspective for understanding the drought resistance mechanisms of desert plants.     

小麦条锈菌转主寄主小檗(Berberis germanensis)的人工接种鉴定

正条形柄锈菌小麦专化型(Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici),简称小麦条锈菌,是引起小麦条锈病(wheat stripe rust or yellow rust)的病原菌。近年通过人工室内接种证实小檗(Berberis spp.)是小麦条锈菌的转主寄主~([1]),由此揭示了小麦条锈菌是具有性、锈、夏、冬和担孢子5种孢子类型的全孢     

朱槿茎腐病病原鉴定

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis is an important landscaping plant in Nanning, Guangxi. In 2019, a new stem rot disease was found in H. rosa-sinensis planting area in Nanning. Six diseased samples were collected, and six fungal isolates were isolated and purified from these samples. The fungi were identified as genus Lasiodiplodia based on morphological characteristics of colony and spore. Combined with the text of Koch's rule and a multi-gene phylogenetic tree with sequences of rDNA-ITS, EF-α and β-tubulin, we confirmed that L. theobromae was the pathogen of the new stem rot disease in Nanning. This is the first report on L. theobromae causing H. rosa-sinensis disease in China.     

一株拮抗水稻白叶枯病菌的淡紫灰链霉菌的筛选鉴定及其生防效果研究

 为发现绿色安全的水稻白叶枯病天然生物防治微生物,本研究从植物根际土壤中分离获得165株放线菌。利用共培养法和牛津杯法,筛选获得了5株拮抗水稻白叶枯病菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, Xoo)的放线菌,其中拮抗能力最强的是Sl-10菌株,发酵液抑菌圈直径为62.1 mm ± 1.5 mm。根据形态特征、生理生化实验、16S rDNA序列和系统发育分析,鉴定Sl-10菌株为淡紫灰链霉菌(Streptomyces lavendulae)。Sl-10菌株发酵液对大豆斑点病菌(Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea)、烟草野火病菌(P. syringae pv. tabaci)、油菜黑腐病菌(X. campestris pv. campestris)、大豆斑疹病菌(X. axonopodis pv. glycines)、水稻条斑病菌(X. oryzae pv. oryzicola)、烟草青枯病菌(Ralstonia solanacearum)和番茄叶斑病菌(P. syringae pv. tomato)7种植物病原细菌均有拮抗作用。Sl-10菌株发酵液具有较好的耐光、耐酸碱和热稳定性。SDS-PAGE电泳结果显示,Sl-10菌株可抑制Xoo的蛋白质合成。4个品种水稻(甬优15、湘两优900、嘉丰2号和甬优1540)喷施Sl-10菌株发酵液,水稻白叶枯病的病斑抑制率达到82.27%~91.78%。研究结果显示,淡紫灰链霉菌Sl-10菌株具有较好的水稻白叶枯病生物防治潜能。     

云南三七病毒病的发生及病毒种类检测

 对云南省文山市、昆明市、红河州、曲靖市的三七主要种植区进行病毒病调查及相关病毒检测,发现病毒病在上述地区均有发生,年平均发病率均在5%以上,且种植年限越长发病率越高,已成为三七上仅次于根腐病的主要病害。三七病毒病症状类型复杂多样,主要有白化、黄化、褪绿、斑驳、皱缩、卷叶和坏死等。利用PCR/RT-PCR对2011年~2015年,以及2017年采集的466份疑似病毒病样品进行检测,发现侵染三七的病毒主要有三七Y病毒(Panax virus Y,PnVY)、中国番茄黄化曲叶病毒(tomato yellow leaf curl China virus,TYLCCNV)及其卫星(tomato yellow leaf curl China betasatellite,TYLCCNB)、三七A病毒(Panax notoginseng virus A,PnVA)和烟草扭脉病毒(tobacco vein distorting virus,TVDV),基中PnVY为当前为害云南三七的优势病毒,TVDV在三七上侵染为害系黄症病毒科成员侵染人参属植物的首次报道。PnVY、TYLCCNV、PnVA和TVDV的平均检出率分别为51.5%、31.9%、10.7%和7.0%,存在PnVY + TYLCCNV、PnVY + PnVA以及PnVA + TVDV复合侵染的现象,复合侵染的检出率分别为20.6%、3.4%和0.3%。未检测到番茄斑萎病毒(tomato spotted wilt tospovirus,TSWV)、黄瓜花叶病毒(cucumber mosaic virus,CMV)、烟草花叶病毒属(Tobamovirus)病毒、毛形病毒属(Crinivirus)病毒,以及菜豆金色花叶病毒属(Begomovirus)中除TYLCCNV以外的其他病毒。     

