棉花晋A细胞质雄性不育系及其保持系线粒体基因组文库的构建

【目的】构建棉花晋A细胞质雄性不育系及其保持系的线粒体BAC文库,为研究棉花线粒体基因组结构以及棉花细胞质雄性不育的形成机理提供基础。【方法】在借鉴其它作物的线粒体基因组BAC文库构建方法的基础上,对棉花线粒体DNA的提取及其BAC文库的构建进行探索和优化,构建了棉花晋A细胞质雄性不育系及其保持系的线粒体BAC文库,并采用同源克隆的方法克隆棉花线粒体的功能基因。【结果】构建的不育系和保持系的线粒体基因组文库分别包括2 600个克隆,插入DNA片段大小在10.3 kb和37.5 kb之间,平均分别为22.29 kb和21.36 kb。重组子的覆盖率分别达到棉花线粒体基因组的79倍和76倍。获得了3个棉花线粒体功能基因序列,通过比较,证明晋A不育系与其保持系的这3个基因序列无差异;以这3个基因为探针筛选文库,均获得阳性克隆。【结论】分别构建了棉花晋A细胞质雄性不育系及其保持系线粒体基因组的BAC文库。获得了晋A不育系与其保持系的orfB,coxⅠ和nad4L 3个基因的全序列,通过比较,证明晋A不育系与其保持系在orfB、coxⅠ和nad4L基因全序列上无差异。     

中国飞蝗线粒体COI基因片段的扩增

对中国飞蝗各亚种线粒体DNA的COI基因片段进行了扩增并测序。结果表明,扩增产物为单一带,大小约为1.3kb。对此扩增产物序列分析证明所扩增的COI基因序列是一个含混不清的序列,说明在中国飞蝗不同亚种的基因组DNA中存在线粒体的假基因序列,因此以飞蝗基因组DNA为模板PCR扩出的mtDNA COI基因片段不适宜用作分析飞蝗种群遗传和系统发育的分子标记。     

樱桃谷鸭线粒体控制区的遗传多样性分析

[目的]探究樱桃谷鸭的遗传背景。[方法]通过线粒体D—loop区测序对樱桃谷鸭19个个体进行测序。[结果]结果表明,樱桃谷鸭群体内的核苷酸多样性（Pi）、单倍型多样度（Hd）和平均核苷酸差异数（K）分别为0．01434、0．982和10．140,存在4种单倍型,可以将樱桃谷鸭分为2个较大的类群,同时樱桃谷鸭与绿头野鸭、建昌鸭和野生斑嘴鸭有较高的亲缘性。鸭种群线粒体D—loop区序列个体变异程度很小,但种群的遗传多样性水平很高,可用于群体内及群体间不同个体的遗传多样性分析。[结论]该研究结果为樱桃谷鸭的多态性位点和单倍型的深入分析提供参考。     

伪狂犬病病毒gG基因缺失通用转移载体的构建

对克隆有伪狂犬病病毒Ea株基因组DNA SphI 15kb片段的质粒pBSA用SphI和KpnI消化，将含gG全基因及其上游PK基因，下游gD基因部分编码区的约2．6kb的片段亚克隆到消除了EcoRI位点的载体pUC19中，获得重组质粒pUSK(E)。以pEGFP-N1为模板，通过PCR扩增约0．3kb的SV40Poly(A)片段，并将其克隆到杆状病毒转座载体pFastBac1的NotI和PstI位点，利用pFastBac1的BamHI和PstI将含有9个酶切位点以及SV40Poly(A)的片段亚克隆到pUSK(E)的相应位点，在插入的同时导致gG基因5‘端编码区约9个酶切位点以及SV40Poly(A)的片段亚克隆到pUSK(E)的相应位点，在插入的同时导致gG基因5‘端编码区的400bp的缺失，构建了由gG启动子驱动gG部分编码区缺失的通用转移载体pgG-Uni。序列分析进一步证实：有7个单一酶切位点可供外源基因直接插入。上述结果为构建以伪狂犬病病毒作载体的多价基因工程疫苗以及利用标记蛋白探讨伪狂犬病病毒在体内的增殖与分布奠定了基础。     

Properties of a normal mouse cell DNA sequence (sarc) homologous to the src sequence of Moloney sarcoma virus

A 15.0-kilobase (kb) Eco RI DNA fragment from normal mouse Balb/c genomic DNA that contains sequences (sarc) homologous to the acquired cell sequences (src) of Moloney sarcoma virus (MSV) has been cloned in phage lambda. The sarc region (1.2 to 1.3 kb) of the 15.0-kb cell fragment is indistinguishable from the src region of two isolates of MSV as judged by heteroduplex and restriction endonuclease analyses. The cellular sequences flanking sarc show no homology to other MSV sequences. Whereas cloned subgenomic portions of MSV that contain src transformed NIH-3T3 cells in vitro, the cloned sarc fragment is inactive.     

