静松灵硬膜外腔注射对绵羊的镇静镇痛效果及其血液变化

对８只绵羊以静松灵０．３０ｍｇ／ｋｇ硬膜外腔注射，观察镇静和镇痛效果，并对血液气体和酸碱状态的变化进行定量分析。结果表明，静松灵硬膜外腔注射较静脉和肌肉注射有更长的镇静镇痛作用，对血液成分的影响显著（Ｐ＜０．０５），故此种注射法确为安全有效之法。     

复合麻醉药物对犬的麻醉效果比较

复方８４６、静松灵／氯氨酮，氯丙嗪／氯氨酮、氯丙嗪／乙醚、氯丙嗪／静松灵、分别作用于犬，均可获得一定时间的麻醉效果。通过麻醉前、后体温（Ｔ℃）、呼吸（Ｒ）、脉搏（Ｐ），镇痛反应，麻醉维持时间的检测；通过麻醉后手术安静顺利情况；从伤口愈合情况表明：几组药物作用于犬后，体温差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５，呼吸、脉搏部分呈显著性变化（Ｐ＞０．０５）。镇痛作用以８４６为好，其次为静松灵／氯氨酮，氯丙嗪／静松灵、氯丙嗪／氯氨酮、氯丙嗪／乙醚；麻醉维持时间以８４６最长（１３．７０±９．６６），其次为静松灵／氯氨酮（８９±９．９）；从手术安静顺利情况看，复方８４６、静松灵／氯氨酮优于其它组；从伤口愈合情况看，静松灵／氯氨酮优于其他组。综合比较：复方８４６、静松灵／氯氨酮，用于犬的临床麻醉，效果确实。     

光照制度对肉鸭生产性能和脂肪沉积的影响

本试验选用１日龄樱桃谷肉鸭９００只，随机人灵９个组，每组２个重复，每个重复５０只肉仔鸭。试验组采用二因素、每个因素三个水平的完全随机设计，以研究光照制度对肉鸭生产性能和脂肪沉积的影响。结果表明：（１）日增重：光照制度和公母的分解方式对日增重分别有显著影响（Ｐ〈０．０５）和极显著影响（Ｐ〈０．０１），间歇光照组显著优于渐增光照组（Ｐ〈０．０５），连续光照组与间歇光照组，渐增光照组差异不显著（Ｐ〉０．０５），连续光照组与歇光照组、渐增光照组差异不显著（Ｐ〉０．０５）；公鸭组的日增重极显著高于母鸭组和公母混群组（Ｐ〈０．０１），母鸭组与公母混群组差异显著（Ｐ〈０．０５）。（２）死亡率，光照制度及公母的分群方式对肉鸭的死亡率均无显著影响（Ｐ〉０．０５）。（３）饲料转化率；光照制度及公母的分群方式对肉鸭的饲料转化率均无显     

马立克氏病乌黑鸡群血清学研究

对４月龄感染了马立克氏病的２月龄－６月龄乌黑鸡群血清蛋白及血清酶的研究结果表明;２月龄～３月龄健康乌黑鸡如血清蛋白升高极显著（Ｐ〈０．０１）,血清ＡＬＰ活性下降显著（Ｐ〈０．０５）,ＡＭＳ活性下降不明显（Ｐ〉０．０５）,ＣＨＥ活性升高不明显（Ｐ〉０．０５）,４月龄感染ＭＤ后,血清蛋白显著降低（Ｐ〈０．０５）,而后,白脓月回升,变化均不明显（Ｐ〉０．０５）,白蛋白在５月龄再次极显著降低（Ｐ〈０．０５     

多效唑在草坪建植中的应用

在草坪建植过程中,喷施多效唑能明显控制草坪草枝条徒长（Ｐ〈０．０１）;增加叶片宽度,对早熟禾极显著（Ｐ〈０．０１）,对剪股颖显著（Ｐ〈０．０５）;促进分蘖效果显著（Ｐ〈０．０５）;增加根量效果明显（Ｐ〈０．０５）。总之,喷施多效唑效果好。     

