硬壳蛤稚贝对淡水浸泡、干露和低温的耐受能力

试验表明:水温26～30℃,随着稚贝规格的增大,对淡水的耐受能力增加,壳长784μm的稚贝淡水浸泡30min无死亡,浸泡120min稚贝死亡率为23 3%;壳长1 32mm的稚贝浸泡3h无死亡,浸泡16h死亡率为100%。气温28～30℃,壳长为1 54mm的稚贝干露24h无死亡;干露36h和48h的死亡率分别为20 0%和63 3%。壳长6～8mm的稚贝0℃下22d无死亡,49d死亡率为70%;在-2 5℃下12d无死亡,34d死亡率为90%。硬壳蛤对低盐具有较强的耐受力,并具有较强的耐干露力。     

酸碱度和干露对墨西哥湾扇贝幼虫和稚贝的影响

2000年4月和2001年4月在浙江省五环县抛西水产育苗场研究了PH值和干露对墨西哥湾扇贝浮游幼虫和稚贝生长和存活的影响。结果表明：在PH值7—8条件下，存活率最高，生长最好。稚贝的耐干露能力低下。     

酸碱度和干露对墨西哥湾扇贝幼虫和稚贝的影响

为探讨酸碱度和干露对墨西哥湾扇贝不同发育阶段的影响,2000年4月和2001年4月在浙江省玉环县抛西水产育苗场用实验生态的方法研究了酸碱度和干露对墨西哥湾扇贝浮游幼虫和稚贝生长和存活的影响。结果表明:pH值7～8存活率最高,生长最好。稚贝的耐干露能力低下。     

温度和规格对虾夷扇贝干露耐受性的影响

研究了不同温度(10~17℃、15~17℃和20℃)对不同规格(平均壳高分别为831.7μm、3.2mm和26.7mm)虾夷扇贝干露耐受性的影响。试验结果表明,同种规格虾夷扇贝的干露耐受性随温度升高而降低;不同规格中,以平均壳高为831.7μm的稚贝对干露耐受性最高。在起始温度15℃和10℃干露条件下,20h以前,壳高3.2mm虾夷扇贝的成活率与壳高26.7mm的成活率差异不显著(P0.05),但壳高3.2mm虾夷扇贝成活率略低于壳高26.7mm虾夷扇贝的成活率,20h后,壳高3.2mm虾夷扇贝的干露成活率显著高于壳高26.7mm虾夷扇贝的成活率(P0.05)。本研究结果对不同规格虾夷扇贝苗种运输时的策略制定具有重要指导意义。     

施氏獭蛤稚贝对高温和干露的耐受性研究

针对南方沿海夏季高温对贝类种苗存活的影响,研究了北部湾海域施氏獭蛤自然群体人工繁育的稚贝对高温和干露的耐受性,以期为高温期稚贝培育和运输提供参考。试验结果表明:(1)施氏獭蛤稚贝的成活率在水温30~35℃时,存在显著的温度效应,随温度升高,稚贝存活率快速下降,组间差异显著(P0.05),高温敏感起始点为31℃,高起始致死温度为31.87℃,温度为33、34、35℃时,100%致死的时间分别为6d、4d和2d,7d后,稚贝不再死亡;(2)无沙干露组各温度维持100%存活的最长时间分别为20℃组18h,30℃组9h,10℃组6h,有沙干露组只有20℃组在15h内可维持100%存活,30℃组和10℃组在6h内已出现死亡。研究结果表明,无沙干露和20℃较适合稚贝的长途干露运输。研究结果为施氏獭蛤养殖海域的选取、稚贝的长途运输提供科学依据考。     

干露及温度变化对毛蚶苗种成活率的影响

采用实验生态学方法,研究了干露及温度变化对毛蚶苗种成活率的影响:在水温9.5~18.2℃范围内,体长22.01~27.72mm的毛蚶苗种,在温度升高的情况下,成活率总体呈下降趋势;试验范围内,不同种规格的毛蚶苗种在同一温度条件下,总体趋势是小规格苗种比大规格苗种成活率高。结果表明,毛蚶干露耐受力的长短,受温度影响明显,在试验范围内,小规格苗种耐干露能力比大规格苗种耐干露能力要强。     

