利用微卫星荧光多重PCR技术分析壳白长牡蛎3代人工选育群体的遗传多样性

为了探讨壳白长牡蛎人工选育对群体遗传变异的影响,实验利用4个多重PCR组合共10个微卫星标记分析了连续3代壳白长牡蛎人工选育群体和野生群体及基础群体的遗传多样性。结果发现,6个群体的平均等位基因数量为7.2~12.6,等位基因丰度为6.8~11.0,期望和观测杂合度分别为0.672~0.769和0.486~0.542;与野生群体相比,3代选育群体的平均等位基因数显著降低,但平均期望杂合度并无显著差异。哈迪—温伯格平衡检验结果显示,在60个群体—位点组合中有39个群体—位点组合显著偏离哈迪—温伯格平衡,近交系数F_(is)范围为0.215~0.342。群体间遗传分化指数F_(st)范围为0.005~0.076,处于中—低等的遗传分化水平。研究表明,虽然连续选育对群体的遗传多样性和遗传分化造成了一定程度的影响,但人工选育群体依然表现为较高的遗传多样性,仍可以一定的选择压力对选育群体进行人工选育。     

福建牡蛎选育群体的遗传多样性

利用8个微卫星标记对福建牡蛎(Crassostrea angulata)基础群体、‘金蛎1号’选育系F6和野生群体进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明,每个位点在各群体的等位基因数为7~24个,各群体在所有位点的平均等位基因数为10.3~17.6个,平均等位基因丰度为9.8~16.8。平均观测杂合度和平均期望杂合度分别为0.655~0.662和0.788~0.872。经邦弗朗尼校正,哈迪–温伯格平衡检验结果显示,在24个群体–位点组合中18个群体–位点组合显著偏离平衡(P0.01)。群体内近交系数F_(is)值介于0.0095~0.2874,平均值为0.1992,遗传分化系数F_(st)介于0.0224~0.1627,平均值为0.0767,暗示选育群体中存在较低水平的非随机交配现象,属于中度偏低分化。研究表明,连续的选育对群体的遗传分化产生了一定的影响,但是,选育群体仍然具有较高水平的遗传多样性。     

中华绒螯蟹野生群体和不同水系人工选育群体的遗传多样性分析

本研究利用10个微卫星分子标记分析了中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis) 3个不同水系人工选育群体(“长江1号”、“光合1号”和七里海河蟹)和1个海河流域自然群体的遗传多样性和遗传分化水平。结果显示,10个位点在4个群体中的等位基因数(N)为3~17,平均等位基因数为8.5~9.7,平均期望杂合度为0.720~0.745,平均观测杂合度为0.566~0.661,平均多态信息含量为0.687~0.716,近交系数(Fis)范围为–0.080~0.827。在40个群体–位点组合中,有13个群体–位点组合显著偏离哈迪–温伯格平衡(P<0.05)。遗传多样性分析结果显示,与海河自然群体相比,3个人工选育群体遗传多样性水平略有降低,但仍保持在较高水平,具有较大的选育潜力。遗传分化分析结果显示,群体间遗传分化指数(Fst)范围为0.015~0.075,遗传相似度为0.7702~0.9401,遗传距离为0.0617~0.2611。基于Nei’s遗传距离构建了群体UPGMA系统进化树,自然群体和“光合1号”聚为一支,而七里海河蟹群体单独聚为一支。综上所述,4个中华绒螯蟹群体间的遗传分化水平较低,群体遗传多样性较高。本研究将为中华绒螯蟹选育繁育和种质资源利用与管理等提供理论基础。     

