菲律宾蛤仔獐子岛群体两种壳型表型性状比较

以大连獐子岛野生菲律宾蛤仔为材料,对"壳宽型"、"壳扁型"蛤仔两个壳型的壳长、壳宽、壳高、活体质量、软体质量、产卵量及其子代的生长和存活进行比较。试验结果表明,相同壳长的两种壳型蛤仔,"壳宽型"蛤仔的活体质量及软体质量均显著高于"壳扁型"蛤仔(P0.05);两种壳型蛤仔的壳宽均是影响活体质量的主要因素,壳长均是影响软体质量的主要因素;两种壳型蛤仔初孵D形幼虫、3日龄、6日龄幼虫壳长生长差异不显著(P0.05);15日龄"壳扁型"蛤仔幼虫壳长生长显著快于"壳宽型"蛤仔(P0.05);稚贝期,除30日龄外,"壳宽型"蛤仔壳长生长显著快于"壳扁型"蛤仔(P0.05);"壳宽型"蛤仔幼虫及稚贝期存活率均显著高于"壳扁型"品系(P0.05)。     

菲律宾蛤仔稚贝最适生长环境条件的响应面法分析

为考察温度(T)、盐度(S)、pH及三者交互作用对菲律宾蛤仔稚贝期壳长生长的影响,使用Design-Expert 7.0软件采用BBD(Box-Behnken Design)实验设计方案,进行响应面分析,寻找最适生长条件组合,并构造蛤仔稚贝壳长生长模型。实验进行30 d对蛤仔稚贝壳长(L)进行测量。实验条件梯度设计为温度(30℃、25℃、20℃)、盐度(15、20、25)、pH[(7.00±0.09)、(8.00±0.09)、(9.00±0.09)]。结果显示:(1)温度在实验区间内与蛤仔稚贝壳长生长呈一定的正相关,在30℃附近达到壳长极值,盐度在实验区间内也与壳长生长呈一定正相关,但在接近25时达到壳长极值,pH在8～9时出现壳长极值,略偏碱性水体有利于蛤仔稚贝生长。(2)温度、盐度及pH三者间对蛤仔稚贝生长无显著交互作用(P>0.05)。通过Design-Expert 7.0软件对数据进行二次多元回归拟合,得到蛤仔稚贝壳长Y对编码自变量A、B和C的二次多元回归方程:Y=4.08+0.10A+0.18B+0.11C-0.055A2-0.13B2-0.12C2(R2=0.977 4),软件模拟最适蛤仔稚贝生长的条件组合为[T=29.65℃,S=23.35,pH=(8.46±0.09)]。     

菲律宾蛤仔福建与广东群体的双列杂交

2015年9月–12月,以菲律宾蛤仔福建养殖群体和广东野生群体子一代为亲本,开展了双列杂交实验,建立了两个自交组和两个杂交组,研究了杂交子代幼虫和稚贝的生长与存活的杂种优势。结果显示,各实验组均有较高的受精率和孵化率,但无显著差异。总体上,幼虫期的生长受母体效应影响显著,稚贝期的生长杂交效应主要受交配方式影响。相反,幼虫期的存活受配对方式影响最显著,稚贝期的存活受卵源影响显著。在幼虫期,杂交组与自交组在生长和存活方面差异不显著。在稚贝期,生长表现出明显的杂种优势,壳长和壳高在30日龄以后,正反交组的平均生长速率显著快于自交组。在40日龄时,壳高和壳长总杂交优势值达到最大,分别为25.64和27.00。这可能是因为杂种优势的表达具有时期差异性。在幼虫期,福建自交组表现出最高的存活率,为36.45%±1.85%;稚贝期,广东自交组存活率最高,为52.27%±2.13%。在幼虫期和稚贝期的存活率方面,未观测到杂种优势,这可能是由于两个杂交亲本群体与存活相关的基因频率无差异或者检测次数较少所致。     

菲律宾蛤仔浅海规模化苗种中间培育调查

为改进菲律宾蛤仔苗种中间培育技术,对福建省晋江市围头湾浅海中培的菲律宾蛤仔稚贝生长和海区环境进行了调查分析。结果显示,从2019年1月到4月,海区水温逐渐上升,盐度逐渐下降,但均处于菲律宾蛤仔稚贝适宜范围;浮游植物以硅藻为主,1月份密度为5 100个/L,4月份密度为8 300个/L;菲律宾蛤仔稚贝壳长由(2.33±0.75)mm生长至(11.14±2.52)mm,成活率为30.30%。     