不同规格虾夷扇贝捕后耐干露特性比较

为探究商品虾夷扇贝规格与其活品耐藏特性之间的关联,对春季上市虾夷扇贝的规格及质量进行分组,再将各组置于4 ℃下湿布覆盖进行3 d冷却干露贮藏,分别于0、1、2 d和3 d采样进行生化代谢指标分析。试验结果显示,市售春季虾夷扇贝依据壳长大致可分成(105.8±1.5) mm、(98.4± 2.3 ) mm及(90.5±1.7) mm 3个规格组,各规格单贝质量相差20~30 g;(98.4±2.3) mm组扇贝的肥满度及闭壳肌出成率较其他两组高,(90.5±1.7) mm组三磷酸腺苷初始含量最高,表明其捕后胁迫耐力好于较大规格扇贝,(90.5±1.7) mm组扇贝同样表现出更好的耐干露特性,干露3 d 三磷酸腺苷含量和核苷酸能荷均明显优于其他两组;糖原含量各组无明显差异。此外,各组扇贝冷却干露2 d后存活率均为100%,干露至第3 d各组开始出现死亡,其中(90.5±1.7) mm组扇贝耐干露特性最好;各组闭壳肌pH与体腔液pH差异不显著;氨基酸分析结果发现,甘氨酸和精氨酸是扇贝闭壳肌游离氨基酸中含量最丰富的氨基酸,其余游离氨基酸变化趋势不明显;体腔液含氮物中,氨含量较高,其余氨基酸含量均较低并在干露期间无明显变化趋势。     

魁蚶稚贝的底质选择性及其潜沙能力评价

底质是魁蚶稚贝潜沙、水平移动、存活与生长的重要环境因素,选择底质适宜的海区开展底播增殖,可以有效提高魁蚶稚贝的增殖效果,但目前仍缺乏相关研究。因此,在实验室条件下,研究了10 mm<壳长<15 mm、15 mm<壳长<20 mm、20 mm<壳长<25 mm、25 mm<壳长<30 mm 4种规格魁蚶稚贝对4种底质粒径(细砾、粗砂、中砂、细砂)的选择模式,并量化分析了20 mm<壳长<30 mm稚贝在5种底质粒径(增设泥底质)条件下的潜沙能力。结果表明:(1)10 mm<壳长<15 mm稚贝的足丝较发达,以附着生活为主,明显偏好粗砂底质,其在两种底质交界位置的分布率、水槽的贴壁率均最高;15 mm<壳长<30 mm稚贝转入营埋栖生活,随着规格的增大,稚贝选择的底质粒径亦增大,而在2种底质交界位置的分布率、水槽贴壁率也随之减小。其中15 mm<壳长<20 mm稚贝偏好选择中砂,分布率为50.50%,其次为细砂;20 mm<壳长<25 mm稚贝对不同粒径底质的适应性均较强;25 mm<壳长<30 mm稚贝偏好选择粗砂底质,分布率达到65%,其次为中砂。(2)20 mm<壳长<30 mm稚贝在淤泥底质中的初潜时间最短,为2.74 min,其次为中沙、细沙;在细砂底质中的潜沙率最高,达到85%,其次为中沙。综合分析认为,20 mm<壳长<30 mm稚贝是较适宜的底播苗种规格,而以中砂(0.25 mm<粒径<0.5 mm)和细砂(粒径<0.25 mm)为主要粒径组成的海区宜进行魁蚶稚贝的底播增殖。     

温度、光照和规格对硬壳蛤稚贝的潜砂活动的影响

在室内试验条件下研究了温度、光照和规格对硬壳蛤稚贝潜砂活动的影响。结果显示,温度、光照和规格对硬壳蛤稚贝潜砂活动都有显著影响（P〉0.05）。在水温8℃以上稚贝能够在较短的时间内潜砂,1小时内80%的稚贝能够潜入到砂中。光照强度的增加能提高稚贝潜砂的比例,3000～4000lx的光照下,90%左右的稚贝在2小时内潜入到砂中。10mm稚贝的潜砂比例要高于8mm和20mm的稚贝。     