长牡蛎3代人工选育群体的微卫星分析

进行群体选育时,因近交机率增加和有效亲本数的减少,可能导致选育群体的遗传多样性下降,进而引起选育群体的性状衰退。为监测长牡蛎人工选育群体在选育过程中的遗传差异,实验应用微卫星DNA标记对长牡蛎野生和人工3代选育群体及其基础群体的遗传多样性进行了研究。微卫星10个位点在所有群体中均表现出较高的多态性,6个群体的平均等位基因数范围为24.0～29.7个,期望和观测杂合度分别为0.925～0.956和0.724～0.809。与野生群体和基础群体相比,长牡蛎选育3代群体的平均等位基因数和等位基因丰富度略有下降,但杂合度水平未发生明显变化。哈迪—温伯格平衡(HWE)检验结果显示,60个群体—位点组合中47个群体—位点组合显著偏离HWE平衡(P<0.05)。Fis指数均为正值,平均范围0.152～0.233,表明各群体在10个位点上表现为一定程度的杂合子缺失。各群体间Fst值的范围为0.008～0.025,遗传分化程度较弱。结果表明,连续3代的人工选育尚未明显降低长牡蛎群体的遗传多样性,仍可以一定的选择压力对选育群体进行人工选育,从而保证长牡蛎的优良生长性状得到持续提高。     

中国对虾4代人工选育群体与1个野生群体遗传多样性分析及差异SNP位点筛查

利用 2b-RAD 技术对中国对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis) 2015 年、2016 年、2017 年、2019 年 4 代选育群体和野生群体合计 821 尾个体进行简化基因组测序, 分析中国对虾人工选育群体和野生群体遗传多样性特征, 挖掘在持续人工选育过程中受选择的 SNP 位点。测序共得到 83767 个 SNP 位点, F-统计结果显示, 野生群体与选育群体间遗传分化系数(FST)均值为 0.022, 野生群体与 2019 年选育群体之间遗传分化程度最高为 0.0260, 与 2015 年选育群体之间遗传分化程度最低为 0.0190; 野生群体与选育群体之间遗传分化系数(FST)均小于 0.05, 为弱遗传分化。 群体主成分分析(PCA)结果显示野生群体与选育群体之间遗传结构未发生明显改变。遗传多样性统计结果表明,野生群体与选育群体期望杂合度(He)均值分别为 0.1716 和 0.1806, 观测杂合度(Ho)均值分别为 0.1861 和 0.1943, 多态性信息含量(PIC)均值分别为 0.1428 和 0.1515, 核苷酸多态性(Pi)均值分别为 0.1732 和 0.1813, 其中 2017 年、2019 年选育群体各遗传多样性指数与野生群体相比均存在显著差异(P＜0.05)。对不同世代选育群体与野生群体进行选择消除分析, 分别得到 92 个、103 个、166 个、117 个受选择 SNP 位点, 共有位点数目为 4 个。相邻世代选育群体之间等位基因频率逐代上升的共有位点数目为 7107 个, 其中 3674 个位点显著偏离哈迪–温伯格平衡(P＜0.05); 等位基因频率逐代下降的共有位点数目为 8501 个, 其中 4101 个位点显著偏离哈迪–温伯格平衡(P＜0.05)。研究结果表明, 中国对虾经过累代人工选育, 依然具有较高的遗传选育潜力, 可以继续作为人工选育材料。     

中国明对虾人工选育群体与野生群体遗传多样性的SSR分析

利用微卫星标记技术分析了中国明对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)野生群体(Wild Population,WP)和"黄海2号"第10代选育群体(Breeding Population,BP)的遗传多样性,以检测累代人工选育对中国明对虾群体遗传结构的影响。结果显示,15个微卫星位点共检测到462个等位基因,微卫星位点等位基因数(N_a)和有效等位基因数(N_e)分别为3~44个和2~29个,多态信息含量(PIC)为0.518~0.964。野生群体和选育群体的平均观测杂合度分别为0.852和0.810,15个微卫星位点的等位基因频率在2个群体发生了显著的变化。通过计算P值确定位点Hardy-Weinberg平衡偏离情况,Fis结果显示,共有11个群体位点表现为杂合子过剩,Shannon指数(H)分别为2.786和2.399。2个群体的N_ei′s无偏遗传距离(u D)和无偏遗传相似度(u I)分别为0.177和0.838,遗传分化指数为0.017(P=0.001),表明群体发生了弱遗传分化。遗传变异来源分析显示,只有7.50%的变异来自于群体间,其余遗传变异均来自于个体间。结果表明,人工选育的中国明对虾"黄海2号"第10代群体具有较高的遗传多样性,仍具有很大的选育潜力,可以继续作为选育材料。     