不同地理群体菲律宾蛤仔表型性状的相关性与通径分析

随机选取繁殖时期的南方群体北方养殖菲律宾蛤仔(SN)、北方土著品种(NN)和南方群体南方养殖蛤仔(SS),测量其壳长(SL)、壳高(SH)、壳宽(SW)、活体质量(mL)、软体质量(mM)和烘干后软体部干质量(mF),采用相关与通径分析方法分析不同地理群体的菲律宾蛤仔表型性状对软体质量的作用效果,为菲律宾蛤仔的选择育种提供理论依据和测度指标。试验结果表明,不同地理群体菲律宾蛤仔的形态学指标无显著差异(P>0.05);不同地理群体各数量性状之间的相关关系均达到极显著水平(P<0.01);决定系数分析表明,不同地理群体菲律宾蛤仔影响软体质量的主要表型性状并不相同,南方群体北方养殖蛤仔群体的壳宽直接作用最大,壳宽通过壳高的间接作用是次要因素;北方土著品种群体壳长是主要因素,壳长通过壳高的间接作用是次要因素;南方群体南方养殖蛤仔群体壳高的直接作用是主要因素,壳长通过壳高的间接作用是次要因素。对通径系数检验不显著的自变量进行删除,利用逐步回归的方法,建立不同地理群体菲律宾蛤仔软体质量的最优回归方程:SN群体,mM1=-4.276+0.211SH+0.116SW;NN群体,mM2=-2.806+0.088SL+0.087SH;SS群体,mM3=-3.101+0.290SH。回归方程分析表明回归关系均达到极显著水平(P<0.01)。     

不同地理群体菲律宾蛤仔壳形态对体重性状的影响研究

采集我国南北沿海9个地理群体的菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum),利用通径分析等方法评估各群体形态性状对活体重和软体重的影响。结果显示,各群体壳长、壳高、壳宽和壳厚4 个形态性状对菲律宾蛤仔活体重和软体重的影响存在显著差异。除壳厚外,其他形态性状与活体重和软体重呈显著相关(P < 0.05)。通径分析和决定系数分析显示,大多数群体的壳宽对活体重和软体重的直接作用最大。2个形态比例参数(壳宽/壳长和壳高/壳长)最大值出现在山东莱州群体(0.49和0.74),而最小值出现在大连东港群体(0.42和0.67)。壳厚的变异系数最大(22.74),而壳高的变异系数最小(9.47)。通过检验偏回归系数的显著性,建立了各群体形态性状对软体重的最优回归方程。聚类分析表明,菲律宾蛤仔不同群体未出现明显的地域分布特征,而呈现出不规律的南北交替聚类现象。本研究查明了不同地理群体菲律宾蛤仔壳形态性状对体重性状的影响,为菲律宾蛤仔地理群体的形态判别、种质资源分析和遗传育种研究等提供了重要科学依据。     

菲律宾蛤仔家系的建立及早期生长发育

采用不平衡巢式设计建立33个菲律宾蛤仔家系(11个父系半同胞家系和33个全同胞家系),并对各家系蛤仔的卵径、受精率、孵化率及生长、存活和变态的相关指标进行了分析。结果表明:各家系蛤仔的卵径、受精率无显著差异(P>0.05,n=90),但孵化率有明显差异(P<0.05,n=90)。在不同时期各家系蛤仔的生长情况不同。幼虫期间,9日龄C2生长最快比生长最慢的F2平均壳长大28.24%,且差异显著(P<0.05,n=90)。D3绝对生长最大比平均值高37.24%。稚贝期间,40日龄I1生长最快比生长最慢的B3平均壳长大78.29%,且差异显著(P<0.05,n=90)。I1绝对生长也最大比平均值高87.61%,其中400～500μm个体占30%,500μm以上个体占53.33%,家系内个体趋于大型化,而B1、B3家系内个体生长性状出现衰退现象,趋于小型化,300μm以下个体分别占整个家系的83.33%、90%。在相同时期各家系蛤仔的存活率不同。幼虫期间,9日龄I2存活率最高比平均存活率高94.14%,E3存活率最低比平均存活率低72.65%。稚贝期间,40日龄时各家系稚贝的存活率较高,都在85%以上。变态期间,同胞...     