河南斗鸡线粒体D-loop区多态性及与4种斗鸡的进化分析

对28只河南斗鸡线粒体基因组(mitochondrial genome,mt DNA)D-loop区全序列进行PCR扩增和测序,并结合Gen Bank中其他品种中国斗鸡D-loop区序列,进行序列比对和进化分析。结果发现,河南斗鸡mt DNA D-loop区全长1232 bp,单倍型多样性(Hd)为(0.542±0.086),核苷酸多样性(Pi)为(0.00236±0.00083),共发现9处单核苷酸多态位点,3种单倍型。品种间进化分歧显示,河南斗鸡和西双版纳斗鸡遗传距离最近(0.0095),与漳州斗鸡遗传距离最远(0.0226)。系统发育分析发现,5个斗鸡品种可以分成A、B、C、D和E 5个分支。研究表明,河南斗鸡mt DNA D-loop区呈中度多态,有2个母系起源,本研究可以为河南斗鸡的遗传资源保护和选育提供一定参考。     

含伪狂犬病毒完整UL49基因及部分UL48基因片段的克隆与序列分析

以地高辛标记的伪狂犬病毒（PRV）Ea株UL49.5基因片段为探针，同SalI、KpnI、BamHI消化的PRV Ea株基因组DNA进行Southern杂交，确定SalI2.8kb、KpnI17.0kb、BamHI25.0kb片段中含UL49基因。将SalI2.8kb片段克隆到pUC119中，利用其中的BamHI进行亚克隆，获得重组质粒pUC2.0。测定约2.0kb片段的全序列并进行序列分析，发现该片段包含UL50基因部分编码区，UL49.5基因和UL49基因的完整编码区，并且在UL49基因下游，还存在一段约369个碱基的序列，经与人单纯疱疹病毒I型（HSV－1）、牛单纯疱疹病毒I型（BHV－1）的UL48基因进行比对，具有较高的同源性，推测为PRV UL48基因的部分编码区。     

黔北一新鱼种遵义小钝吻鮠线粒体DNA的分离纯化

用差速离心法和改进的碱裂解法分离纯化遵义小钝吻鮠线粒体DNA,紫外检测其OD260/OD280在1.78～1.85,并计算出该鱼肝组织线粒体DNA的含量为0.613μg/g。纯化样品经紫外分析仪在200～290 nm波长范围内扫描,呈现典型的DNA吸收峰,其最大吸收峰在259～260 nm。以λDNA/HindⅢ的完全酶切片段作为相对分子量标准,利用电泳迁移率与分子量的对数的线性关系,由已知片段大小推算出遵义小钝吻鮠mtDNA分子大小为(15.44±0.16)kb。     

African populations and the evolution of human mitochondrial DNA.

The proposal that all mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) types in contemporary humans stem from a common ancestor present in an African population some 200,000 years ago has attracted much attention. To study this proposal further, two hypervariable segments of mtDNA were sequenced from 189 people of diverse geographic origin, including 121 native Africans. Geographic specificity was observed in that identical mtDNA types are shared within but not between populations. A tree relating these mtDNA sequences to one another and to a chimpanzee sequence has many deep branches leading exclusively to African mtDNAs. An African origin for human mtDNA is supported by two statistical tests. With the use of the chimpanzee and human sequences to calibrate the rate of mtDNA evolution, the age of the common human mtDNA ancestor is placed between 166,000 and 249,000 years. These results thus support and extend the African origin hypothesis of human mtDNA evolution.     

棉花线粒体基因组细菌人工染色体文库的构建

以P30A细胞质雄性不育系黄化苗为材料,采用蔗糖密度差速离心和不连续蔗糖密度梯度超速离心提取棉花线粒体,低熔点琼脂糖包埋和原位消化裂解的方法制备高分子量的线粒体DNA(mtDNA),经BamHⅠ,HindⅢ酶切和PCR扩增进行纯度鉴定,并对其进行部分酶切,酶切片段与载体连接,电击转入大肠杆菌DH10B中,成功的构建了棉花线粒体基因组BAC文库。该文库共挑取3 840个单克隆,平均插入片段大小为15.5 kb,覆盖率超过70倍,研究结果表明该基因文库具有较高的质量。     