长江刀鲚选育和野生群体遗传多样性的微卫星分析

利用微卫星标记技术,对长江刀鲚野生群体(YS)与3个连续选育世代群体(F_1、F_2、F_3)间的遗传多样性进行了分析。12对多态性微卫星引物总共检测到等位基因82个,平均每对引物获得等位基因6. 83个。4个群体的平均有效等位基因数(Ne)、平均观测杂合度(Ho)、平均期望杂合度(He)以及平均多态信息含量(PIC)分别为3. 47～4. 10、0. 400 0～0. 516 7、0. 684 4～0. 738 1和0. 646 4～0. 701 2。F_1、F_2、F_3之间的遗传分化微弱(FST0. 05),并与YS具有中等程度的遗传分化(0. 05 F_(ST)0. 15)。分子方差分析(AMOVA)结果显示,大部分的遗传变异来源于个体间(93. 66%),仅有6. 34%的遗传变异来源于群体间。F_1、F_2、F_3的遗传变异水平低于YS,且呈现出伴随着选育世代的进行而降低的趋势,表明选育群体随着人工选育的进行而日趋纯化,但仍然具有丰富的遗传多样性和进一步选育的潜力。     

翘嘴鳜选育群体的生长和遗传特征分析

以湖南和江苏的野生翘嘴鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)为基础群体选育了6个群体,包括4个家系选育群体和F_1、F_2两个群体选育群体。对4个家系选育群体的生长特性进行了分析,并利用微卫星标记技术对6个翘嘴鳜选育群体的遗传多样性进行了检测。分析结果表明,翘嘴鳜纯种家系的生长速度显著快于不同地理种群的杂交系,杂交系未表现出生长的杂种优势,家系群体的杂合性与生长性能不对应。4个家系选育群体的特有等位基因数量比两个群体选育群体高出约29.33%,表明不同地理种群翘嘴鳜家系的建立可以丰富翘嘴鳜选育群体的遗传多样性水平。翘嘴鳜选育群体间遗传分化显著(F_(st)=0.4388),两个群体选育群体与4个家系选育群体间的遗传距离较远,表明将群体选育的个体与家系选育的个体进行杂交育种有可能获得杂种优势。筛选到G14437特有等位基因可作为江苏翘嘴鳜家系(JCJC)的群体特异性分子标记;G5_(530)等位基因可作为湖南和江苏翘嘴鳜杂交系与翘嘴鳜基础群体和其他选育群体区分的特异性分子标记。     

草鱼野生与选育群体遗传变异微卫星分析

为探究经过2个选育世代后选育群体遗传多样性和遗传结构的变化,实验采用多重PCR技术对4个野生草鱼群体(邗江、九江、石首、吴江)和2个选育群体(F1和F2)进行了微卫星序列遗传变异分析。结果显示,6个草鱼群体遗传多样性水平较高,2个选育群体除了平均等位基因数外,其他遗传多样性参数均小于4个野生群体。哈迪—温伯格平衡(Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium)检测显示,在120个群体—位点组合中有62个位点显著偏离哈迪—温伯格平衡,62个群体—位点组合中只有11个组合其近交系数值为负值,其余的51个组合的Fis均为正值。6个草鱼群体AMOVA分析结果显示,3.75%的变异来自于群体间,96.25%的变异来自于群体内,整体的遗传分化指数值为0.038。进一步分析各个群体间Fst,只有石首群体与F1、F2群体之间的Fst大于0.05,处于中等分化,其余群体间分化程度较低,且F2群体与4个野生群体之间Fst比F1群体与4个野生群体之间的Fst大。奈氏标准遗传距离分析结果显示,2个选育群体与野生群体之间的遗传距离大于野生群体之间的遗传距离。基于Dn建立的UPGMA系统发育树得出了相同的结果,即2个选育群体与野生群体之间的亲缘关系比4个野生群体之间的亲缘关系要远。研究表明,经过2个世代选育后,相比4个野生群体,2个选育群体遗传多样性虽有部分下降,但仍处于较高的水平,2个选育群体的遗传结构已发生变化,但其遗传分化程度尚不明显。本研究结果为制定出更加完善有效的选育方案提供了重要参考。     