深凹壳型香港牡蛎选育群体生长性状的遗传参数估计

为了培育壳型和生长性状优良的深凹壳型香港牡蛎新品系,以广东台山镇海湾野生香港牡蛎天然采苗的2龄养殖群体为基础群体,以壳型指数D为指标,按照10%留种率和1.755选择强度,利用截头法进行深凹壳型香港牡蛎的群体选育;分析了幼虫期、中间培养期、养成后期的选择反应、遗传获得和现实遗传力等遗传参数。结果发现,选择组的壳高和壳型指数D均大于对照组,遗传参数估算值随着个体的增大而增加。幼虫期,壳高的平均选择反应、平均遗传获得、平均现实遗传力分别为0.363±0.167、1.678%±0.416%、0.207±0.095,中间培养期分别0.639±0.115、7.618%±2.666%、0.364±0.065,养成后期分别为0.668±0.179、8.861%±3.072%、0.381±0.102。养成后期,壳型指数D的平均选择反应、平均遗传获得、平均现实遗传力分别为0.748±0.066、9.090%±0.565%、0.426±0.038。研究结果为培育深凹壳型、生长性能良好的香港牡蛎优良品种提供了实验依据和理论基础。     

家系内大、小两种规格菲律宾蛤仔的双列杂交

以壳长为标准,在菲律宾蛤仔生长速度快的家系中选择大、小两种规格蛤仔,上选雌性个体为A、雄性为B;下选雌性个体为a、雄性为b,采用双列杂交方法,分别建立AB、Ab、aB、ab4组近交家系。测量并统计分析各近交家系的幼虫期和稚贝期的壳长生长及变态情况。结果表明:近交家系的生长顺序为AB>Ab>aB>ab,除9日龄外,AB与ab的壳长生长差异显著(P<0.05)。随着日龄的增加,AB逐渐体现出明显的生长优势,在90日龄时与其它三个家系的生长差异明显(P<0.05)。杂交组Ab的生长优于aB,表明菲律宾蛤仔前期的生长也受母本效应的影响。从6日龄起,各近交家系开始附着变态,AB的变态率为71.12%1.53%,与Ab、aB差异不显著(P>0.05),与ab(41.6%1.33%)差异显著(P<0.05)。家系内近交改变了蛤仔附着变态时期的壳长生长分布频率,上选组AB壳长分布趋于大型化,而下选组ab壳长分布趋于小型化,Ab,aB两家系近似正态分布。研究表明,在家系内上选生长性状优良个体进行逐代选育是培育蛤仔速生新品种的有效手段。     

不同壳色菲律宾蛤仔品系间的双列杂交

于2006年秋,以"海洋红"(R)、白蛤(W)、斑马蛤(Z)为材料,开展了不同壳色菲律宾蛤仔品系间3×3的双列杂交.实验由3个自交组R×R、W×W、Z×Z和3个杂交组R×Z、W×Z、W×R,即6个正反交RZ、ZR、WZ、ZW、WR、RW组成,研究了子一代在不同阶段生长、变态、存活的杂种优势及壳色遗传机制.结果表明,在不同阶段,不同杂交组合的杂种优势表现程度不同.浮游期间,各杂交组幼虫生长优势(Hg)随着日龄而增大,存活优势(Hs)与日龄几乎无相关性,其值分别为Hg=6.20±2.43,Hs=14.83±0.28.W×Z杂交组合表现出明显的杂种优势,其值分别为Hg w×z=8.50±2.79,Hs w×z=20.59±0.98, 与R×Z、W×R杂交组差异显著(P ＜0.05).杂交有效地提高了变态率,缩短了变态时间;变态率的杂种优势为Hm=15.84,平均缩短变态时间2d.室内培育期间,刚刚完成变态的稚贝很快表现出生长优势,而后一段时间才表现出存活优势,其值分别为Hg=8.98±2.91,Hs=8.11±8.18;W×Z杂交组合的杂种优势为Hg w×z=15.93±6.47、Hs w×z=8.78±8.76,Hg w×z与R×Z、W×R杂交组差异显著(P ＜0.05),Hs w×z与W×R杂交组差异显著(P ＜0.05).养成期间,幼贝的杂种优势分别为Hg=12.77±1.20,Hs=49.85±1.93;W×Z杂交组合的杂种优势分别为Hg w×z=20.92±1.98,Hs w×z=61.60±1.38,与其它杂交组的显著性差异程度与稚贝期相同.从总体水平上分析,幼虫、稚贝、幼贝生长速度的杂种优势分别为15.06、17.40、15.77,彼此间无显著性差异(P ＞0.05);综合各阶段的杂种优势,3个杂交组的杂种优势大小顺次为:W×Z＞R×Z＞W×R.R×Z、W×Z、W×R的子一代的壳色分别表现为:红斑马、白斑马(左壳背部有一条深色条带)、中红(左壳背部有一条深色条带),且正反交的壳色表现一致,说明壳色表现形式与性别无关,为非伴性遗传.     