齿突斜纹蟹线粒体DNA中12S rRNA基因序列的研究

于１９９６年８月在日本东京水产大学坂田试验场海岸岩礁地带采集齿突斜纹触（Ｐｌａｇｕｓｉａ ｄｅｎｔｉｐｅｓ）样品,参考果蝇（Ｄｒｏｓｏｐｈｉｌａ ｙａｋｕｂａ）线粒体ＤＮＡ中１２ＳｒＲＮＡ基因片段序列进行了其引物设计、ＰＣＲ扩增及序列测定。得到齿突斜纹触线粒体ＤＮＡ中１２ＳｒＲＮＡ基因片段的碱基序列为４４７ｂｐ,其中腺嘌呤（Ａ）、胸腺嘧啶（Ｔ）、鸟嘌呤（Ｇ）、胞嘧啶（Ｃ）含量分别为１６０ｂｐ（３５     

Widespread origins of domestic horse lineages

Domestication entails control of wild species and is generally regarded as a complex process confined to a restricted area and culture. Previous DNA sequence analyses of several domestic species have suggested only a limited number of origination events. We analyzed mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region sequences of 191 domestic horses and found a high diversity of matrilines. Sequence analysis of equids from archaeological sites and late Pleistocene deposits showed that this diversity was not due to an accelerated mutation rate or an ancient domestication event. Consequently, high mtDNA sequence diversity of horses implies an unprecedented and widespread integration of matrilines and an extensive utilization and taming of wild horses. However, genetic variation at nuclear markers is partitioned among horse breeds and may reflect sex-biased dispersal and breeding.     

乌克兰鳞鲤同工酶及mtDNA D-loop区段的RFLP分析

[目的]分析乌克兰鳞鲤的遗传结构,以期为乌克兰鳞鲤的遗传育种研究提供依据。[方法]利用水平式淀粉凝胶电泳法对乌克兰鳞鲤（46尾）进行了AAT、α-GPD、GPI、IDH、MDH和PGM共6种同工酶以及肌浆蛋白（PROT）的电泳分析。应用PCR技术扩增了其mtDNA的D-loop区段,利用12种限制性内切酶对其扩增片段进行了RFLP分析;并对2种单倍型的PCR扩增片段进行了序列分析。[结果]同工酶检测出的12个基因座位中,α-GPD＊、GPI＊和PGM＊存在变异,多态基因座位比例及平均杂合度预期值分别为25%和0.092 0。RFLP检测结果表明PCR扩增到约1.6 kb的DNA片段,8种限制性内切酶（AluⅠ、DraⅠ、EcoRⅠ、HaeⅢ、HapⅡ、HinfⅠ、TaqⅠ和XspⅠ）有酶切位点,DraⅠ和TaqⅠ个体间存在变异。将不同酶切类型结果组合后,得到2种单倍型。[结论]根据同工酶检测结果,可以认为乌克兰鳞鲤含有中国鲤与欧洲鲤2种血统;与RFLP分析结果相比,序列分析表明2种单倍型在DraⅠ和TaqⅠ酶切位点以外也存在碱基差异。     

A common mechanism of chromosomal translocation in T- and B-cell neoplasia

The chromosomal breakpoint involved in the t(8;14)(q24;q11) chromosome translocation in the SKW-3 cell line, which directly involves the 3' flanking region of the c-myc gene, was cloned and sequenced. The breakpoint on chromosome 8 mapped to a position 3 kb 3' of c-myc while the chromosome 14 breakpoint occurred 36 kb 5' of the gene for the constant region of the alpha chain of the T-cell receptor (TCR). The translocation resulted in a precise rearrangement of sequences on chromosome 8 and what appears to be a functional J alpha segment on chromosome 14. Signal sequences for V-J joining occurred at the breakpoint positions on both chromosomes 14 and 8, suggesting that the translocation occurs during TCR gene rearrangement and that it is catalyzed by the enzymatic systems involved in V-J joining reactions. The involvement of c-myc in the translocation and the association of joining signals at the breakpoints provides a parallel to the situation observed in the translocations involving c-myc and the immunoglobulin loci in B-cell neoplasms and suggests that common mechanisms of translocation and oncogene deregulation are involved in B- and T-cell malignancies.     

Investigation of mitochondrial DNA genetic diversity and phylogeny of goats worldwide

Genetic diversity, population structure, and population expansion of goats worldwide (4 165 individuals from 196 breeds) were analyzed using published mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) D_loop hypervariable region sequences. Results showed that 2 409 haplotypes and 301 polymorphic sites were present within the 401-bp length D_loop region, the nucleotide diversity (Pi) was 0.03471, and the haplotype diversity (Hd) was 0.9983. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 98.92% of haplotypes were divided into six obvious clusters, consistent with the classification of the known mitochondrial haplogroups of goats. Haplogroup A accounted for the largest proportion (86%). Interestingly, two unknown divisions (Unknown I and Unknown II) were discovered from goats in Southwest China, suggesting that Southwest China has unique maternal haplogroups. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) and the average number of pairwise differences between populations (PiXY) indicated that geographical variation was small but significant. Neutrality tests (Tajima's D and Fu's F_S tests) and mismatch distribution showed that haplogroups B, C, and G had expansion histories. In addition, the phylogenetic relationship between domestic and wild goats suggested that Capra aegagrus is the most likely wild ancestor and may have participated in the domestication of ancestral populations of A, B, C, and F haplogroups. A meta-analysis on the mtDNA sequences of goats from international databases was conducted to analyze goats’ genetic diversity, population structure, and matrilineal system evolution worldwide. The results may help further understand the domestication history and gene flow of goats worldwide.     