自溶面包酵母在马氏珠母贝育苗中的饵料效果

在实验车间内利用120L的塑料箱作为实验容器,采用自溶面包酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)作为单细胞藻的辅助饵料,研究其在马氏珠母贝(Pinctada martensii Dunker)育苗中的饵料效果,以期解决该贝育苗过程饵料供应不稳定、易培饵料品种小球藻(Chlorella sp.)利用率低的问题。研究结果表明:(1)在温度(30.0±0.5)℃、NaCl质量分数3%、pH6.5～7.0的自溶条件下,用经过18h自溶的酵母投喂D形幼虫,其平均日壳长增长率显著高于其他自溶时间酵母投喂组效果,单独投喂非自溶酵母时D形幼虫不能存活;(2)D形幼虫期单投自溶酵母,幼虫成活率与金藻组没有显著差异(P>0.05),生长速度比金藻组提高8%(P<0.05),说明自溶酵母可以完全替代湛江等鞭金藻(Isochrysis zhanjiangensis Hu﹠Liu),但在壳顶幼虫期和稚贝期单投自溶酵母不能使幼虫和稚贝正常发育和存活;(3)壳顶幼虫期及眼点幼虫至稚贝期投喂"自溶酵母 小球藻(Chlorella sp.)"或"自溶酵母 扁藻[Platymonas subcordiformis(Wille)]",其生长速度及存活率或稚贝育成率均显著高于单投扁藻或小球藻(P<0.05),单投小球藻的饵料效果最差;(4)自溶酵母与小球藻混投对眼点幼虫至稚贝培育效果较单独投喂影响显著,可显著(P<0.05)提高稚贝的育成率、生长速度和耐干露能力。研究表明,使用自溶酵母可以优化马氏珠母贝健康苗种规模繁育中的饵料供应工艺及提高易培饵料品种小球藻的利用价值,从而提高该贝育苗效果。     

Establishment of shell growth analysis technique of juvenile Manila clam <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ruditapes philippinarum</Emphasis>: semidiurnal shell increment formation

ABSTRACT:   The conventional acetate peel method was modified to analyze the shell growth pattern of juvenile Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum as small as 2 mm in shell length (SL). In the outer shell layer along the axis of maximum growth, two types of growth increments were observed: distinct increments and indistinct increments, which, respectively, do and do not continue to the middle shell layer. The distinct increments were found to be formed every two days in intertidal and shallow subtidal zones by field enclosure experiments of juveniles with datum points marked with alizarin complexone. Growth patterns of juveniles (12 mm SL) collected from the Seaside Park of Yokohama in Tokyo Bay were analyzed to confirm the modified method. Mean daily shell growth rate from April to July 2005 ranged 120–142 μm/day, which was reasonable as compared with previous studies. It was impossible to backcalculate the growth to the settlement size (i.e. 0.2 mm SL) because of erosion of the outer shell surface, and the smallest backcalculated minimum shell length was 0.8 mm. Fluctuations in daily growth rate were high, ranging 29–315 μm/day, and did not show a clear two-weekly rhythm.     

SEM observations on larval shell morphology of Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum and their utility

Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum is common and abundant on Japanese tidal flats, forming a commercially important clam fishery. However, annual catches of Manila clam have decreased drastically since 1975?C1985. To study larval recruitment processes of Manila clam, we carried out scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations on larval and juvenile shells of clams reared at 20 and 24?°C. There was no significant difference in final shell length of trochophores between 20 and 24?°C. However, the larval duration was much longer and the shell length of settled size of pediveligers was much larger for clams reared at 20?°C than those reared at 24?°C. These findings suggest that larval duration and growth, as well as settlement size, may vary markedly depending on temperature (and probably on season). The larval shell morphology of Manila clam can provide essential information about larval recruitment processes.     

Experimental challenges of juvenile and adult Manila clams with the protozoan Perkinsus olseni at different temperatures

Infection with Perkinsus species, primarily P. olseni, is thought to be a major cause of the decline of Manila clam populations in Japan since the 1980s. However, the pathogenicity of the infection has not been sufficiently evaluated to estimate the impact of infection on wild Manila clam populations. We experimentally challenged juvenile (3- to 6-mm shell length) and adult (18- to 22-mm shell length) Manila clams with P. olseni at 18, 23, 28, and 30 °C. Mortality was significantly higher in challenged groups than in control groups. The difference in mean mortality between the challenged and control groups (all life stages and temperatures) was only significant above a threshold of infection intensity ~10⁶ cells/g soft wet tissue (SWT). As temperature increased, the onset of mortality occurred more rapidly. The increase in mortality occurred earlier in juveniles than adults at 28 °C and lower. Our results suggest that the pathogenicity of P. olseni is higher in juveniles than in adults and at higher water temperatures. Given the infection intensities (ca. 10⁶ cells/g SWT) previously reported in wild Manila clams, the parasite likely has considerable impact on wild Manila clam populations, particularly juveniles during periods of high temperature.     