类阿片肽对山羊生殖内分泌的调节Ⅲ．吗啡和纳洛酮对促性腺激素的影响

以周期母山羊为研究对象，在其中黄体期和早卵泡期注射阿片受体兴奋剂吗啡和阿片受体拮抗剂纳洛酮．研究了类阿片肽对垂体促性腺激素分泌的影响。结果表明，在中黄体期注射吗啡引起ＬＨ分泌波幅度和血浆平均水平显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０５），注射纳洛酮使ＬＨ血浆平均水平显著升高（Ｐ＜０．０５）。而在早卵泡期，注射吗啡和纳洛酮，只分别降低和升高血浆ＬＨ水平（Ｐ＜０．０５），对其分泌波幅度无显著影响（Ｐ＞０．０５）。在以上２种生理状态下，吗啡和纳洛酮对ＦＳＨ分泌均无显著影响（Ｐ＞０．０５）。因而认为，在山羊，体内类阿片肽参与ＬＨ分泌的调节。     

静松灵对羊瘤胃的影响及α2肾上腺素受体拮抗剂特征的研究

本研究采用胃压测量仪测定静松灵对绵羊胃蠕动的影响，结果如下：α２肾上腺素受体激动剂静松灵可以使羊胃蠕动停止，同等剂量的静松灵比隆朋对羊瘤胃蠕动的副作用大；低剂量（０．１ｍｇ／ｋｇｉｖ）的育亨宾不能显著对抗静松灵，高于０．１ｍｇ／ｋｇ的育亨宾能阻抗静松灵造成的胃蠕动抑制；苯口恶唑有强烈拮抗静松灵的作用，而妥拉苏林的作用弱。     

复合添加剂对提高氨化秸秆消化利用的研究

结果表明：复合添加剂对提高秸秆的采食量具有明显的作用，试验比对照组提高１６．１％，组间差异显著（Ｐ〈０．０５）。对促进营养物质的消化吸收效果明显。干物质、有机物、粗蛋白质和粗纤维的消化率比对照组分别提高７．７、８．５和７．２个百分点。其中有机物组间差异极显著（Ｐ〈０．０１），其它营养物质组间差异显著，（Ｐ〈０．０５）。     

中药制剂产后康复宁的药理研究

应用ＬＭＳ－２Ｂ二道生理记录仪及配套装置,通过免疫器官重量法和鸡红细胞（ＣＲＢＣ）作免疫原的溶血素（ＩｇＭ）测定法及体内抑菌试验法,观测了中药制剂产后康复宁对家兔离体、在位子宫和小鼠免疫功能的影响,以及对感染大肠杆菌Ｋ８８小鼠的保护作用。结果表明,产后康复宁可使兔离体子宫收缩频率显著增加（Ｐ＜０．０１）,张力显著增强（Ｐ＜０．０１）,振幅显著增高（Ｐ＜０．０１）;与麦角相比,仅５ｍｉｎ相同时间的子宫收缩频率差异明显（Ｐ＜０．０５）,其余相同时间子宫收缩频率、张力、振幅均无明显差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。使在位子宫收缩频率明显增加（Ｐ＜０．０５）,张力明显增强（Ｐ＜０．０５）,振幅明显增高（Ｐ＜０．０５）;与麦角比较,子宫收缩频率、张力、振幅在５、１０ｍｉｎ相同时间内差异均不明显（Ｐ＞０．０５）。对免疫功能的影响,不但使小鼠脾脏显著增重（Ｐ＜０．０１）,而且溶血素明显增多（Ｐ＜０．０５）。对感染大肠杆菌Ｋ８８的小鼠有明显的保护作用（Ｐ＜０．０５）。提示产后康复宁有增强子宫收缩,促使宫内恶露排除,加速子宫复旧,增强机体免疫功能等作用。     

促生菌对青贮玉米根圈微生物的影响

就促生菌对青贮玉米根圈微生物种群数量变化及消长规律的影响进行了研究，结果表明，促生菌能使青贮玉米土壤中的细菌（Ｐ〈０．０１），放线菌（Ｐ〈０．０１）和真菌（Ｐ〈０．０１）数量极显著地增加，其细菌、放线菌的数量随玉米生长发育逐渐增多，真数量增长缓慢。氨化细菌（Ｐ〈０．０５）、亚硝酸细菌（Ｐ〈０．０５）和反硝化细菌显著对高于对照。玉米根际芽孢菌明显增加，并随青贮玉米生育期而变化。     

TECHNIQUE,DIFFICULTY, AND ACCURACY OF COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY‐GUIDED TRANSLAMINAR AND TRANSFORAMINAL LUMBOSACRAL EPIDURAL AND INTRAARTICULAR LUMBAR FACET JOINT INJECTIONS IN DOGS