长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)壳宽快速生长选育群体遗传多样性及遗传结构的微卫星标记分析

为了监测长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)在选育过程中的遗传变异、分析选育对其遗传结构的影响,本研究以选育目标为壳宽快速生长的长牡蛎为实验材料,利用微卫星(Simple Sequence Repeats)标记技术,对长牡蛎基础群体(P0)和连续两代选育群体(F1和F2)进行遗传多样性评估。结果发现,所有微卫星位点在3个群体中都表现出了较高的多态性,P0、F1和F2代群体的平均等位基因数分别为16.5、12.2和12.8;P0、F1和F2代群体多态性信息含量(Pic)的平均数值分别为0.9068、0.8982和0.8836。所有群体10个位点的观测杂合度值(Ho)均小于期望杂合度值(He),观测杂合度平均值的大小范围为0.5775–0.6484,期望杂合度范围为0.8594–0.9279。哈迪-温伯格平衡(HWE)结果显示,3个群体在10个位点上有24个群体的位点组合显著偏离HWE(P0.05),说明人工选育对选育群体的遗传结构有一定的影响。3个群体在10个位点上的Fis值均为正值,平均范围为0.1541–0.2341,表明群体内各位点上的杂合子比例有所下降;各群体间F_(st)值范围为0.0093–0.0245,遗传分化程度较弱。此研究表明,以壳宽快速生长为选育目的,长牡蛎连续选育群体仍具有很高遗传多样性,人工选育过程中保持一定选择压力,仍然会使长牡蛎的优良生长性状得到不断提高。     

Genetic Variations in Populations from Farms and Natural Habitats of Asian Green Mussel,Perna viridis,in Singapore Inferred from Nine Microsatellite Markers

The Asian green mussel, Perna viridis, has been widely cultured in Southeast Asia as delicious seafood depending on natural spat. We analyzed the genetic diversity and population structure of three populations (two from Singapore and one from Malaysia) from natural habitats and two from Singapore farms, by genotyping a total of 262 adult individuals using nine polymorphic microsatellites. In all five populations, high allelic (number of alleles A = 11.0–14.4,allelic richness Ar = 10.4–13.9) and gene diversity (expected heterozygosity He = 0.73–0.77) were observed, whereas deficiency of heterozygosity (inbreeding index f = 0.08–0.12) was detected in all populations. Genetic differentiation among populations was low (pairwise fixation index ranged from 0.003 to 0.088), but statistically significant. The usefulness of the information about genetic variations for genetic resource management of the populations in wild habitats and farms to keep genetic variation and setting up a breeding program of Asian green mussel was discussed.     

魁蚶4个地理群体遗传多样性微卫星分析

利用多态性好的20对微卫星引物,对中国日照、黄岛、蓬莱和韩国的4个魁蚶地理群体进行了遗传多样性分析。结果显示,20个位点在4个群体中的等位基因数为3～17,平均等位基因数为8．35,平均有效等位基因数为6．2306;观测杂合度（He）为0．4667～0．9667;期望杂合度（H。）为0．6198～0．9318;多态信息含量（PIC）为0．5301～0．9093,表现出高的遗传多样性水平。4个群体间的遗传分化指数（Fst）在0．0132～0．0314之间,呈现出较低的遗传分化。群体间的遗传距离在0．1255～0．2458之间;通过构建UPGMA聚类树,显示日照群体和黄岛群体最先聚类,再与蓬莱群体聚类,最后与韩国群体聚类,说明中国群体与韩国群体亲缘关系较远。     