Heritability of larval and juvenile growth for two stocks of Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum

The heritability of larval and juvenile growth in natural and cultured populations of the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum was estimated using an unbalanced nested design and an artificial fertilization technique. A total of 33 full‐sib families and 10 half‐sib families were obtained from the natural population in Shihe (Dalian, Liaoning Province in the north‐eastern part of China), whereas 11 half‐sib families and 33 full‐sib families were generated from the cultured population in Putian (Fujian Province in the south‐eastern part of China). The offspring from each family were reared under the same hatchery and nursery conditions. Results from these studies led to estimates indicating a significantly greater influence due to the dam component compared with the sire component for both natural and cultured populations, which was mainly due to maternal effect. We found that the heritability estimates obtained from the intra‐group correlation of sire half‐sib were precise and unbiased. The narrow‐sense heritabilities of shell length for the Manila clam in the natural population (NP) at larval (at the age of 9 days) and juvenile (at the age of 30 days) stages were 0.22 ± 0.11 and 0.39 ± 0.14, respectively, whereas those in the cultured population (CP) were 0.17 ± 0.09 and 0.87 ± 0.24 respectively. The heritabilities of both NP and CP at 3 days were not significantly different from zero, and were ?0.03 for NP and ?0.14 for CP. These results suggest that selection should be highly effective in Manila clam, and that selecting either a natural or a cultured population for producing faster growing larvae and juveniles should be successful. Selective breeding could thus be used to develop high‐quality seed that would facilitate the development of a shorter culture cycle and higher yields.     

Growth Improvement of Shell Length in the Orange Strain of Manila Clam,Ruditapes philippinarum

Mass selection for shell length was conducted in the orange strain of the Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum, in this study. Based on the size‐frequency distribution, the clams constituting the largest 10% of the distribution were selected as parents for the selected line. An equal number of clams of the orange strain were randomly chosen as parents for the control line prior to the size selection. The responses to selection and realized heritability were 2.37 and 0.61, respectively. In addition, 97.3% of the progenies inherited the orange shell color. Our results suggest that mass selection for fast growth of shell length in this orange strain of the Manila clam is effective.     

Experimental challenges of juvenile and adult Manila clams with the protozoan Perkinsus olseni at different temperatures

Infection with Perkinsus species, primarily P. olseni, is thought to be a major cause of the decline of Manila clam populations in Japan since the 1980s. However, the pathogenicity of the infection has not been sufficiently evaluated to estimate the impact of infection on wild Manila clam populations. We experimentally challenged juvenile (3- to 6-mm shell length) and adult (18- to 22-mm shell length) Manila clams with P. olseni at 18, 23, 28, and 30 °C. Mortality was significantly higher in challenged groups than in control groups. The difference in mean mortality between the challenged and control groups (all life stages and temperatures) was only significant above a threshold of infection intensity ~10⁶ cells/g soft wet tissue (SWT). As temperature increased, the onset of mortality occurred more rapidly. The increase in mortality occurred earlier in juveniles than adults at 28 °C and lower. Our results suggest that the pathogenicity of P. olseni is higher in juveniles than in adults and at higher water temperatures. Given the infection intensities (ca. 10⁶ cells/g SWT) previously reported in wild Manila clams, the parasite likely has considerable impact on wild Manila clam populations, particularly juveniles during periods of high temperature.     

SEM observations on larval shell morphology of Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum and their utility

Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum is common and abundant on Japanese tidal flats, forming a commercially important clam fishery. However, annual catches of Manila clam have decreased drastically since 1975?C1985. To study larval recruitment processes of Manila clam, we carried out scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations on larval and juvenile shells of clams reared at 20 and 24?°C. There was no significant difference in final shell length of trochophores between 20 and 24?°C. However, the larval duration was much longer and the shell length of settled size of pediveligers was much larger for clams reared at 20?°C than those reared at 24?°C. These findings suggest that larval duration and growth, as well as settlement size, may vary markedly depending on temperature (and probably on season). The larval shell morphology of Manila clam can provide essential information about larval recruitment processes.     

缢蛏选育系F5的生长优势比较及育种效应分析

以6个缢蛏(Sinonovacula constricta)自然群体(浙江象山群体、浙江乐清群体、福建霞浦群体、福建长乐群体、江苏射阳群体和上海崇明群体)为材料,构建基础群体F_0,采用群体选育方法进行多代连续选育(选择强度2.063),比较了选育系F_5与对照群体的生长差异,并估计F_5的选择反应、现实遗传力和遗传获得。结果表明,F_5的卵径及受精率与对照组无显著差异(P0.05),但F_5的变态率、存活率及后期壳长生长明显优于对照组(P0.05);7~360日龄F_5壳长的选择反应、现实遗传力与遗传获得的变化范围分别为0.30~0.78,0.14~0.37和4.83%~42.18%,平均为(0.49±0.06),(0.23±0.08)和(26.49±11.73)%。研究结果表明,对缢蛏的连续多代选育是有效的,可以明显提高其存活能力和主要经济性状。     