基于rDNA-ITS序列建立LAMP检测水稻潜根线虫的方法

 水稻潜根线虫(Hirschmanniella oryzae)在水稻产区普遍存在,是水稻(Oryza spp.)的主要植物寄生线虫,在世界范围内造成产量损失。本研究通过比较GenBank数据库中潜根属线虫相关序列,以水稻潜根线虫ITS-rDNA序列为靶标,设计了水稻潜根线虫LAMP的一组特异性引物,包括一对外引物(F3:5′-ATCTTGTCCTTTGGCACG-3′,B3:5′-CGGTTGAACAAACAACGT-3′)和一对内引物 (FIP: 5′-CAGCATAGCAACAGAATGAATTCACGGTCGTAAACCTAATACGCG-3′,BIP:5′-TTGTACTACAATGGATTGTTTTCGCCTGATCCATCCACCCATG-3′);用琼脂凝胶电泳法和SYBR Green I染色法筛选合适的引物和扩增条件,建立了优化的水稻潜根线虫LAMP检测条件:扩增温度为57℃,反应时间为45 min,反应体系中dNTPs 和 MgSO₄的浓度分别为1.4 mmol·L^-1和7 mmol·L^-1。本研究建立的检测方法可以检测鉴定水稻潜根线虫不同发育时期虫态(雌虫、雄虫、幼虫)个体,还可以从近缘种和其他植物寄生线虫混合的样品及水稻根组织样品中直接检测出水稻潜根线虫,且检测灵敏度达到1/1 000条成虫DNA。     

Spectral parameter-based models for leaf potassium concentration estimation in Ping'ou hybrid hazelnut

Ping′ou hybrid hazelnut is produced by cross cultivation and is widely cultivated in northern China with good development prospects. Based on a field experiment of fertilizer efficiency, the leaf spectral reflectance and leaf potassium (K) concentration were measured with different quantities of K fertilizer applied at four fruit growth stages (fruit setting stage, fruit rapid growth stage, fruit fat-change stage, and fruit near-maturity stage) of Ping′ou hybrid hazelnut in 2019. Spectral parameters that were significantly correlated with leaf K concentration were selected using Pearson correlation analysis, and spectral parameter estimation models of leaf K concentration were established by employing six different modelling methods (exponential function, power function, logarithmic function, linear function, quadratic function, and cubic function). The results indicated that at the fruit setting period, leaf K concentration was significantly correlated with D_y (spectra slope of yellow edge), R_g (reflectance of the green peak position), λ_o (red valley position), SD_b (blue edge area), SD_r/SD_b (where SD_r represents red edge area), and (SD_r-SD_b)/(SD_r+SD_b) (P<0.01). There were significant correlations of leaf K concentration with D_y, R_g, SD_b, R_g/R_o (where R_o is the reflectance of the red valley position), and (R_g-R_o)/(R_g+R_o) at the fruit rapid growth stage (P<0.01). Further, significant correlations of leaf K concentration with R_g, R_o, RNIR/Green, and RNIR/Blue were obtained at the fruit fat-change period (P<0.01). Finally, leaf K concentration showed significant correlations with D_r, R_g, R_o, SD_y (yellow edge area), and SD_r at the fruit near-maturity stage (P<0.01). Through a cubic function analysis, regression estimation model of leaf K concentration with highest fitting degree (R²) values at the four fruit growth stages was established. The findings in this study demonstrated that it is feasible to estimate leaf K concentration of Ping′ou hybrid hazelnut at the various phenological stages of fruit development by establishing regression models between leaf K concentration and spectral parameters.