宁强矮马线粒体DNA D-loop区的遗传多样性

【目的】研究宁强矮马线粒体DNA（mitochondrial DNA,mtDNA）D-loop区的遗传多样性及其母系起源进化,为其遗传资源保护提供理论数据。【方法】采用PCR和测序技术分析12匹宁强矮马mtDNA D-loop区的600 bp核酸序列,并基于mtDNA D-loop区序列将宁强矮马和NCBI公布的其它马种进行系统树构建。【结果】宁强矮马群体存在9种单倍型,检测到34处SNP位点,占所分析位点总数的5.67%,各单倍型间的遗传距离为0.002—0.035,单倍型多样性为0.978±0.054,核苷酸多性为0.01988±0.00818。聚类分析表明宁强矮马分布在4个支系中,与胡克尔马、设特兰马、德保马、蒙古马和车巨马亲缘关系较近,与纯血马、云南马和韩国济州岛本土马的亲缘关系较远。【结论】宁强矮马具有比较丰富的遗传多样性,在进化的历史过程中受到其它马种的影响较大。     

基于分子标记和高通量测序的基因精细定位

水稻斑点叶突变体Spl34是自然获得的突变体,在研究其形态学和生理生化等方面的基础上,利用粳稻Francis和Spl34杂交构建F_2基因定位群体进行精细定位研究,遗传分析表明Spl34的斑点叶表型受单个显性基因Spl34(t)调控;利用SSR/InDel标记对无斑点叶隐性单株进行连锁分析,将Spl34(t)精细定位于第11号染色体23.483～23.530 Mb之间,定位区间长度为46.99 kb,筛选出8个候选基因。另外,利用高通量测序技术对F_2(Francis/Spl34)有斑点个体混合池、无斑点个体混合池以及双亲进行重测序,利用基因组SNP对有斑点和无斑点混合池进行关联分析,将Spl34(t)定位于第11号染色体23.223～23.791 Mb之间,区间大小约568 kb;进一步利用单分子测序技术对Spl34突变体进行测序,通过从头组装、关联分析,在两个重叠群tig00001409和tig00003011检测到紧密连锁。通过对两个重叠群之间序列进行Sanger测序并产生的新重叠群长度达到233.95 kb,其中Spl34(t)定位区间大小约40 kb。将斑点叶基因Spl34(t)精细定位于第11号染色体约40 kb的区间,为进一步开展该基因的功能研究奠定了良好基础。     

山羊mtDNA多态性及其遗传结构的研究*

 对中国6个山羊品种（辽宁绒山羊,内蒙古绒山羊,西藏山羊,中卫山羊,济宁青山羊和龙陵山羊）的52个样本进行mtDNA的D-Loop区的全序列测定,用来研究中国山羊品种的线粒体DNA遗传多态性及系统发育。用NJ法构建单倍型系统发育树,结果发现6个山羊品种的线粒体DNA控制区聚类后得到了4个很明显的分支,即单倍型A,B,C,D.品种间遗传结构分析发现内蒙古绒山羊、辽宁绒山羊两个绒山羊品种与西藏山羊、中卫山羊3个可产绒的山羊品种聚在一起,接着与产羔皮的济宁青山羊聚在一起,最后与产肉性能强的龙陵山羊聚在一起。     

与大白菜细胞质不育相关RAPD特征片段的克隆和序列分析

为了研究和获得大白菜细胞质不育系和保持系线粒体DNA的多态性,选用153个RAPD随机引物,对3套材料,每套中包含不同来源、同核异质的大白菜细胞质不育系(Pol-CMS、Ogu-CMS和CMS96)和保持系线粒体DNA进行RAPD分析。结果表明,有4个RAPD随机引物可以在全部Ogu-CMS和CMS96不育系中扩增出特异带,有1个随机引物仅在所有Ogu-CMS不育系中扩增出特异带;同时将OPAH16随机引物扩增的与不育相关的特异带进行了克隆和测序。结果表明,所获得的特异片段均与拟南芥和甘蓝型油菜的线粒体基因组序列部分同源,但与已发表的不育基因序列没有同源性。由这5个序列推导出的蛋白质与拟南芥中的一种未知功能蛋白AtMg00760(ORF109b)具有部分同源性。这5个序列的可能功能正在验证中。