菲律宾蛤仔人工选育群体与野生群体的遗传多样性分析

本研究利用10对微卫星标记对菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)人工选育群体与野生群体进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明,每个位点的等位基因数为3~12个,期望杂合度范围为0.307~0.757,观测杂合度范围0.208~0.583。等位基因丰富度AR的大小范围是3.0~10.7,PCR扩增产物片段大小在178~390 bp,共得到63个等位基因,平均等位基因数范围从4.4(白蛤)到5.1(龙王塘野生群体),野生群体等位基因丰富度最大(5.278),白蛤群体的等位基因丰富度最小(4.267)。哈迪–温伯格检验发现4个群体和10对微卫星的40个组合中,有21个组合显著偏离哈迪–温伯格平衡状态。Kruskal-Wallis检验表明各个群体间的平均等位基因丰富度无显著差异。4个群体遗传分化系数F_(st)在0.086~0.180,遗传分化最大的是白斑马蛤群体与龙王塘野生群体(F_(st)=0.180),遗传分化最小的是白蛤群体和海洋橙群体(F_(st)=0.086)。人工选育群体表现为中度分化水平(F_(st):0.086~0.113);龙王塘野生群体与人工选育群体表现为较大分化水平(F_(st):0.134~0.180)。结果表明,人工选育群体的遗传多样性仍然比较高,但连续的选育对群体的遗传多样性和遗传分化有一定程度的影响。     

Manila clam Tapes philippinarum culture: Sediment-clam interactions

Manila clam (Tapes philippinarum) culture and sediment interactions were tested by comparing two rearing areas, including an oceanic (‘Le-Ferret’) and a more estuarine (‘Les-Jacquets’) sites in the bay of Arcachon (France). The growth of a calibrated clam population (10-mm spat) was monitored in these two areas with a concomitant sediment-water interface survey over a 1.5-year period. Two sites per area, including control and rearing plots, were sampled on a monthly basis. The potential clam farming impacts by bioturbation and interactions were examined at three sediment depths: 0–1, 1–2 and 2–10 cm. Moreover, the main hydrobiological parameters were measured on a weekly basis to establish a relationship between these parameters and sediment-water interface characteristics. The existence of a gradient between the three depths was revealed for most of the parameters examined, with the exception of silt and organic carbon levels, and this regardless of the area examined. Clam growth showed a rate improvement in the oceanic area, which is characterized by a lower silt content. The clam effect was minimal and the activity identified at the ‘Ferret’ site was in fact due to the presence of a net which acted as a particle trap. No significant relationship was established between water column parameters and those of the sediment-water interface at the two geographical sites examined. These results demonstrate that clam rearing had only a limited effect on the environmental sediment parameters (i.e. water percentage, and phaeopigments and silt levels) from a spatio-temporal point of view. Therefore, a return to environmental conditions existing before the implementation of clam fanning is likely to occur upon cessation of this activity.     

干露及淡水浸泡对菲律宾蛤仔稚贝生长和存活的影响

于2004年3—5月研究了干露及淡水浸泡对菲律宾蛤仔稚贝生长及存活的影响。试验结果表明,(1)同种规格稚贝耐干露和淡水浸泡能力随着温度升高而下降;相同温度下,不同规格稚贝耐干露能力随规格的增加而增大,耐淡水浸泡能力在稚贝壳长9.5mm时,随规格增大而增大,当稚贝规格9.5mm时,耐淡水浸泡能力随规格的增大而减小。(2)经干露和淡水浸泡的稚贝在开始7d内生长缓慢,生长速度远不及未经处理的稚贝,7d后各种规格的稚贝生长明显加快,达到、甚至超过未经处理稚贝的生长速度,存在补偿生长现象。     

Genetic characterizations of Mactra veneriformis (Bivalve) along the Chinese coast using ISSR-PCR markers

The genetic structure of seven different populations of the surf clam Mactra veneriformes along the coast of China was investigated by Inter-Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) fingerprinting of 210 individual clams. Of the 240 ISSR loci tested, 235 (97.9%) were polymorphic. We found a clear tendency for higher F_ST values and lower gene flow levels between the populations with increasing geographical separation. The seven different geographic populations can be divided into three subgroups: Liaoning, Qingdao/Lianyungang, and Ningbo based on the UPGMA dendrogram of Nei's genetic distance. These results indicated that isolation of geographic distance played an important role in population differentiation.