Genetic variability revealed with microsatellite markers in an introduced population of the abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino

One of the challenges for the culture of any species is to control the loss of genetic variability, which may result in a decrease in the quality of commercially important traits. The goal of this study is to assess the genetic diversity of a hatchery population of the Pacific abalone ( Haliotis discus hannai ) from the Center for Abalone Production of the Universidad Católica del Norte (CAP-UCN) that is maintained under a breeding programme. We used six polymorphic microsatellite markers within the cultivated population. The loci Awb033 and Awb079 had the highest number of alleles (11 and 10 respectively) and the loci Awb022 and Awb026 the lowest (two and four respectively). The mean number of alleles per locus was 6.83. The average observed and expected heterozygosities were 0.71 and 0.70, respectively, and the average F _IS ( f ) index was −0.023. We compared the population genetic parameters of the CAP-UCN population with previously published data of wild and hatchery populations of the same species. Results indicate lower genetic diversity estimated as allelic richness in the introduced population with a loss of 11–58% alleles per locus. Despite the high allelic loss, the estimated inbreeding coefficient suggests that the breeding programme carried out in the CAP-UCN has controlled and maintained heterozygosity levels successfully. A temporal study is necessary to determine whether the genetic diversity loss detected was caused during the initial introduction of breeders or to the breeding programme actually implemented.     

我国泥鳅微卫星遗传多样性初步分析

用6个微卫星标记分析了安徽(AH)、甘肃(GS)、广东(GD)、广西(GX)、黑龙江(HLJ)、江苏(JS)和重庆(CQ)7个泥鳅(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)群体的遗传多样性。这6个微卫星摘自泥鳅微卫星连锁图谱,不存在连锁不平衡,在HLJ群体中处于哈代-温伯格平衡,适用遗传多样性分析。六个微卫星共检测到69个等位基因,每位点7到16个不等,有效等位基因数(Ne)3.0-5.5个,观察杂合度在0.202和0.408之间,而期望杂合度在0.673和0.820之间,揭示的多样性信息含量(PIC)在0.643和0.796之间。这些数据显示7个泥鳅群体遗传多样性丰富。群体间遗传分化系数(Fst)达到0.499,49.9%的变异可归于群体间差异,而Fis在0.167和0.421之间,表明泥鳅群体存在较明显的近交或斑块化分布。聚类分析显示AH、GD、HLJ和JS聚成一个分支,而CQ、GS 和GX聚为另一个分支。这表明我国泥鳅呈现东西向梯度分布并在南北向可能存在扰动。这些发现将有助于我国泥鳅资源的有效管理和合理利用。     

Genetic diversity and differentiation of sea trout (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Salmo trutta</Emphasis>) populations in Lithuanian rivers assessed by microsatellite DNA variation

The genetic diversity and differentiation of sea trout were studied in three river basins in Lithuania: Akmena-Dane, Bartuva, and Nemunas. A total of 282 individuals were genotyped at eight microsatellite loci. A similar level of genetic diversity was found in all of the populations studied: mean allelic richness ranged from 3.64 to 5.03, and average expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.588 to 0.721. Significant genetic divergence was observed among the different river basins as well as between populations within the drainages. All pairwise F _ST values were highly significant, ranging from 0.027 to 0.197. The analysis of molecular variance showed rather weak hierarchical population structuring within the Nemunas basin, which may be explained by extensive gene flow among different river basins or, alternatively, reflect the influence of artificial breeding. Information on genetic diversity and differentiation of the Lithuanian sea trout populations will be useful for future management decisions.     