In human medicine, spinal pain and radiculopathy are commonly managed by computed tomography (CT)‐guided facet joint injections and by transforaminal or translaminar epidural injections. In dogs, CT‐guided lumbosacral epidural or lumbar facet joint injections have not been described. The aim of this experimental, ex vivo, feasibility study was to develop techniques and to assess their difficulty and accuracy. Two canine cadavers were used to establish the techniques and eight cadavers to assess difficulty and accuracy. Contrast medium was injected and a CT scan was performed after each injection. Accuracy was assessed according to epidural or joint space contrast opacification. Difficulty was classified as easy, moderately difficult, or difficult, based on the number of CT scans needed to guide insertion of the needle. A total of six translaminar and five transforaminal epidural and 53 joint injections were performed. Translaminar injections had a high success rate (100%), were highly accurate (75%), and easy to perform (100%). Transforaminal injections had an moderately high success rate (75%), were accurate (75%), and moderately difficult to perform (100%). Success rate of facet joint injections was 62% and was higher for larger facet joints, such as L7‐S1. Accuracy of facet joint injections ranged from accurate (37–62%) to highly accurate (25%) depending on the volume injected. In 77% of cases, injections were moderately difficult to perform. Possible complications of epidural and facet joint injections were subarachnoid and vertebral venous plexus puncture and periarticular spread, respectively. Further studies are suggested to evaluate in vivo feasibility and safety of these techniques.     

FEASIBILITY OF ULTRASOUND‐GUIDED EPIDURAL ACCESS AT THE LUMBO‐SACRAL SPACE IN DOGS

Epidural injections are commonly performed blindly in veterinary medicine. The aims of this study were to describe the lumbosacral ultrasonographic anatomy and to assess the feasibility of an ultrasound‐guided epidural injection technique in dogs. A cross sectional anatomic atlas of the lumbosacral region and ex vivo ultrasound images were obtained in two cadavers to describe the ultrasound anatomy and to identify the landmarks. Sixteen normal weight canine cadavers were used to establish two variations of the technique for direct ultrasound‐guided injection, using spinal needles or epidural catheters. The technique was finally performed in two normal weight cadavers, in two overweight cadavers and in five live dogs with radiographic abnormalities resulting of the lumbosacral spine. Contrast medium was injected and CT was used to assess the success of the injection. The anatomic landmarks to carry out the procedure were the seventh lumbar vertebra, the iliac wings, and the first sacral vertebra. The target for directing the needle was the trapezoid‐shaped echogenic zone between the contiguous articular facets of the lumbosacral vertebral canal visualized in a parasagittal plane. The spinal needle or epidural catheter was inserted in a 45° craniodorsal–caudoventral direction through the subcutaneous tissue and the interarcuate ligament until reaching the epidural space. CT examination confirmed the presence of contrast medium in the epidural space in 25/25 dogs, although a variable contamination of the subarachnoid space was also noted. Findings indicated that this ultrasound‐guided epidural injection technique is feasible for normal weight and overweight dogs, with and without radiographic abnormalities of the spine.     

USE OF CONTRAST‐ENHANCED COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY TO STUDY THE CRANIAL MIGRATION OF A LUMBOSACRAL INJECTATE IN CADAVER DOGS

Volumes used in lumbosacral epidural injections for anesthesia have remained unchanged since the 1960s. The goals of this cross‐sectional observational study were to characterize the three‐dimensional spread of a lumbosacral epidural injection, as well as confirm that the commonly used volume of 0.2 ml/kg injected into the lumbosacral epidural space reaches the thoracolumbar (TL) junction in the majority (≥80%) of dogs. Ten clinically normal, adult, nonpregnant, mixed‐breed dogs were obtained within five minutes of euthanasia and 0.2 ml/kg of radiopaque contrast medium was injected into the lumbosacral epidural space. A computed tomography scan of the TL spine was performed immediately following the injection. Migration of contrast reached the TL junction in 8 of 10 (80%) dogs. Contrast was well visualized in all epidural planes with contrast travelling predominantly in the dorsal epidural space in 7 of 10 (70%) dogs. There was no significant difference in the weight of dogs where the epidural injectate reached the TL junction and those where it did not (P = 0.16), or in the weight of dogs where the cranial‐most point of the contrast column was in the dorsal versus the ventral epidural space (P = 0.32). This preliminary study supports the use of computed tomography to characterize injectate distribution in the canine thoracolumbar epidural space and provides evidence that a 0.2‐ml/kg volume is likely to reache the TL junction in most dogs. Further studies are needed in live dogs to determine if variables affecting human epidural injectate doses have similar effects in the dog.     