胶州湾移植底播菲律宾蛤仔的生长和死亡特性

2004年5月至2005年4月对胶州湾菲律宾蛤仔（Rudimpes philippinarum）底播增殖区进行了逐月定点采样，将样品带回放于实验室内水族箱暂养，每站随机取样，共对3269个个体进行了基本生物学特性测定，研究了移植底播菲律宾蛤仔的生长、死亡等渔业生物学特性。结果表明，底播增殖菲律宾蛤仔苗种的平均个体质量0．26g、平均壳长11．1mm；底播蛤仔与野生蛤仔在生长规律上基本一致，春末至秋初（4～9月）是其主要生长期；1～3龄期间个体生长速度较快，1～2龄、2～3龄，个体质量分别增长3．88g和4．02g；1～2龄生物量增长最快，2～3龄由于死亡率增大，其生物量增长缓慢；1～3龄蛤仔软体部的生长速度快于贝壳，5～6月是菲律宾蛤仔的繁殖肥育期。根据个体生长特性，3龄为最佳采捕年龄；根据目前的养殖状况，2龄蛤仔已达到商品规格，从生物量上分析，采捕2龄蛤仔收益最高；6月是最佳的捕获时期。蛤仔生长具有明显的季节变化，水温是影响菲律宾蛤仔生长的主要环境因子。[中国水产科学，2006，13（4）：642—649]     

乐清湾塘养泥蚶的生长

1998年6月至2000年7月对浙江省乐清湾塘养泥蚶的生长进行了详细的观察。刚孵化变态的D形幼虫壳长92-100μm，经10d培育达到180.5-201.5μm，平均每日增长8.9-10.2μm；稚贝附着后16d平均壳长从191.3μm增长到634.1μm，平均每日增长27.7μm；出库稚贝放养于围塘内，培育9个月平均壳长达到8.34mm，成为商品贝苗，平均每月增长0.86mm，其中9－10月份增长可达1.65mm；再经15个月培育达到成品贝，平均壳长28.57mm，平均每月增长1.35mm。泥蚶是一种慢生型贝类。对室内浮游幼虫、稚贝、中间暂养贝苗、成蚶养殖期间的多项生长指标进行测量和称重，获得的相关关系非常显著。     

Growth Improvement of Shell Length in the Orange Strain of Manila Clam,Ruditapes philippinarum

Mass selection for shell length was conducted in the orange strain of the Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum, in this study. Based on the size‐frequency distribution, the clams constituting the largest 10% of the distribution were selected as parents for the selected line. An equal number of clams of the orange strain were randomly chosen as parents for the control line prior to the size selection. The responses to selection and realized heritability were 2.37 and 0.61, respectively. In addition, 97.3% of the progenies inherited the orange shell color. Our results suggest that mass selection for fast growth of shell length in this orange strain of the Manila clam is effective.     

不同地理群体菲律宾蛤仔的选择反应及现实遗传力

对不同地理群体的3龄菲律宾蛤仔(Pp莆田群体、Dp大连群体、Tp东京群体)进行了混合选择。测量了各实验组的壳长,计算了不同地理群体菲律宾蛤仔的选择反应和现实遗传力。结果表明,3个地群体菲律宾蛤仔子代的上选组壳长显著大于对照组(P<0.05)。在不同生长发育阶段,菲律宾蛤仔的选择反应(R)和现实遗传力(hR2)随着日龄的增大而减小,即R幼虫培育期0.804±0.084>稚贝期0.705±0.039>养成期0.671±0.024;hR2幼虫期0.458±0.051>稚贝期0.402±0.025>养成期0.382±0.013。从总体水平上分析,菲律宾蛤仔R为0.726±0.1074,莆田群体、大连群体、东京群体的R分别为0.758±0.101、0.690±0.049、0.732±0.059;hR2为0.414±0.044,莆田群体、大连群体、东京群体的hR2分别为0.432±0.058、0.393±0.028、0.417±0.033。地理群体间的R和hR2次序为莆田群体>东京群体>大连群体,且彼此间无显著差异。     