Allelic losses and gains during translocations of a high conservation value fish,Coregonus lavaretus

1. The use of translocations to establish new or ‘refuge’ populations for species with high conservation value is controversial but widely used in conservation management. One of the risks of this approach is that an establishing population does not adequately capture the genetic diversity of the donor gene pool. This effect, rarely examined, is tested here.
2. In this study the genetic consequences of two conservation translocations after five generations (16 years) of the European whitefish, Coregonus lavaretus, were quantified. Both translocations were made using almost the same genetic groups and thus represent a partly replicated natural study.
3. Analysis of 12 informative microsatellites showed that expected heterozygosity, the mean number of alleles per locus and allelic richness did not differ between donor and translocated populations. There was also no loss of heterozygosity in the translocated populations, nor deviations from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium expectations, nor signs of linkage disequilibrium.
4. All populations were genetically differentiated but pairwise F_ST values were low, indicating that the magnitude of divergence was small.
5. There was no evidence of inbreeding but there were significant differences in private allelic richness between donor and translocated populations. Of 50 alleles found in the donor population, 16% of the rarer alleles were lost in one translocated population and 8% in the other.
6. Allele loss without a reduction in heterozygosity strongly points to stochastic drift effects having occurred following translocation. The evidence indicates that alleles that were not detected in the donor population have arisen de novo in the translocated populations.
7. It is concluded that conservation translocations comprising even a modest number of propagules can successfully capture a high proportion of genetic variation of the host population, and that reduced genetic variation in the translocated population may be mitigated by the emergence of new variation over short time periods.

     

胶州湾菲律宾蛤仔生态容量评估及其碳汇功能

胶州湾是我国重要的菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)养殖基地,为探究湾内菲律宾蛤仔的生态容量及其碳汇功能,本研究采用Ecopath模型法评估了胶州湾菲律宾蛤仔的生态容量,并利用Ecosim模块动态分析了菲律宾蛤仔生物量扩大对胶州湾生态系统结构与功能特征的潜在影响,同时估算了胶州湾菲律宾蛤仔个体及种群水平的碳收支情况。结果显示,胶州湾菲律宾蛤仔的生态容量为239.9 t/km2,虽然整体水平尚未达到生态容量,但局部养殖区域已远超出了菲律宾蛤仔的生态容量;当胶州湾菲律宾蛤仔生物量从当前增加至生态容量时,生态系统总流量、容量、优势度和循环指数分别提高了16.0%、3.9%、47.1%和103.0%,而熵值降低了10.4%,表明此时生态系统具有更高的成熟度与稳定性,但菲律宾蛤仔生物量扩大至生态容量10倍时会对生态系统产生不利影响甚至崩溃;菲律宾蛤仔个体在1个养殖周期内约摄取3 310.1 mg C,其中约46.2%的碳沉降至海底,约13.2%的碳通过收获移出,如按菲律宾蛤仔生物量达到生态容量时计算,胶州湾每年将有1.5万t碳以生物沉积形式沉降至海底,有0.6万t碳以收获形式移出。研究结果为指导菲律宾蛤仔增养殖产业的健康可持续发展、阐明菲律宾蛤仔的碳汇功能提供了理论依据与数据支撑     

Microsatellite genetic variation between and within farmed and wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) populations

Genetic diversity between three farmed and four wild populations of Atlantic salmon from Ireland and Norway were analysed using 15 microsatellite markers. High levels of polymorphism were observed over all populations with the average number of alleles and average heterozygosity at 17.8 and 0.70, respectively. Farmed salmon showed less genetic variability than wild salmon in terms of allelic diversity but not necessarily in terms of overall heterozygosity. Between farmed populations significant differences were observed in expected heterozygosity suggesting that more intensive breeding practices may have resulted in a further erosion of genetic variability. Phylogenetic analysis using either populations or individuals as nodes show a clustering of populations into two groups, farmed and wild. This suggests that founder effects and subsequent selection have had more effect on the genetic differentiation between these strains than geographical separation. This technology has great potential for use in aquaculture situation where levels of genetic variation could be monitored and inbreeding controlled in a commercial breeding progra.