不同麻前给药配合乳化七氟烷对矮马肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统及无创血压影响的对比

本试验旨在比较不同麻前给药方案配合乳化七氟烷进行麻醉时对矮马无创血压及肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统（RAAS）的影响。以半野生矮马为研究对象，将10匹矮马随机分成KFXES组、KFDBES组两组，采用肌内注射的方式，KFXES组使用氯胺酮、静松灵、芬太尼对矮马进行诱导麻醉，KFDBES组使用氯胺酮、布托啡诺、右旋美托咪定和芬太尼对矮马进行诱导麻醉。矮马保持自主呼吸，采用静脉给药的方式，恒速静脉滴注6%乳化七氟烷维持麻醉2 h。在给药前记录常态下试验动物基础体征，在麻醉后持续2 h记录矮马的生命体征，分别于0、30、60、90、120 min监测无创血压，并同步采集血液样本，检测血浆中肾素、血管紧张素、醛固酮等因子的浓度。结果显示，在试验过程中，KFXES组矮马的血压与试验前对比有显著性差异（P<0.05），在0~60 min时，对RAAS的抑制性两试验组间无明显差异（P>0.05），麻醉时间超过90 min时，KFXES组对RAAS的抑制显著弱于KFDBES组（P<0.05）。因此，氯胺酮、芬太尼、布托啡诺及右旋美托咪定复合乳化七氟烷相对于氯胺酮、静松灵及芬太尼复合乳化七氟烷对半野生矮马进行麻醉时血压稳定性更好，在麻醉90 min后对RAAS的影响更大。本研究结果可为矮马的麻醉方法或剂量优化提供参考。     

Use of deep nasopharyngeal swabs as a predictive diagnostic method for natural respiratory infections in calves

An epidural puncture was performed using the lumbosacral approach in 18 dogs, and the lack of resistance to an injection of saline was used to determine that the needle was positioned correctly. The dogs' arterial blood pressure and epidural pressure were recorded. They were randomly assigned to two groups: in one group an injection of a mixture of local anaesthetic agents was made slowly over 90 seconds and in the other it was made over 30 seconds. After 10 minutes contrast radiography was used to confirm the correct placement of the needle. The mean (sd) initial pressure in the epidural space was 0.1 (0.7) kPa. After the injection the mean maximum epidural pressure in the group injected slowly was 5.5 (2.1) kPa and in the group injected more quickly it was 6.0 (1.9) kPa. At the end of the period of measurement, the epidural pressure in the slow group was 0.8 (0.5) kPa and in the rapid group it was 0.7 (0.5) kPa. Waves synchronous with the arterial pulse wave were observed in 15 of the dogs before the epidural injection, and in all the dogs after the epidural injection.     

Effects of epidural lidocaine anesthesia on bulls during electroejaculation

Two experiments were conducted to determine whether caudal epidural lidocaine anesthesia reduces a stress response to electroejaculation. In the 1st experiment, changes in cortisol and progesterone concentrations in serial blood samples were used to assess the stress response to restraint (control), transrectal massage, caudal epidural injection of saline, electroejaculation after caudal epidural injection of lidocaine, and electroejaculation without epidural lidocaine. In the 2nd experiment, behavioral responses were subjectively scored in bulls that were electroejaculated with or without caudal epidural lidocaine anesthesia. Cortisol and progesterone concentrations were significantly elevated after electroejaculation, whether or not bulls received caudal epidural anesthesia. Elevations in cortisol and progesterone were lower and fewer bulls vocalized during electroejaculation when given caudal epidural anesthesia; however, the differences were not significant.     

SPINAL MAST CELL TUMORS IN DOGS: IMAGING FEATURES AND CLINICAL OUTCOME OF FOUR CASES

Published information regarding canine vertebral column mast cell tumors (MCTs) is limited. The objectives of this study were to report clinical and advanced imaging findings for a group of dogs with confirmed spinal MCT. Inclusion criteria for this retrospective case series were dogs with spinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scans and a histological diagnosis of spinal MCT. Clinical, imaging, treatment, and outcome data were recorded. Four dogs met inclusion criteria. One dog had primary spinal MCT and three dogs had metastatic spinal MCT. All four dogs presented for paraspinal hyperesthesia and subacute progressive or acute myelopathy. All CT and MRI lesions were extradural. Two cases exhibited distinct masses in the epidural space. In one case, an epidural tumor invaded from the paravertebral musculature. One case exhibited polyostotic lesions indistinguishable from multiple myeloma by MRI. One dog with a primary epidural low‐grade MCT remains clinically normal 4 years postoperatively, following adjunctive lomustine. An epidural high‐grade MCT, metastatic from a cutaneous tumor, recurred within 2 months of surgery despite adjunctive vinblastine. Two high‐grade cases with concurrent visceral involvement were euthanized immediately after imaging. In dogs, MCT should be considered as a differential diagnosis for a progressive painful myelopathy and CT or MRI evidence of an extradural spinal lesion (epidural, paravertebral, or polyostotic). While more often associated with cutaneous or disseminated disease, MCT may also occur as a primary tumor of the epidural space in dogs.     