Growth,mortality and reproduction of the transplanted Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum Adams & Reeve 1850) in Jiaozhou Bay

Samples of Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum Adams & Reeve 1850) were collected from May 2004 to April 2005 monthly, and plankton net trawling of planktonic larvae and bottom sediment sampling surveys were further conducted from May to October 2006 in Jiaozhou Bay. Based on the data collected, growth, mortality and reproduction of the transplanted Manila clam and the environmental effects were examined. The results showed that the enhanced clams grew well and showed a growth trend similar to the local wild ones. The main growth periods lasted from April to September, with the water temperature being the main factor affecting the growth, which was the same as that of the wild clams. There were also two reproduction cycles for the farmed Manila clams each year in Jiaozhou Bay and the main breeding period was from May to June. The phenomenon of delayed metamorphosis was quite common through larval development. The farmed clams could spawn when they reached sexual maturity, but they could not perform effective recruitment as many planktonic larvae died during metamorphosis and settlement. A preliminary study indicated that sediment perturbation and marine environment pollution were the main factors causing the death of larvae in the development process.     

不同地理群体菲律宾蛤仔表型性状的相关性与通径分析

随机选取繁殖时期的南方群体北方养殖菲律宾蛤仔(SN)、北方土著品种(NN)和南方群体南方养殖蛤仔(SS),测量其壳长(SL)、壳高(SH)、壳宽(SW)、活体质量(mL)、软体质量(mM)和烘干后软体部干质量(mF),采用相关与通径分析方法分析不同地理群体的菲律宾蛤仔表型性状对软体质量的作用效果,为菲律宾蛤仔的选择育种提供理论依据和测度指标。试验结果表明,不同地理群体菲律宾蛤仔的形态学指标无显著差异(P>0.05);不同地理群体各数量性状之间的相关关系均达到极显著水平(P<0.01);决定系数分析表明,不同地理群体菲律宾蛤仔影响软体质量的主要表型性状并不相同,南方群体北方养殖蛤仔群体的壳宽直接作用最大,壳宽通过壳高的间接作用是次要因素;北方土著品种群体壳长是主要因素,壳长通过壳高的间接作用是次要因素;南方群体南方养殖蛤仔群体壳高的直接作用是主要因素,壳长通过壳高的间接作用是次要因素。对通径系数检验不显著的自变量进行删除,利用逐步回归的方法,建立不同地理群体菲律宾蛤仔软体质量的最优回归方程:SN群体,mM1=-4.276+0.211SH+0.116SW;NN群体,mM2=-2.806+0.088SL+0.087SH;SS群体,mM3=-3.101+0.290SH。回归方程分析表明回归关系均达到极显著水平(P<0.01)。     

Heritability of larval and juvenile growth for two stocks of Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum

The heritability of larval and juvenile growth in natural and cultured populations of the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum was estimated using an unbalanced nested design and an artificial fertilization technique. A total of 33 full‐sib families and 10 half‐sib families were obtained from the natural population in Shihe (Dalian, Liaoning Province in the north‐eastern part of China), whereas 11 half‐sib families and 33 full‐sib families were generated from the cultured population in Putian (Fujian Province in the south‐eastern part of China). The offspring from each family were reared under the same hatchery and nursery conditions. Results from these studies led to estimates indicating a significantly greater influence due to the dam component compared with the sire component for both natural and cultured populations, which was mainly due to maternal effect. We found that the heritability estimates obtained from the intra‐group correlation of sire half‐sib were precise and unbiased. The narrow‐sense heritabilities of shell length for the Manila clam in the natural population (NP) at larval (at the age of 9 days) and juvenile (at the age of 30 days) stages were 0.22 ± 0.11 and 0.39 ± 0.14, respectively, whereas those in the cultured population (CP) were 0.17 ± 0.09 and 0.87 ± 0.24 respectively. The heritabilities of both NP and CP at 3 days were not significantly different from zero, and were ?0.03 for NP and ?0.14 for CP. These results suggest that selection should be highly effective in Manila clam, and that selecting either a natural or a cultured population for producing faster growing larvae and juveniles should be successful. Selective breeding could thus be used to develop high‐quality seed that would facilitate the development of a shorter culture cycle and higher yields.