Postoperative analgesia in dogs receiving epidural morphine plus medetomidine

This investigation was carried out to compare the postoperative analgesia and plasma morphine concentrations in dogs given epidural morphine or epidural morphine combined with medetomidine prior to surgery. Twelve dogs (seven males and five females) with ruptured cranial cruciate ligaments presented to the Washington State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital. Six dogs received an epidural injection of morphine (0.1 mg/kg) and six dogs received epidural morphine (0.1 mg/kg) combined with medetomidine (0.005 mg/kg). Numeric rating scale (NRS) pain scores and cumulative pain scores (CPS) were assigned to 10-min segments of video. Video segments, heart rates and respiratory rates were recorded prior to premedication and at 4, 8, 12, 18 and 24 h after epidural injection. Blood was sampled from the cephalic vein at each of these times and during anesthesia at 0.5, 1, 2 and 3 h after epidural injection. Data were analyzed using either Friedman's test or one-way anova for repeated measures. In the morphine group, significant increases compared with premedication values were detected at 4, 8 and 12 h after epidural injection for NRS and at 4 and 12 h after epidural injection for CPS. In the morphine plus medetomidine group, NRS was significantly higher at 4 and 8 h whereas there were no differences from baseline values for CPS. Plasma morphine concentrations were not significantly different between treatment groups, but were significantly increased compared with preinjection values at 0.5, 1, 12, 18, and 24 h in the morphine plus medetomidine group. Epidurally administered morphine combined with medetomidine was associated with only minor benefits based on subjective pain scoring when compared with morphine alone in these dogs undergoing repair of a ruptured cranial cruciate ligament.     

Epidural injection of xylazine for perineal analgesia in horses

Local anesthetics given in the epidural space of a horse may cause hind limb weakness in addition to analgesia. Because alpha 2 agonists given by epidural injection cause sensory blockade without motor effects in human beings and other species, their use in veterinary anesthesia is appealing. This study was designed to examine the effectiveness of xylazine HCl, an alpha 2 agonist commonly used in horses. Xylazine, 0.9% NaCl, and lidocaine were given by epidural injection to horses subjected to perineal electrical stimulation. Administration of xylazine (0.17 mg/kg of body weight, diluted to a 10-ml volume, using 0.9% NaCl) induced approximately 2.5 hours of local analgesia without apparent side effects. Higher doses of xylazine caused mild hind limb ataxia. Administration of lidocaine induced a similar duration of analgesia, with severe hind limb ataxia (100% incidence). We concluded that xylazine given by epidural injection results in safe, effective perineal analgesia in horses.     

The outcomes of epidural anaesthesia in horses with perineal and tail melanomas: Complications associated with ataxia and the risks of rope recovery

Melanoma is a common neoplasm in horses, with a high rate of incidence in the perineum and ventral tail. Surgical excision is often recommended to remove such masses and can be achieved in the standing horse either via local infiltration of local anaesthetic, or via epidural administration of a local anaesthetic and/or an adrenergic α₂ receptor agonist. The clinical records of all horses with tail and/or perineal melanomas that received epidural anaesthesia at a single equine hospital, over a 7-year period, were reviewed to determine the drugs administered and complications associated with the epidural injection. Twenty-five cases were identified, five of which received epidural anaesthesia on two occasions. Epidural anaesthesia was insufficient to allow surgical melanoma excision in two horses; repeated epidural injection allowed sufficient loss of sensation in one of these horses and additional regional infiltration of local anaesthetic allowed completion of surgery in the other. Three horses developed significant ataxia associated with epidural anaesthesia, two of which became recumbent. Both recumbent horses were placed under general anaesthesia, and in one of these, rope-assisted anaesthetic recovery resulted in additional complications associated with facial nerve paresis, fractured ribs and a fracture of the first coccygeal vertebra, with associated neurological dysfunction of the rectum, anus, tail and surrounding skin.